Ch 31: Years of

Crisis1919-1939 (Pre-WW2)

= political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism and militarism◦ Similar to communism

(dictator, denied individual rights…etc)

◦ Different from communism (Fascism believed that social classes had place and function, where communism did not believe in social classes)

Fascism’s Rise in Italy

Why was a dictator able to rise?◦ Bitter feelings after

the 1919 Paris Peace Conference

◦ Were not able to obtain large territorial gains

◦ Rising inflation & unemployment

Mussolini Takes Control

Newspaper editor & politician

Told he would rescue Italy Founded the Fascist Party in 1919

Criticized the Italian government

Groups of fascists=

black shirts Won support of the middle

class, aristocracy and industrial leaders

Marched on Rome and demanded rule- was given it “legally”

Benito Mussolini

Benito Mussolini

Il Duce= “the leader”

Abolished democracy & outlawed political parties

Government censors on radio stations and publications

Sought to control the economy

Never able to have complete control like Stalin or Hitler

Il Duce’s Leadership

Adolf Hitler◦ Early life of disappointment◦ WW1 soldier◦ Joined the NAZI party (National

Socialist German Workers’ Party) to overturn the Treaty of Versailles & get rid of communism

◦Nazism= German form of fascism

◦ Swastika= symbol (hooked cross)◦ Brown Shirts/Storm Troopers= Nazi

private army

Hitler’s Rises to Power in Germany

Der Fuhrer= “the leader”

Inspired by Mussolini’s march on Rome

When Hitler attempted to march on Munich, he was arrested

Sentenced to 5 years in prison (served 9 months)

= “my struggle,” book written by Hitler in jail, setting for his beliefs and his goals for Germany

Germans

“Aryans” (the “master race”)

Non-Aryans (Jews, Slavs, gypsies) inferior race

Mein Kampf

Hitler declared Germany overpopulated and that they needed more “living space”

He promised to get that space by conquering eastern Europe and Russia

When Hitler left prison, he revived the Nazi Party

Hitler’s message was ignored until Germany’s economy collapsed and civil unrest broke out

Lebensraum= “living space”

1932- Nazis were the largest political party in Germany

Many Germany leaders thought they could control Hitler, and told the President to make

Hitler chancellor Hitler later ran for office

◦ During election, a government building was destroyed and Hitler blamed the communists- helped him win support

Hitler Becomes Chancellor

Totalitarian state Banned political

parties

SS (Shutzstaffel, or “protection squad”)

Gestapo= the Nazi secret police◦ Murdered or arrested

Hitler’s opponents◦ Shocked people into

obedience

Hitler in Power

Hitler wanted control of every aspect of life

Press, radio, literature, paintings and film were turned into propaganda

After Hitler’s involvement in the economy, unemployment dropped from 6 million to 1.5 million in one year (1936)

Hitler Youth (for boys) & League of German Girls

The Fuhrer is Supreme

Hitler Youth

Anti-Semitism= hatred of Jews

Jews were less than 1% of the population

Jews were seen as the scapegoats for everything

Laws were passed denying Jews rights

Jew violence rose (Kristallnacht, Night of the Broken Glass)

Hitler Makes War on the Jews

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht: “I survived”

Italy Germany Hungary Yugoslavia Albania Bulgaria Romania *Czechoslovakia- only

eastern European country to remain democratic

Other Countries Fall to Dictators

Put in ORDER Activity◦Students will…Get in small groups of 2-3 Use the word bank and the textbook to decide which words/phrases go in what ORDER

ACTIVITY: Section 4- Aggressors Invade Nations