DOMINICAN REPUBLIC IN DEFENSE OF THE DEMOCRATIC SECURITY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 2000-2010 (PART ONE)

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TITLE:

ROLE OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC IN DEFENSE OF THE DEMOCRATIC SECURITY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

2000-2010

(PART ONE)

AUTHOR:

LIC. VICTOR MERCEDES B. CRUZ FABIÁN

MASTER IN DEFENSE AND NATIONAL SECURITY

SANTO DOMINGO, DN

YEAR 2014


TITLE

ROLE OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC IN DEFENSE OF THE DEMOCRATIC SECURITY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE

CARIBBEAN 2000-2010


CLARIFICATION

"The views expressed in this research report are the sole responsibility of the author and the institution will

not necessarily reflect the opinions issued."


CONTENTS Introduction i Problem ii General Purpose vii Specific Objectives vii Ideas to defend viii Methodological framework of the research ix CHAPTER I - BACKGROUND OF THE DEMOCRATIC SECURITY IN LATIN AMERICA CARIBBEAN YEL.

1.1. Origin of democracy 1

1.2 -. History of the Democratic Security in Latin America and

The Caribbean 3 1.3.-Chronology of Democratic Different State Governments

In Latin America and the Caribbean 7 1.4 -. Evolution of Democracy in the Dominican Republic 29 1.5 -. Principal approaches of democratic security and validity in

Latin America and the Caribbean 35 1.6 -. Organic concept of democracy and security 37

1.7 -. Democracy and Political Institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean 42 1.8 -. Political Institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean 44

1.9 -. Acceptance level of democracy in Latin America and The Caribbean 46

CHAPTER II -. DEMOCRATIC SECURITY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN.

2.1 -. Geopolitics and Security in Latin America and the Caribbean 49

2.2 -. Geopolitical Analysis of Latin America and the Caribbean 51 2.3 -. Organization of American States (OAS) in safety democratic in Latin America and the Caribbean 54

2.4 -. Economics and Globalization in Latin America and the Caribbean 58 2.5 -. Features of the situation of globalization in Latin America and

The Caribbean 60 2.6 -. Democratic Security and Human Rights 63 2.6.1 The relationship between democracy and human rights 64

CHAPTER III -. INCIDENCE IN DEFENSE OF THE DEMOCRATIC SECURITY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN BY DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 3.1 -. Overview of public policy for Security

Democratic 67 3.2 -. Incidence of security and defense in the democratic security Latin America and the Caribbean 69 3.3 -. Role of regional bodies for safety Democratic 70 3.4 -. Democratic security in Latin America and the Caribbean 72 3.5 -. Perspective of Public Safety in the Republic


Dominican 76

3.6 -. Contributions from Dominican Republic to defend safety

democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean 80 3.6.1 -. Conventions and treaties democratic security 84 CONCLUSION 89 RECOMMENDATIONS 93 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 95

REFERENCES 98


INTRODUCTION


Introduction

This research is based on the role of the Dominican Republic in defense of

democratic security in Latin America and the Caribbean, with reference to the

events that have marked the freedom of the peoples fighting for a better future, in

which underpinned by the fundamental rights recognized peaceful coexistence and

the rule of law.

Elements in the Dominican Republic, assuming its role in the defense of

democratic security is drawn, the political evolution of each state in Latin America

and the Caribbean. A number of important events in the political life of the region is

analyzed. Geopolitics in the hemisphere is Latin America as a key element for the

existence of a climate of harmony and good diplomatic relations between states,

which have concluded agreements and meetings with very beneficial results for

democracy in the region is also described.

The prospect that the Dominican Republic has over other governments in

the region in political, trade and security issues, world order posed by globalization,

the effects produced by different social changes that persist in the world is

observed.

PROBLEM

In the present research is intended to describe or study of the role of the

Dominican Republic in defense of democratic security in Latin America and the

Caribbean. He considers democracy as a new political system, which over time

has been gaining notoriety, yet notes that is quite young, this feature makes the

democratic system vulnerable to maintain their status in states that already have

such a system.

With these considerations the problem indicated that the region faces major

challenges which must be overcome and maintain a climate of peace, solidarity

and social coexistence arises. Have emerged crisis both internal political and

external, and this has had the intervention of international organizations that are

part of democratic states to AL and the Caribbean, particularly the Organization of

American States (OAS), even creating peace agreements , and other in order to

maintain political stability in the area.


Conflicts have continued to occur, still remain in some places in the southern

hemisphere, and yet prevails rapprochement between the parties through dialogue

and negotiations of political and diplomatic nature. This pan can distinguish the role

played by democratic states, those who have different political ideas or guidelines.

With the creation of the Organization of American States (OAS) on April 30,

1948, comes a climate towards democratization of Latin American and Caribbean

included the influence of the United States of America (USA) for materialize this

current, which led coups, foreign interventions, internal conflicts, holding free and

democratic elections in most of the region.

Democratic security is made or born as the means by which the rule of law

is guaranteed response gives possible solutions to conflicts affecting the region,

taking into account its causes, consequences and positive results in the near

future.

The problem lies not only in the democratic system, its institutions are still

weak, but dragging phenomena identified as populism, corruption, extreme

poverty, social exclusion, social inequality, abuse of power, lack of population, low

levels of education, lack of opportunity, unemployment, crime, violence, organized

crime, terrorism, drug trafficking and human trafficking, and illegal immigration, etc

values.

This situation has motivated the Latin American and Caribbean countries

have to implement measures or public security policies with the sole aim of

reducing risks to new threats described above, entered politics, social stability at

stake, and economic .

Data provided by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), in its 2008

report reveals that in recent years, Latin America and the Caribbean have

experienced high rates of economic growth and yet, the region faces a concern

that affects daily life of citizens: the need to substantially improve safety. That is

why in this paper seeks to define the factors that affect the democratic security and

what more appropriate strategic proposals may be used to maintain security and

democratic defense are from the different scenarios presented to us geopolitics in

the region.

Problem Description


Democratic security is vital for good governance in the States and the

Dominican Republic is no exception component with respect to the subject whose

agenda is still unfinished. This seems to be a widespread symptom in the region, to

the extent that the processes of relative consolidation of democracy are still

accompanied by social inequality, low levels of human development, increased

social scourge of violence and crime, which end up harming the potential for

economic and social development of the countries of the area.

For the Dominican Republic to assume the defense of democratic security in

Latin America and the Caribbean, is to face systematic violations of human rights

as a serious matter that has political costs to governments and erodes the

legitimacy of its policies aimed at ensuring their safety.

Latin America and the Caribbean are full of political events that are

contradictory to the achievements on display today, to have had authoritarian

governments and democratic pass, but still have a large social debt. To which must

make the commitment of all States to organize a regional integration able to

maintain political stability in response to social needs demanded by the people

when choosing their leaders by direct vote.


CHAPTER I

BACKGROUND OF THE DEMOCRATIC SECURITY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN.


CHAPTER I BACKGROUND IN DEMOCRATIC SECURITY

LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN.

1.1 -. Origin of democracy

Democracy may have its origins in ancient Greece, the Athenians practiced

this type of government primitive form, were small municipalities or cities organized

under this system. In the ninth century BC, the first Greek polis appear. Even at

that time there was the term democracy was the way that gave character, referring

to equal political rights and was used interchangeably with the term

"democracy." The meaning of democracy is given of the Greek philosophers

Aristotle and Plato in his "Republic". Democracy was the result of the will of the

majority, governed to serve the people and for the people and for the people,

phrase coined by Abraham Lincoln who was president of the United States. 1

When referring Roman Empire, who applied a democratic idea in shaping

his reign comprising its Senate. Also arise in medieval monarchies, and then with

the first modern democratic nation-states, which are located in a relatively short

period between the mid-seventeenth and early nineteenth appear.

Another origin of democracy is the referent of the independence revolution

of the States of the Union, today the United States who have shown to be able to

realize a state of democratic politics with impeccable stay. By contrast, the French

Revolution of 1789, is a major historical event that followed the independence of

the United States, but could not keep those liberal ideas, returning to what it was

after the Napoleonic Empire, which had its influence in the struggle for

independence some Latin American and the Caribbean.

Contemporary democracy had its origins in the English Revolution and

driven by the ideals of scholar Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in his Social Contract,

which again proposed to democracy as an indispensable political project also

influenced the French Revolution of 1789 .

According to many writers there are several types of

democracy. Directa, when the force of the popular will of the people directly affects

the government, without the need to elect a president, has exercised sovereignty

and direct mode Representative, is that through which the sovereign elects its

leaders who represent them, through free elections and the independent

relationship exists between the branches of government.

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These take presidential and parliamentary governments. This type of

government is the most widespread and currently dominates operation acquires

the three branches of government. Executive, Legislative and Judicial 2

System of government argues that democracy has not had a full residence,

has suffered various interruptions characterized by coups, and the imposition of

dictatorial regimes that prevailed for many years.

1.2 -. History of the Democratic Security in Latin America and the

Caribbean

Democracy in the modern world began with the end of dictatorships in the

nineteenth and twentieth centuries, at the time the United Nation were in an era of

change in the political order characterized by the First and Second World

War. Although the world was living in a new order that influenced political systems:

Communism or socialism, fascism and others. Democracy made the difference by

the ratio of the branches of government that allows a balance of understanding of

the vital forces that dominate the world.

Among the main characters considered most relevant in the modern world

dictators can mention: Adolf Hitler, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, Benito Amilcare

Andrea Mussolini, Mao Tse-Tung, Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina, Fulgencio

Batista y Zaldivar, Anastasio Somoza Garcia and Joseph Stalin, who

represented different political currents that were considered contrary to

democracy. The end of each regimen influenced the rise of the opening towards

democratization driven by states world leaders, citing a new geopolitical wave

characterized by the Cold War.

The writer Samuel P. Huntington in his ”Third Wave” divides

democratization since 1828 and culminates with the 3rd wave in 1974. This writer

points out the division of the factions began in the nineteenth and twentieth

centuries and mentioned conservatives moderate and Marxist competing with each

other. This is a sign that a political current starts a process in a state of security

needs in the permanence of its institutions as a result of the very free decisions of

citizens in maintaining a political system that favors him as in the case of

democracy.

In the world's first democratic institutions appear, what Samuel P. Huntington

called democratic wave. Quote:. ¨ A wave of democratization is a set of transitions of a non-

democratic regime to a democratic, occurring in a given period of time and that significantly outnumber

transitions in the opposite direction over the same period ¨ mean that in many cases United took a

step towards democracy, and after a time, the process was interrupted by military



and civilian groups that seized power in a de facto. In his work entitled THE THIRD

WAVE, p. 26 Huntington describes changing dates with the following schemes:

First-extensive-wave of

democratization

1828-1926

Against wave 1922-1942

Second wave of

democratization

1943 - 1962

Against wave 1958 - 1975

Third wave of democratization 1974 to

today

Source: The Third Wave by Samuel P. Huntington

Democracy is a system of government that supports the people and their

leaders are elected by the citizens.

Democracy is also given of the separation of powers of the state, no one can

be above the other all are subject to the normative order governing the

state.Whether Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de

Montesquieu, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, in his written works they referred

to the freedom of men, politics, separation of powers, the political ideas of

liberalism and the role of the state as representative of society. These ideas are

born by the very existence of governments sustained by the rule of law so that they

can stay.

Democracy seeks to maintain a people and subject to government rules and

principles citizens, and limited to those who hold power, without this balance

democracy is threatened and there is no stability.

Democracy is guaranteed when rights are promoted and preserved

constitutionally. Political patronages, administrative corruption, lack of institutional

and politicking are actions that weaken the system, but not disabled. 3

In constitutional terms the Latin American and Caribbean countries were

shaken by coups, which precluded the popular will, decide who should govern,

they were prevented by the intervention of the military force, have the power of the

weapons and perhaps understand that those who ruled, although they were freely

elected government's policies were oriented towards another target that could put

international relations between the State and another responding in a line of ultra-

right danger.



In these cases it is clearly evident at the time of the Cold War, the military

obeyed right and others obeyed left, wanted the conservative state call it

democracy be maintained, and thus respond to the interests of the group of states

right contributing to the indicated stage were established many military

dictators.Once the Berlin Wall disappeared in Latin America and the Caribbean the

vast majority remained elsistema democratic security as a key element to ensure

the interests of national security nacionalesy.

Although democracy is characterized by a constitutional government, the

existence of the powers of the state, the citizen the opportunity to gain power

through institutions called political parties, electoral democracy is vital for the

formation of democratic security.

Political parties are democratic institutions, influencing the formation of

governments through political and electoral participation in any state elections.

Therefore democratic security is considered as an essential tool to maintain

a political system capable of realizing all conditions enjoyed by a liberal state

(security, rule of law, cooperation and development).

Democracy is identified as participatory and representative, both terms are

used in different states or governments, the existence of bodies representing the

people in decision making and also the participation of citizens collectivizes to

democratic security even if some variation . When speaking of social democracy

participation is essential, observed by one or more groups that are in the position

are asked representatives accountable by the community.

The community uses the mechanisms of electing political leaders who often

change the constitutional rules to stay in power by appealing to the political

strength, amount of followers to his claims of popularly perpetuated in power.

Electoral processes considered failures have brought new democratic

regimes, many of them have had to resign, others have been overthrown, giving to

understand the existence of an exhaustion of viable alternative systems in the

symbolism of the economic and political then translated win of democracy.

1.3.-Democratic Chronology of Different Governments of the

Latin American and Caribbean

The chronology of the different democratic governments in Latin American

and the Caribbean had different colored by events that gave rise to various causes

and effects in the political life of these countries, with the succession of

governments which had similar conditions.


The political history of Latin America and the Caribbean experienced

changes, such as Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru, Uruguay, Dominican

Republic, Venezuela, Brazil and Argentina, and representing countries with more

years in democracy. Although the social forces and the serious economic

challenges have affected the prospects for consolidation in the region. During the

nineteenth and twentieth centuries often had several coups, characterized by

military and civilians which were formed in dictatorships that slyly hinted to the

world that their regimes were ideological, nationalistic reasons and to prevent other

streams leftist policies contrary could rule the rest of the region.

In Latin America and the Caribbean, as in the rest of the world, to realize

these liberal ideals has been a lifelong aspiration, but often has faced challenges

such as political conflicts, civil wars, abuses human rights, dictatorships and the

interventionist policies that brought the Cold War.

In the early twentieth century, most countries in Latin America and the

Caribbean had been able to establish at least several governments in

democracies; ie regimes in which presidents were derived from an open political

competition, which had the support of limited constituencies, as established

constitutional provisions. However, as in Europe, the advent of the worldwide

depression of the 1930s unleashed forces stopped the advance of representative

government.

After the Second World War, however, a brief turn toward democratization

experienced, that the late forties and early fifties had already disappeared. In turn,

the most profound shift towards democracy that lived in the late fifties faced the

resurgence of military regimes in many countries during the 1960s and 1970s.

Military's withdrawal from direct government control late seventies and throughout

the eighties marked the entrance to the Latin American decade of the nineties with

a historic number of democratic governments.

While during the middle twentieth century between the thirties and the

eighties most of the nations of Central and South America remained well behind

construction of democratic countries such as Chile, Costa Rica, Uruguay,

Colombia and Venezuela experienced periods lengthy of democratic governance.

Democracies in Latin America and the Caribbean have undergone a

change, leaving behind the usual coups that created democratic political instability

or insecurity. Progress has created confidence in civilian governments elected by

the people as a means to the popular wishes are being honored with the


contribution to democracy constitutionalized as a starting point to new currents

govern.

To explain in detail the evolution of democracy in Latin America and the

Caribbean chronologies governments of each state from the time when the world

was undergoing a geopolitical situation characterized by the Second World War,

which ended in described the 1945.

The creation of the United Nations (O. N. U) which marks the beginning of a

new world order, which sought peace and security of States, influenced the

consolidation of democracy, the political bipolarity still prevailed in the

world. Hemispheric region did not escape this international situation facing the

United States and Russia (former USSR) called the Cold War, ending in 1991 with

the toppling of the Berlin Wall.

Latin America has shown as a vulnerable region, the political and

institutional crises that have occurred due to problems of governance given by a

set of circumstances. Between 1989-2009 there were coups, uprising or military

tension, dismissal / resignation of presidents which are detailed in the following

scheme:4

STATE YEARS REASON

Argentina 1990 and 2001 Coup and Resignation of President.

Bolivia 2003 Coup and impeachment.

Brazil 1992 removal or resignation of the President

Chile 1990.93, and 95 Lifting or military tension

Colombia 1995 Lifting or military tension

Ecuador 2000 Dismissal-resignation of President

El Salvador 1993 Coup

Guatemala 1997 Lifting or military tension

Haiti 1991, 95, and 2001 Military coup and uprising

Honduras 1991, 1997, 2000 Removal and coup

Panama 1989 Coup

Venezuela 1992 and 2002 Military uprising and coup

Honduras 2009 Coup

Data collected by the researcher

This chronology democratic security in the region has been threatened on

several occasions, but could replenish the international political link between the



countries of the region, and involvement in foreign policy led by the United

States; who led a force of international agreements integration increasingly moving

towards the democratization of these nations.

Chronology of democratic Chile

The Republic of Chile is considered one of the state’s most democratic

tradition have much time to enjoy a climate of political tranquility, except the

interruption period Salvador Allende Gossens, who was deposed by dictator

Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, Year 1973, this action is seen as a blow to Chilean

democracy, because it allowed a dictatorship of over 17 years, characterized by

persecution, political prisoners, disappearances, violation of human rights and

other abuses.

In 1980 the military junta drafted a new constitution and held a plebiscite in

October 1988 where the "No" got the win. On this occasion, the public chose to call

elections for 1989 and chile walks on political understanding based on the

alternation of power founded on democracy. In Chile prevailed institutional

socioeconomic balance and changeability of democratic governments.

GOVERNMENT PERIOD CONDITION

Carlos Ibáñez del Campo 1952-1958 Democratic

Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez 1958 1964

Eduardo Frei Montalva 1964-1970

Salvador Allende Gossens 1970-1973 Democratic

Military Junta 11/10/1973 De facto interim

Augusto Pinochet Ugarte 1973 -1990 Dictatorship

Patricio Aylwin Azocar 1990-1994 Democratic

Eduardo Frei Ruiz Tagle 1994 - 2000 Democratic

Ricardo Lagos Escobar 2000 - 2006 Democratic

Michelle Bachelet 2006 - 2010 Democratic

Data compiled by the author

Chronology of democratic Argentina

Democracy in Argentina going since 1951 until 2007, was tempered nine

interruptions considered democratic governments, and four resignations, which

identify a power struggle featuring the different political and military intervention

groups. The leadership of the various parties affected in the creation of

governments that were characterized in the division of groups of moderate and

conservative tendencies, these political forces significantly impacted security in

democratic Argentina.

Argentina has overcome major political crisis, heavy fighting between the

government and the opposition, leaving the political integrity as the basis of several


streams of both the right and the left, but the socio-economic phenomenon led

some governments to resign, and affected democratic security, overcome these

crises, Argentina today enjoys political stability. 5

GOVERNMENTS PERIODS AND CONDITIONS

Roberto Viola E. 1981 - 1981 Deposed

Leopoldo F. Galtieri 1981 - 1982 Disclaimer

Reynaldo B. Bignone 1982 - 1983 Normalizer

Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín 1983 - 1989 Disclaimer

Carlos Saul Menem 1989 - 1995 - 1999 Concludes two periods

Fernando de la Rua 1999 - 2001 Disclaimer

Ramón Puerta 2001 - 2001 Concludes

Nestor KIRCHNER 2003 - 2007 Concludes

Source www.sitios Argentina. com.ar / 2 / presidents. htm 18-2 day-2013.Hr 8:30 pm

Timeline Democratic Republic of Colombia

Colombia in its democratic chronology shows one short break between the

years of 1930 to 2010, which proves that this country has had a lasting democracy

and their governments are determined to maintain it. Public lapolítica Colombia's

democratic security is one of the best known in the region, involving aspect of

defense and security and combating crime. Democracy is affected by guerrilla or

revolutionary groups such as the (FARC) arising in 1964 and 1968, until the day or

so of today is considered a threat to the political stability of the country.

Democratic security of Colombia has three elements: first the protection of

the rights of all citizens, and second the protection of values, pluralism and

democratic institutions; and third solidarity and cooperation of all citizens in

defense of democratic values. According to (The Politics of Democratic Security

and Defense), launched by the government of Alvaro Uribe Velez June 16,

2003, "The real security depends not only on the ability of the security forces to exercise the coercive power of the state

but also on the ability of the judiciary to ensure prompt and effective administration of justice, the Government to comply with

the constitutional responsibilities of state and Congress to legislate safety in mind as the quintessential common good of

all society. " Although democratic security has been threatened by internal conflict with

the Colombian guerrillas (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and

National Liberation Army (ELN), and the incidence of drug cartels as violence, the

state of law prevails in this country.

GOVERNMENT PERIOD CONDITION


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Ernesto Samper Pizano 1994-1998 Democratic

Andrés Pastrana Arango 1998-2002 Democratic

Álvaro Uribe Vélez 2002 - 2010 Democratic

Data collected by the researcher

Democratic Chronology of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Venezuela's democratic history is full of changes in the political, economic

and social order, which influenced the democratic security. To get an insight into

the generality of democracies in Latin America, Venezuela had for various

scenarios colored by free elections and coups intervals, as a way to identify which

government from democracy remained unhindered except some sporadic

events. After the dictatorship of Marcos Pérez Jiménez in 1958., This state has

maintained a long democratic period, but the wear of governments and political

parties created in the population dislikes. The emergence of a military leader

Lt..Colonel Hugo Chavez caused by others to try a coup, was rather a military

uprising was not successful at that time.

In 1999 political change occurs, is elected Hugo Chavez who wins elections

by democratic means, beginning a new era of democracy in Latin America, lasting

until today. It is a socialist movement with popular support with social welfare

policy. It is a democracy of the people represented by their political leaders working

on behalf of those who have limited financial resources, these resources are

intended to tackle illiteracy, extreme poverty, social inequality and hunger is seen

as the real revolution.

In this government there was a change in external relations between

Venezuela and the rest of Latin America and the Caribbean, foreign policy and

economic order, as a show of solidarity with the region Petrocaribe is created as a

way to keep the union of Latin America and the Caribbean in support of

democracy.

GOVERNMENTS PERIODS

Rafael Caldera (1969-1974) democratic

Carlos Andrés Pérez (1974-1979) democratic

Luis Herrera Campins (1979-1984) democratic

Jaime Lusinchi (1984-1989) democratic

Carlos Andrés Pérez (1989-1993) democratic


Rafael Caldera (1994-1999) democratic

Hugo Chavez (1999-2012) democratic

Source: www.todomarketingpolitico.com/ enciclopedia.us

Timeline Democratic Republic of Nicaragua

Prior to the establishment of democracy in Nicaragua have happened

several acts of political nature, tinged by the first U.S. intervention in 1910 to 1925

and from 1926 to 1933, which marks a new era in the political history of this nation.

In 1933, the intervening force the United States finally withdrew from that

country, given the resistance of Augusto César Sandino, who fought for 6

consecutive years. Before leaving the country, however, leave Americans

constituted the National Guard, that armed force under the command of Anastasio

Somoza García, would be responsible for putting to death Sandino (1934) and to

lead a long dictatorship of the Somoza family.

During this period the political situation was in Nicaragua was made up of

the following organizations: The Nationalist Liberal Party, composed of supporters

of Somoza, the Conservative Party, which was the only legal political opposition

organization that allowed the regime, the Democratic Union Liberation (UDEL)

composed of various political parties and trade unions who aspired to democracy

and the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), an organization that brought

together socialists, Communists, Christian Democrats, Catholics and non-political

coalition fought for democracy, are encouraging armed rebellion against tyranny.

The Sandinistas identified themselves as democratic socialists, and sought

the overthrow of Somoza and free elections; the dissolution of the National

Guard; nationalization of private banks; rapid land reform and expropriation of

companies of Somoza. 6 In 1979 ended the dictatorship of Anastasio Somoza

Debayle, who ruled the country for several years alternating with a puppet while in

power from the head of the Guard National.

Resurfaces constitutional history of democracy in Nicaragua the July 19,

1979 with the triumph of the Sandinista Popular Revolution and on July 20 of that

year the Fundamental Statute of Government of National Reconstruction was

enacted. With this condition the democratic security policy consolidated until today,

favored free elections and transitions without any trauma.

Governments Condition

Anastasio Somoza Debayle 1979

end of the dictatorship



Daniel Ortega Saavedra 1985-1990 democratic

Violeta Barrios de Chamorro 1990-1997

democratic

Arnoldo Alemán 1997 - 2002 democratic

Enrique Bolaños Gayer 2002 - 2007

democratic

Daniel Ortega Saavedra 2007 - 2012 democratic

Source www. Nicaragua -actual.info / presidents . html 18/02/2013

Timeline Democratic Republic of Honduras

During the period 1978-1980 Honduras was ruled by a military junta, this

phenomenon manifested itself several times in the region, at the height of the Cold

War, democratic security was unchanged by geopolitical conditions. After this

dictatorship, led by the military, decided to restore the civil power with a new

constitution, calling elections, always with the safety of military bodies, Honduras

had over thirty years of democracy, but with extremely worn governments by the

lack of economic and social attention to the people by their rulers.

Then Manuel Zelaya Rosales directed the government from 2006-2009, but

was dismissed and expelled from the country on 28 June 2009, the Dominican

Republic hosted political asylum, and condemned the coup, but was later present

at the swearing in ceremony of President elect Porfirio Lobo, a fact that was

criticized by the public. When interrupted the constitutional order, the international

community did not recognize the de facto government of Honduras. Later free

elections were held on November 29, 2009, which was elected Porfirio Lobo Sosa,

current president of Honduras.

GOVERNMENTS PERIODS

Military junta 1978-1980 dictatorship

Roberto Suazo 1981-1986 democratic

José Azcona Hoyo, 1986-1990 democratic

Rafael Leonardo Callejas 1990-1994 democratic

Carlos Roberto Reina, 1994-1998 democratic

Carlos Roberto Flores 1998-2002 democratic

Ricardo Maduro Joest 2002-2006 democratic

Manuel Zelaya Rosales 2006-2009 interrupted democratic

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Roberto Micheletti Bainen Government de facto

Porfirio Lobo Sosa 2010 current democratic

Data compiled by the author.

Chronology of the democratic Republic of Ecuador

Democracy in Ecuador takes a turn since 1979, the contrast with the

preceding nine years of dictatorship favored a climate of political peace, a new

democracy was born of a complete legal restructuring. Ecuador still not showing

although economic dynamism and warning signs of crisis in the world

economy.Their governments adopted the neoliberal economic model with an

extensive program of privatization of state enterprises, the social explosion was

immediate and a number of social organizations took to the streets in a massive

demonstration to express their rejection of the economic measures taken.

After the members of the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of

Ecuador (CONAIE) took to the streets of Quito and advance to the National

Congress, supported by the Armed Forces happened several coups where there

was a lack in democratic guarantees, the State did not know in the hands of who

was, so there were political events that marked the path of democracy with free

elections where the people proceeded to define the political future of the nation.

The January 15, 2007 assumes the presidency Rafael Correa Delgado,

during his second year in office a fact of international character was highlighted as

the international crisis with the Colombian State. It began in March 2008 when a

surprise attack by Colombian armed forces destroyed a FARC camp and killed

Raul Reyes, second head of the guerrilla organization, allegedly in Ecuador. Then

both governments gave peace summit of heads of

states held in Dominican Republic, where the country plays a starring role as a

contribution to democratic security in Latin America.

GOVERNMENTS PERIODS SITUATION

Jaime Aguilera Roldós 1979-1981 Democratic

Osvaldo Hurtado Larrea 1981-1984 Take the power

León Febres Cordero Ribadeneyra 1984-1988 Democratic

Rodrigo Borja 1988-1992 Democratic

Sixto Duran Ballen 1992-1996 Democratic

Abdala Bucaram Ortiz 1996 -1997 Ousted

Fabián Alarcón 1997-1998 Take the power

Jamil Mahuad 1998 - 2000 Take the power


Gustavo Noboa 2000 - 2003 Take the power

Lucio Edwin Gutiérrez Borbúa 2003 - 2005 Take the power

Alfredo Palacio 2005-2007 Take the power

Rafael Correa Delgado 2007 Democratic

Data collected by the researcher Bibliografía.http :/ / www.explored.com.ec / Ecuador / prescons.htm

Chronology of Democratic Republic of Peru

Democracy in the Peruvian State to our understanding has been weak and

lacking in legal institutions characterized by the lack of office expressing the

country's constitution; other element is that the population has not given the

necessary support for maintenance, is from the year 1980 democratic stability

returning to Peru. This weakness allows for several years arose revolutionary cells,

or so-called terrorist groups that threatened the democratic security of that country.

With thirty years of constitutionally elected governments shows the division

between the political parties that have shared the government, party weakness,

wear them, led to the election of a candidate hitherto unknown; Alberto Fujimori

(1990-2000) who on April 5, 1992 caused a coup, shutting Congress and declaring

reorganizing the judiciary. His second term was marked by corruption and

authoritarianism. It is the third time choosing fraudulently, thus inaugurating the

third period July 28, 2000, which will be short, because after several scandals and

calls for general elections fail his trip to Japan to flee the country, giving up the

presidency of the Republic. This event made a difference in the Peru's democratic

security. 7

GOVERNMENTS PERIODS SYSTEM

Manuel Prado Ugarte che 1956-1962 Democratic

military junta 1962-1963 De facto

Fernando Belaunde Terry 1963 - 1968 Democratic

Juan Velasco Alvarado 1968-1975 De facto

Francisco Morales Bermúdez Cerruti 1975-1980 De facto

Fernando Belaunde Terry. 1980-1985 Democratic

Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez 1985-1990 Democratic

Alberto Fujimori Fujimori (1990-2000). Democratic

Valentín Paniagua Corazao 2000-2001 Caretaker government

Alejandro Toledo Manrique 2001-2006) Democratic

Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez 2006-2011 democratic

Data collected by the researcher. www peru routes.com / .htm



Chronology of Democratic Federative Republic of Brazil

The Brazilian government systems were traditionally undemocratic as many

countries in the region. Prevailed for long dictatorships. Top Rated governments of

Brazil was Getúlio Dorneles Vargas, considered a leader in its periods exercised a

democracy with some involvement of the people ruled until 1945 when there were

elections, after several transitions emerged coups military, in that meaning Brazil

has 21 years of military dictatorship.

Just spent a long dictatorial way and twenty five years of democracy include

the economic and social transformation of the democratic government of Luis

Inacio Lula da Silva that from 2003 government pursues a policy of sustained

development and institutional strengthening the state, as their predecessors did not

give answers to the needs of the Brazilian people, democracy is consolidated in

the scheme that makes a difference in the fight against poverty and an aggressive

policy of social investment.

As Timothy Garton Ash 1 JUL 2007 opinion that " Brazil is, along with India and

the United States, one of the largest democracies in the world. It is a true democracy for less than

20 years ago, and has already stood the test of peaceful transfer of power between rival parties and

presidents. This young democracy has survived economic crisis, a creaky federal system

complexity and repeated corruption scandals. It has a free, vibrant and combative press. The army,

which previously controlled the country, now remains in the background. In many ways it is a

hopeful experiment. But the question that remains is how long can a liberal democracy is

maintained with such degrees of inequality, poverty, social exclusion, crime, drugs and anarchy ". 8

GOVERNMENTS PERIODS SYSTEMS

João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo 1979-1985 end of dictatorships

José Sarney 1985-1990 democratic

Fernando Collor de Mello 1990-1992 Democratic resignation

Itamar Franco 1992-1995 democratic

Fernando Henrique Cardoso 1995-2003 Democratic

Luís Inácio Lula da Silva 2003 Democratic

Data compiled by the author www.observatoriomercosur.org.uy/

Timeline Democratic Republic of Guatemala

The transition from authoritarianism to democracy resulted in Guatemalan

citizenship, as in others, great expectations. Not only was it possible to live in

peace but for the first time in recent history, democracy would be the management

model to follow. To view the democratic life of this State Central transition their



early highlights. Directly influenced U.S. foreign policy in Guatemala in the 1950s,

for reasons that the dictator put into play the business interests of the U.S. (United

Fruit Company) when they tried to modify the existing agreement with the

company. These statements are taken from the book of Demetrio Boersner

" International Relations in Latin America. Brief history . Page 192 . writer goes on to say that in early

1954 the Guatemalan agrarian reform law several distributed land to the peasants

and this influenced the relations of Guatemala and the United States, and urged to

give strong support to the counter-revolutionaries to overthrow constitutional

government. These decisions marked historically democratic life in Guatemala.

From the March 15, 1951 Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán, was president of

Guatemala who later was the victim of a coup in 1954 by Colonel Carlos Castillo

Armas was supported by the United States and Guatemala ended operation in

accordance with the spirit of the age by economic and political interests.

The government of Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arevalo (14 January 1986-1990) is

recognized by the management to seek peace in Central America at the height of

the Esquipulas II. Also sought the establishment of the Central American

Parliament, which is currently running and current. He suffered a couple of coup

attempts.

And finally the government of Alfonso Antonio Portillo Cabrera (2000-2004)

signs a governability pact with the opposition, he could fulfill his executive plan,

framing itself to commitments made in peace agreements.

I should add that this country was rocked for a long time with intense fighting

with the guerrillas, leaving a liability of victims and political persecution, can say

that the transition to democracy in Guatemala has been a critical transition. 9


Colonel Enrique Peralta Azurdia 1963 -1966 De facto

Mr. Julio César Méndez Montenegro 1966 -1970 Democratic

General Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio 1970-1974 Democratic

Kiell Gen. Eugenio García Laugerud 1974-1978 Democratic

Gen. Fernando Lucas Garcia 1978-1982 Deposed Democratic

EfrainRios Montt 1982 - 1983 De facto

Mr. Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo 1986 - 1990 Democratic

Engineer Jorge Serrano Elías 1991 - 1993 Take the power

Ramiro de León Carpio 1993 - 1996 Take the power



Alvaro Arzu Irigoyen 1996 - 2000 Democratic

Alfonso Antonio Portillo Cabrera 2000-2004 Democratic

Data compiled by the author www.oas.org / children / members / presidentes_de .

Chronology of democratic Costa Rica

Governments that Costa Rica has had since independence (1821) have

excelled to achieve maximum progress and development for its people. Notably

the period 1950-2006, characterized by maintaining a democratic security has set

an example for other states in the region.

A Costa Rica is considered to have succeeded in maintaining a stable

political system, identified with democratic principles; include some policy decisions

on the security and defense of the nation, with the abolition of the army. Each

government took decisions of a political, economic, and social issues among which

stands out in the period of President Mario Echandi Jiménez (1958-1962) the

government broke diplomatic relations with Cuba, the Castro regime subsequently

restored diplomatic relations with Cuba.

Besides described, Costa Rica has been a symbol of peace to go ahead in

the region in finding peaceful solutions to armed and political conflicts, ie has

served as the international balance in the regional political order as a promoter of

the defense of human rights. 10

GOVERNMENTS PERIODS

Otilio Ulate White (1949-1953) have all been democratic

Mario Jimenez Echandi (1958-1962)

Francisco José OrlichBolmarcich (1962-1966)

José Joaquín Trejos Fernández (1966-1970)

Daniel Oduber Quiros (1974-1978)

Rodrigo Carazo Odio (1978-1982)

Luis Alberto Monge Alvarez (1982-1986)

Óscar Arias Sánchez (1986-1990)

Rafael Angel Calderon Fournier (1990-1994)

José Figueres Olsen (1994-1998)

Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Echeverría (1998-2002)

Abel Pacheco de la Espriella (2002-2006)

Laura Chinchilla Miranda 2010-Present

http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=es&prev=_t&sl=es&tl=en&u=http://www.oas.org/children/members/presidentes_de



Chronology of democratic El Salvador

Includes various periods from 1931-2009, characterized by governments

artifacts, temporary, civil-military coups, revolutionary junta and democratic

governments with the same characteristic of the rest of the countries of Central

America. In the case of Salvador's democratic transition had to cover certain

agreements with revolutionary or guerrilla groups, as were the peace accords to

end the armed conflict in 1992, from this agreement democratic security remains

stable.

Peace agreements came to be the main factor of change; in other South

American countries, the military acquiesced the possibility of change with the

holding of elections.

To give these changes were necessary given that the internal and external

conditions, such as ending the armed conflict and other agreements of a political

nature characterized by diplomatic efforts to achieve peace and democracy in

Central America.


Tte. cor. Julio Adalberto Rivera 1962-1967 Democratic

General Fidel Sánchez Hernández 1967-1972 Democratic

Colonel Arturo Armando Molina 1972-1977 democratic

General Carlos Humberto Romero 1977-1979 Ousted

1 2.3, Gob revolutionary joints. 1979-1980 De facto

Dr. Alvaro Magana Borja 1982-1984 Take the power

Jose Napoleon Duarte 1984-1989 Democratic

Mr. Alfredo Félix Cristiani 1989-1994 Democratic

Dr. Armando Calderón Sol 1994-1999 Democratic

Francisco Flores 1999-2004 Democratic

Elías Antonio Saca González 2004-2009 Democratic

Data compiled by the author 11

Chronology democratic Paraguay

The democratic transition of Paraguay is qualified by military and civilian

governments, which took into account several coups, which were given sometimes

staying was up to one year and less. Democratic security was affected by the

revolutions that occurred in almost all countries in Latin America; local politics felt



the influence of totalitarian "fashion" aimed right. That was one of the many causes

that led to political, economic and social instability in Paraguay.


General Alfredo Stroessner 1954-1989 Dictatorship

General Andrés Rodríguez Pedotti 1989-1993 Take the power

Juan Carlos Monti Wasmosy 1993-1998

Raul Cubas Grau 1998-1999 Take the power

Luis Angel Gonzalez Macchi 1999-2003 Constitutional

Nicanor Duarte Frutos 2003-2008 Constitutional

Fernando Lugo Méndez 2008 - 2012 Constitutional deposed

Data compiled by the author Source www.softcha.com/ history . htm

Chronology of democratic Uruguay

The governments of Uruguay were immersed by economic crises, the

incursion of the Tupamaros guerrilla group, the permanence of a military

dictatorship for twelve years, but with the passing of the years democracy is

established to give a respite to hopeful people. Democracy in this country has been

characterized as one of the most stable in Latin America. The Uruguayan

presidential system is based on maintaining a consensus between two parties.

Uruguay holds a solid democracy since 1990, because I did not resist the

wave of military dictatorships of the 1970s. Recovered that stretch from 1996 to

2010 where changes that modify the traditional political scenario allowing Uruguay

install help understand the Presidential stability. 12


Tte. General Gregorio Alvarez 1981 -1985 De facto

Dr. Rafael Addiego 1985 -1985 De facto

Dr. Julio Sanguinetti Ma 1985 -1990 Constitutional

Dr. Luis A. Lacalle 1990 - 1995 Constitutional

Dr. Julio Sanguinetti Ma 1995 - 2000 Constitutional

Dr. Jorge Batlle Ibáñez 2000 Constitutional

Collector Data Source author www.escueladigital.com.uy/ history / presidents / presidents.

Chronology of Democratic Republic of Haiti

The Republic of Haiti is considered by many critics as a revolutionary state,

achieved its independence on January 1, 1804, with the abolition of slavery, the



legacy of the French. The democratic history has not been very lucky, has gone

through a long period of the existence of very strong dictatorships that have ridden

the Haitian people the scariest political, economic and social crisis.

Migration is seen as a topic of conflict, in the order of external

relations. Different governments have failed to give a response to the needs of the

poorest nation in Latin America and the Caribbean and elsewhere. So far Haiti is

experiencing a situation of democratic instability and insecurity, and that needs to

remain Mission Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), which was established

on June 1, 2004, for lack of a national army. 13

It should highlight the role played by the Organization of American States

(OAS) in the various political crisis in Haiti, which support the democratic security

of the Caribbean state, the conflicts after the dictatorship of Jean-Claude Duvalier

in the year 1986 have forced to have to intervene in the processes of political

stability in that country, because there have been internal struggles for power

without proper application of the Haitian constitution.

In the early nineties almost all Latin American countries have democratic

regimes and efforts of the OAS in Haiti has focused on helping to ensure that

governments are elected through free elections and to try to combat coup

attempts. In fact responds to these concerns the content of Resolution 1080

applied in the democratic election of Jean-Bertrand Aristide in 1991, to be

overthrown, a trade embargo on the coup and did not recognize that government,

that had the support of all States in the region, including Dominican Republic. 14


Jean-Claude Duvalier 1971-1986 Dictatorship

Henri Namphy 1986 - 1988 De facto

Leslie Manigat 1988 Constitutional

Henri Namphy 1988 de facto

Prosper Avril 1988 -1990 de facto

Herard Abraham 1990 Provisional

Pascal-Trouillot ertha 1990 Provisional

Jean-Bertrand Aristide 1991 Constitutional

Raoul Cedras 1991 De facto

Joseph Nérette 1991-1992 Provisional

Marc Bazin 1992-1993 provisional




Jean-Bertrand Aristide 1993-1994 Constitutional

Émile Jonassaint: 1994 Provisional


René Préval 1996-2001 Constitutional


Boniface Alexandre 2004-2006 Provisional

René Préval 2006-2011 Constitutional

SOURCE www.applet-magic.com/ haiti sp.htm

1.4 -. Evolution of Democracy in the Dominican Republic.

The Dominican State since independence rests with the democratic bases

February 27, 1844, but subsequently would ignore such political. The transition to

democracy has gone through four stages according to our criteria:

First stage: Pre-Trujillo, this comes after the first U.S. military occupation

(1916-1924), who organized a National Guard leaves and a constitutional

president Horacio Vásquez . assumes the government July 12, 1924 was initiated

in the middle of full of difficulties and economic situation of borrowing funds made

by the American military government had been exhausted and therefore public

works were semi-paralyzed, the government again had to resort to borrowing for

about 25,000.000 million and signed a new convention with the United States.

The government of President Horacio Vásquez was affected by a domestic

political crisis, which began with the modification of the constitution of 1924, and

the appointment of General Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina as chief of the Army,

who later sworn in as president of the republic on August 16, 1930. Centre an

economic crisis prevailing in the country, the government assumes the protective

shadow of the United States, and remains for thirty years under a harsh

dictatorship.

Second stage : post-Trujillo, begins with the death of dictator Rafael

Leonidas Trujillo Molinael May 30, 1961 Missing the dictator, elections are held in

1962, and is elected Professor Juan Emilio Bosch Gavino, who remains for seven

months. office, and again the second democratic constitutional interrupt occurs

with the 1963 coup that prevents Bosch govern the period during which he was

elected. In this government the Constitution of the Republic was changed and

there were other political and social changes.


This prevents the democratic process to continue developing and brings a

revolutionary response enshrining the April 24, 1965. Revolution April divides the

armed forces, leading to a second American intervention.

In September 1963, an interim governing board consists of senior officers of

the Armed Forces, chaired by the de facto government that then delivers the

Triumvirate on September 26, 1963.

April 25, 1965. (10:30 am to 8:00 pm). Military Revolutionary Command (Led

by the military; Vinicio Pérez Fernández, Giovanni Gutierrez Ramirez, Francisco

Caamano Deno, Eladio Ramírez Sánchez and Pedro Bartolomé Benoit)

From 25 to 27 April 1965 José Rafael Molina Ureña.

May 1 to May 7, 1965. Military junta led by Bartolomé Benoit (FAD). Santana Olgo

Carrasco (G. M.) and Henry A. Casado Saladin (EN).

May 4 to September 3, 1965, Francisco Caamano Deno A.

May 7, 1965 at 30 August 1965. "Government of National Reconstruction" (Chaired

by Antonio Imbert Barreras. Grisolía Poloney Carlos Alejandro Zeller Cocco, D.

Bartolomé Benoit and Julio Postigo).

September 3, 1965, Héctor García Godoy, provisional President. At this stage of

the democratic revolution of April wanted to maintain security but again external

relations with the United States influenced the policy Dominican governments.

Third stage : covers the twelve years of the Dr. Joaquín Balaguer

Ricardo , assumed the presidency of the Republic on July 1, 1966, winning the

election that year, and was re-elected twice, four-year periods 1970 and 1974. In

1978 opted for reelection again but lost it by the Dominican Revolutionary Party

(PRD) with its presidential candidate Antonio Guzmán Fernández who died before

finishing his term.

During the twelve years of President Balaguer, the country experienced an

economic and social development, which amended the conditions to open a new

phase of political and democratic transition, although this period was characterized

by maintaining a political crisis that faced hard opposition which was persecuted for

political arrests and sometimes several deaths of journalists, politicians, and

students. 15

Fourth stage -. begins with the constitutional election of Antonio Guzmán

Fernández in 1978 until today and will finally step process once a new political and

democratic transition in the Dominican Republic consolidating democratic

security. Guzman died before completing his tenure, and assumes the presidency



for 45 days Majluta Vice President Jacobo, who delivered Salvador Jorge

Blanco , who had won the elections of that year, the period covered (1982-1986).

Dr. Joaquín Balaguer Ricardo is back Constitutional President of Republic

for two consecutive terms (1986 -1990. 1990-1994). In the elections of 1994 there

was a post-electoral crisis by signing the " Pact for Democracy ", a national

agreement between the opposition leaders, modifying the Constitution of the

Republic, which cuts the two-year mandate prohibits reelection and sends new

elections for the year 1996, the separation of the presidential elections-municipal

congressional two years apart, the double round if no candidate received more

than 50 percent of the vote, reform the judicial system, a positive impact of these

reforms was to create the feeling that the Dominican democracy progressed, and

that reforms adopted would make the political system more democratic.

Rosario Espinal Professor of Sociology and Director of the Center for

Latin American Studies at Temple University in Philadelphia, discusses this

term with the following :

"The electoral triumph of Balaguer and his return to power in 1986, political insecurities generated

given the precedent of the previous government 12 years. The key questions were whether

Balaguer guarantee public freedoms won during the governments of the PRD, and if remain

competitive electoral rules established from 1978. At first, the Balaguer government maintained the

gains. In the second, there was a significant decline between 1986 and 1994 - both the general

elections of 1990 and 1994 were the disputed "

After overcoming the political crisis of 1994, Leonel Fernández Reyna, assumes

the presidency of the republic during the constitutional terms (1996-2000 and

2004-2008 -2012) in his last constitution was amended in 2002 with the signing of

the " Covenant the Blue Tie ", this new constitution concretized modern

democracy, and prohibits consecutive reelection.

Hipólito Mejía. Constitutional President ( 2000 - 2004) during this period the

constitution of 1994, which re-election again but for two consecutive periods and

never ever allowed was modified.

In the Dominican Republic democratic security space without any traumas

you live, even if it occurred several agreements between political parties: Social

Christian Reformist Party (PRSC) , Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD) and the

National Liberation Party ( PLD) that played a historic role in the democratic life of

the country.

The Political Culture of Democracy in the Dominican Republic has made an

impact on governance as it is well positioned in the ranking of democracy as the


best form of government, according to a study of the Americas Barometer 2008

about 75% of interviewees expressed their agreement with this system in Latin

America. This result has been a constant in surveys in the country in the last

decade. Since democratic security is at an average of 45.9 and the highest in the

region.

The Dominican Republic, his role in the defense of democratic security in

Latin America and the Caribbean has been rather an example for the entire region

because from the year 1978 to 2012 are 34 years of uninterrupted democracy has

been rated as a strength social, economic and political stability. His influence in the

region has been short in other democracies, it is worth mentioning the case of

Honduras and President Zelaya as the country gave him asylum after he suffered a

coup.

In the case of Haiti, the country has been a steady body for that country to

be maintained with a stable democracy, such as humanitarian aid following the

earthquake of January 12, 2010 with the plan "Helping Hand" the armed forces

intervened as a humanitarian force under the direction of the Government.

International relations mark the contribution to other democratic states in the

area, with the conclusion of economic nature, security and others, with Petrocaribe

Venezuela, according to the Free Trade Agreement with Central America, the

Central American Integration System ( SICA) and the Central American Parliament

(Parlacen) is an example of the degree of cooperation between the Dominican

Republic and other countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.

1.5 -. Principal approaches to security and democratic force in Latin America and the Caribbean

There is a general and ambiguous criteria on democracy and democratic

security, you need to understand now that the first is a form of political ordering of

society and system of government, the democratic order is defined by the various

political leaders from their party structures in agreement with the people expressed

at the polls.

According to the treaty framework of democratic security quote " Security is not

understands primarily as the security of the State , nor as citizen security

without the help of the state, but as the protection of citizens and democracy by the

State with the partnership and commitment of the entire society. " Democratic

Security is well founded on three pillars:

1. N or the protection of the rights of all citizens.


2. The protection or n values, pluralism and democratic institutions atic.

3. Solidarity and cooperation of all or n í citizenship to defend

democratic values to Ticos.

You need to understand now that democracy is participatory and

representative, is the sum of two terms, and corresponding to each level of

interaction of society. For example, in the community and municipal levels, the

expression of democracy is participation. While levels involving legislation

corresponds to an elected voting citizen who represents the region to be delegated

to the responsibility of representing their interests. 16

Representative democracy seejerce with popular sovereignty, the people

expressed interest free enelecciones. Overall impression either directly to the

people associating with the government. The huge arrangement favors state

media, on the other hand, a policy of remuneration.

The representation is a typically normative concept. Its own effect is that the

acts of the representative force the represented although this is not directly

involved in the decisions. In modern representative democracy it is characteristic

that represented important part of the rule can attend regularly on those who

govern.

Criticism is certainly right, if facts pointing representative democracy is done,

in both procedure does not ensure results. In this sense it is completely

neutral.First, no group or party ensures that rule. Then, no rule says how or what

the chosen people will decide, at least within certain limits.

His force in Latin America has been transformative for the reason that many

states have gone through economic crises that erode the stability of democracy

and shown positive or negative as the perception of government economic

performance. In the region leaders that have permeated the population a different

way of doing democracy have emerged because all their efforts in public

administration have been directed through social policies framed in reducing

poverty, social inequality and democratic security.

Include Dasilva presidents Lula in Brazil, Evo Morales in Bolivia, Rafael

Correa in Ecuador, Hugo Chavez in Venezuela, José Mujica in Uruguay, Daniel

Ortega in Nicaragua and Alvaro Uribe in Colombia. All the rest of the region has

been infected with this democratic current that gives better perception of

government performance, contributing to the support of democratic security.



Whenever the State acquires the system status legislation prevails over time

and space, if we analyze how democracy has been received and adopted in Latin

America and the Caribbean, due to its geopolitical condition and holding their

homeland ties or strong ties with the West, and that with the passage of time have

not taken a step back, opposite the air integration are the best example in the

region is accustomed to having a system that responds to maintain a social,

economic and political balance in the new world order led by those countries of a

powerful group represented in the Security Council of United Nations (UN).

1.6 -. Organic concept of democracy and security

Security is a basic need of the person and of human groups and inalienable

right of man, society and the State. This concept denotes a state of trust, security,

tranquility, prevention, protection, provision, preservation, defense, control and

stability, both of the person, and the institutions and the state against threats,

pressures or adverse events that threaten their existence, their integrity, their

property, their tranquility and the free exercise of their rights. 17

Democracy as a political element is key to maintaining sustainable

development, wealth creation promotes more significant aspiration of peoples for

achieving levels of economic growth, democratic system to be placed on the

viability of national interests.

The characteristic of organic concepts of democracy is that they offer a

homogeneous idea of political community, especially its aims or goals. This idea of

mass democracy evokes: the group-be it people or nation is presented as a unit of

absolutely equal parts together, dense, expansive and a few simple oriented

purposes.

The State, in this conception of democracy, is the instrument of action of

social group, their active political arm, it's like having a support base, without the

state the group or people can not plan, identify, make agreements, decide who will

direct, is a concept of the nation state that is maintained by the national power.

Democracy instrumentalized bodies that compose the constitution evokes or

send to exercise the function of each organ of power, there is a balance between

these powers with one's purpose is to control others. This is the separation of state

powers, constitutionally setting.

Between rulers and ruled there are no distances or differences. Those who

govern are the soul of the people. Along with denying any difference between the

state and society, in an organic democracy leaders are symbols of collective

power. This concept of democracy is by nature any limitations to political power.



Rulers are the political decision-making body and in them lies political

responsibility. Although the power comes from below, the idea of representation

makes clear that those bodies of second grade, the administration and Congress

are acting. Thus, the elections also fulfill function control and determines who will

or who exercise power, to distribute among different political bodies. The organic

democracy finds great difficulty in the lack of consistent legal forms a complex

society. Eventually, the bureaucratization of power and personal freedom so

become functional requirements to prevent the dough is activated.

Representative democracy is associated with other institutions guaranteeing

the rule of law and recognition of constitutional guarantees. Democracy is a

process to select who governs and when processes are not clear we invade those

who hold power through chaos and force is what produces de facto governments.

This modern concept of politics goes back to Thomas Hobbes in his work

entitled (Leviathan), a manual on human nature and how society is organized.

People who have different beliefs and interests together undergo a common

government, whose pledge to obey rules, not because they are necessarily true or

correct, but because they come from the authority. Hence, the basic content of the

covenant is clearly attributive: " I authorize this man or this group of men to rule me and I transfer

them the right to do so, provided that the other transfer their own right and authorize all his actions . " 18

While the government does not abide by means accepting the concept of

truth of those who govern, it contributes to the concept distanced from politics that

characterize representative democracy. This is a typically modern phenomenon:

modernity is largely give up the comfort of a society in which everyone has his

place beforehand. But diversity were born other virtues that make bearable the

need to decide.

This also applies to the rules established democratic procedures: elections

do not guarantee that the ideal ruler is elected; rather let you select who the rulers,

creating conditions for its management is finally subject to public control. So, in a

representative democracy the popular vote does not relieve the rulers of the

political responsibility for their decisions. 19

Democratic security, is a modern terminology because it comes with itself,

its evolution is not so long, is based on an abstract and perception, there are those

who seek democratic security as a way of balancing political and social state with

equity, where fundamental rights are guaranteed. Being as objective democratic

security is related to the social, economic and political, for which is




guaranteed. Others establish the relationship of the absence of new threats to the

enjoyment of rights.

Colombia has established a policy of democratic security quote: " which aims

to strengthen and ensure the rule of law throughout the country, by strengthening

democratic authority: the free exercise of the authority of institutions, the rule of Law and

active participation of citizens in matters of common interest "

This project implemented in 2002 focused on strengthening state

institutions, justice, military, police, finance and intelligence to deal with the threats

outlined also involves the community in decision-making.

This vision of democratic security is not enough to maintain political and

democratic stability, but combines several factors needed for civil peace, no

democracy without it so the term (democratic security) corresponds to that studied

in the research.

But there is a very different concept that relates to public safety democratic

security. So, are used, among others, the concepts of national security, internal

security, public order or public safety, to refer to the same field of imputed state

functions. The key idea that is common to all these concepts is the goal

interventions against crime and violence is none other than the security of the

State, which is achieved by generating the conditions for the maintenance of

certain political, legal economic or social. In other words, since the crime and

interpersonal violence that disrupt "public order," the state apparatus must have

the operational capacity to suppress these changes, for the sake of what is

considered best interests delmismo State.

However, in the last two decades, the development of democratic security

doctrines, especially in Latin America since the restoration of the rule of law

overcome the years of authoritarian rule and military dictatorship, allowed the

contents of the concept will be generated public safety. In this direction, the

doctrine holds that specialized public safety concept achieves a focused approach

in building higher levels of democratic citizenship, with the individual as a central

policy objective, as opposed to state security or particular political order. In

democratic regimes, the concept of security against the threat of crime or violence,

is associated with public safety and is used in reference to the primary safety of

individuals and social groups . 20

The term democratic security refers not only to the safety of people living in

urban areas or have requirements to hold political citizenship, but the idea of

democratic citizenship, conceived as the ability to be the subject of rights.



In that direction, and opposite paradigms supported the idea of maintaining

the legal order and state authority above all things, the new model developed from

the concept of citizen security, aims to " preserve rights and freedoms while it provides a public

service to citizens, and whose main mission would be to protect the safety of citizens, all in pursuit of a better

quality of life " . 21

1.7 -. Democracy and Political Institutions in Latin America and

the Caribbean.

Political leaders have historically been responsible for the political future of

Latin America and the Caribbean, although many exceptions did not contribute to

this development and have used the power ruthlessly to personal benefits.

In the last decades of the twentieth century, Latin America and the

Caribbean experienced an unprecedented wave of democratization in terms of its

breadth, geographical extent and durability. Indicators of an independent body

called FREEDOM HOUSE- point: the evolution of democracy worldwide, the

percentage of countries classified as "free" rose from 20% in 1978 to 38% in 1982

In the late seventies. and eighties, governments led or supervised by the military

relinquished control to civilian rule, and today almost all countries in Latin America

and the Caribbean have democratic governments. 22

Has increased the protection of civil liberties, and greater decentralization of

government authority has greatly increased the power of decision of the citizens

action which corresponds to democratic security. Democracy is still consolidating in

this region.

The impact of political institutions has to be really effective in democratic

systems both as presidential representative, this combines the social and

economic balance, in response to the expectations of society. Institutions in this

case play a role and his governments, public policies related to effective

democratic security.

Political institutions have to be renewed when the democratic system has

had significant changes in the political scene. That's what happened in Latin

America with the systematic wave of politics, have spent a considerable number of

authoritarian governments purely democratic governments seeking to renew

political leaders classics.

The Armed Forces are subordinate to political power, and its mission aimed

at the military defense of the nation and face other threats, democratic left security

in the hands of the civil power and institutions. Security forces and defense are

monolithically pawned to provide answers to the needs of security through




international cooperation, global integration to confront together the new threats in

the region such as: illegal migration, drug trafficking, organized crime , arms

trafficking, smuggling and trafficking in human beings and terrorism.

Democratic governance is the ability of modern societies to guide their

institutions towards better civil coexistence, designed to strengthen the

development of their citizens the full exercise of all the powers of rights that offer

more and better opportunities to bring kind of life they value, including them in

decisions that affect them.

1.8 -. Political Institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean

The instituciones politicas must reflect the balance of forces for self-

preservation. The main political institutions in the region include: Government,

Congress, government ministries, Armed Forces, Public Security, Political Parties,

Electoral Body and Justice, etc.. Therefore you may not meet all the expectations

that people have of them, but it is important to observe your subject to laws that

govern initiatives.

In institutional terms such organizations require a policy of social cohesion,

as they must equally, because the region observed great social inequality that

impedes human development. Democratic governments must not only support the

retention policy, but rather to combat poverty, lack of education, health,

employment, justice, violence, and crime, that is achieved by strengthening all

institutions.

What forms can take the various governments in Latin America? Keep

balanced positions of power in order to bring the democratic security, based on the

strength of its institutions. With that many governance problems are avoided. It

should be emphasized in the fight against poverty, as they are doing the

governments of Venezuela, Brazil, Ecuador and Bolivia, putting into service all the

resources available to States to its residents.

What is the political patronage? It is a form used by politicians to attract

followers to his candidacy or parties that have sought to achieve power. To achieve

these purposes seeks any form or deliver economic privileges, valuables, offer

government posts, with the purchase of conscience or vote as well as the purchase

of bonds. This phenomenon drags many difficulties in the race, which the political

prostitutes. That's why in the Dominican Republic there is the initiative of a draft

law on the law of parties that govern the political agenda and prevent this kind of

abuse of power.


What governments maintain relationships with their

institutions? Generally in the region's traditional governments centralize

everything, even in democratic systems, but we are facing a determination of

autonomous bodies, which have their own rules, control, and functionality, so there

is no intervention of powers. Therefore there must be institutional harmony States.

How are structured local institutions and political elites for the supply

of public policy and the exercise of democracy? They are framed in

constitutions, and organic laws outlining your roles, responsibilities and how to

manage their policies according to the rules. The degree of political autonomy and

administrative capacity for the supply of public policies. 23

1.9 -. Acceptance level of democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean

The expansion of democratic freedoms and the regular use of competitive

elections has been considerable progress in terms of democratic security and

responsiveness of governments to citizens. So the establishment of a

comprehensive and stable democratic political system requires time.

Acceptance levels to democracy indicate the underlying legitimacy of these

new democratic institutions. Survey data to try to get an idea of whether people

perceive that democratic institutions are able to represent and reconcile diverse

interests and to implement policies that demand citizenship. What is apparent, and

what is stated in other studies, is a general support for the concept of democracy,

but markedly less support for democracy in the way it is practiced today. 24

The level of support for democracy can also be assessed by examining the

degree of public confidence in political institutions. Latino Barometer reports what

degree of confidence the Congress has in different countries of Latin America.

Seven states have more than 40%, and nineteen have more than 20%

acceptance 25

Opinion polls consistently show that citizens are not entirely satisfied with

the performance models governments whose data are presented by Latin

barometer of the Americas in 2010. From this point of democratic values remain

unchanged, this dissatisfaction is the result of high levels of unemployment in the

region of around 9% in recent years, the prevailing extreme poverty, lack of

opportunity and growth or development of peoples, there is a large social debt that

weakens the current political system. The emergence of a socialist-democratic

popular and nationalist currents gives respite support governments with degaste





preferably by corruption and neoliberalism, turn now to a more popular form

characterized by populism in response to the points made above.

The level of acceptance by citizens in Latin America is estimated that the

proportion of people who hold orientations towards democracy, is 43.0, 30.5

ambivalent, not Democrats 26.5, according to figures published by the United

Nations Program for Development (UNDP), in its report: Democracy in Latin

America , Towards a Citizens' Democracy, yet even these estimates reflect a

close difference between Democrats and ambivalent created by levels of

governance and economic factors underlying the acceptance or rejection of a

system of government. The government has to be functional, able to meet the

needs of the people, in a prospective framework to achieve the scope of

development in the short term, medium and long

term. Source:www2.ohchr.org/spanish/issues/democracy/.../PNUD-seminario.pdf


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News & Politics

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC IN DEFENSE OF THE DEMOCRATIC SECURITY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 2000-2010 (PART ONE)