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Presentation presented at the Company of Military Historians, Old Northwest Chapter and reprised at the NWTA Research Symposium on the America Revolution
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THE BRITISH MILITARY PRESENCE IN THE MIDWEST 1760-1786
Steven M Baule
CONTEMPORARY LONDON MAP 1755
THE MIDWEST IN 1760
Ft Chartres
Ft Ouiatenon
Ft St Joseph
Ft Detroit
Ft Michlimackinac
Ft Niagara
Ft Pitt
Ft LigonierFt Miami
Vincennes
Ft Sandoske
INDIAN ATTACKS IN 1763
AFTERMATH OF PONTIACrsquoS REBELLION After the Indian
Uprisings of 1763 amp 1764 the British consolidated to a few larger posts
Exceptions were the single company posts at Kaskaskia and Cahokia in the American Bottom
POSTS ABANDONED IN 17641765 Fort Le Boeuf Fort Presquersquo Isle Fort St Joseph Fort Ligonier Fort Venago Fort Miami Fort Sandusky Fort Ouiatenon
POSTS ABANDONED IN 1772 Cahokia Fort Chartres Fort Pitt
POSTS ABANDONED IN 1776 Fort Gage (Kaskaskia)
FT CHARTRES (1765-1772) RECONSTRUCTED
FORT CHARTRES FROM THE ILLINOIS STATE HOUSE
ILLINOIS COUNTRY POLICIES
No civil government in the Old Northwest Military Court at Ft Chartres Parliament would like to abandon the area
but the King refuses Quebec Act allowed for the
development of civil government amp protected the Catholic Church The entire Illinois Country was formally
included within the Province of Quebec Trade mostly exports of fur were to be
sent down river to New Orleans and then to London
1774
June - Quebec Act incorporated settlements along the Wabash and Mississippi Rivers into the Province of Quebec
Ft Sackville was [re]built by the British at Vincennes but was not garrisoned
Replacement of the palisade was completed at Ft Gage
FORT GAGE ON THE MAP (1772)
APRIL 1775 ndash BRITISH POSTS
Fort Gage
Fort Michlimackinac
Detroit
Fort Niagara
Fort Pitt
Royal Irish2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 12 Coys
Royal Irish4 men
Ft Oswegatchie
Kingrsquos Regt1 Coy
Ft Erie
1775
Dr John Conolly hatched a plan to order Cpt Lordrsquos Garrison from Kaskaskia to come up river and take Virginia back with the help of backwood Loyalists and Indians
Conolly was captured near Ft Pitt and the plan never reached the troops in the Illinois Country
1776 Troops were ordered from Illinois to be
concentrated at Detroit in anticipation of a Congressional attack (May ndashJune)
A former French officer was appointed governor in Illinois Pierre de Rochebleve
Troops on the Great Lakes remained in place troops from Illinois were drafted into the 8th (Kings) Foot in July 1776 and scattered between at least Mackinac and Detroit
It does appear that that troops had intended to return to Kaskaskia and some families remained in Illinois for years
1777
Extremely quiet on the Western Frontier
British were anticipating an attack on Detroit that never materialized
Fighting in Kentucky (Boonesborough) between settlers and Shawnee under Blackfish but no direct British involvement Daniel Boone was wounded in a skirmish
1778
George Rogers Clark captured Kaskaskia without resistance from the French habitants on July 4 1778
Fr Gibault helped prepare the way for the Virginians
British troops were sent to from Detroit to Vincennes to fortify the village against Congressional forces
1779 Troops at Vincennes are surrendered in
February 1779 ndash transported to Williamsburg ndash treated like criminals and not as POWs
Remaining troops at Detroit and Mackinaw remain stationary
Spain enters the Revolution as an Ally of France and Congress
British under Bird besiege Ft Laurens Ohio in February 1779 Lift siege by the end of the month Congressional forces withdraw to Ft Pitt by August 1779
FT LAURENS OHIO
On February 22 1779 Captain Henry Bird 8th Foot with a handful of British soldiers and a couple hundred Wyandot Mingo Munsee and Delaware warriors laid siege to the fort The siege continued until mid-March and the men inside the fort reportedly were reduced to making a stew of boiled moccasins
British forces were also weakened by the long siege and lifted the siege on March 20 1779
FT LAURENS AFTERMATH
Relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days after the British lifted the siege on March 23 1779 leaving a force of 106 men behind under the command of Major Fredrick Vernon
Colonel Daniel Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort was inadequate for mounting an attack on Detroit so the fort was abandoned on August 2 1779
BRITISH PLAN TO RECAPTURE THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY AND ELIMINATE THE SPANISH THREAT
British Comprehensive Plan of 1780 for Illinois Country
Attack Spanish posts at St Louis New Orleans and Natchez
Attack Virginia Forces at Cahokia and Kaskaskia
Forces from Pensacola to attack New Orleans Instead Spanish forces took Mobile in 1780
and Pensacola in 1781 Troops at Cahokia and St Louis were stymied
by Spanish
1780
Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for British forces
Plan to attack both St Louis and Cahokia
Troops were gathered on May 2 1780 Travelled downriver to Rock Island
About 250 Sauk amp Fox joined here Continued to St Louis
MAY 26 1780
Attack on St Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
CONTEMPORARY LONDON MAP 1755
THE MIDWEST IN 1760
Ft Chartres
Ft Ouiatenon
Ft St Joseph
Ft Detroit
Ft Michlimackinac
Ft Niagara
Ft Pitt
Ft LigonierFt Miami
Vincennes
Ft Sandoske
INDIAN ATTACKS IN 1763
AFTERMATH OF PONTIACrsquoS REBELLION After the Indian
Uprisings of 1763 amp 1764 the British consolidated to a few larger posts
Exceptions were the single company posts at Kaskaskia and Cahokia in the American Bottom
POSTS ABANDONED IN 17641765 Fort Le Boeuf Fort Presquersquo Isle Fort St Joseph Fort Ligonier Fort Venago Fort Miami Fort Sandusky Fort Ouiatenon
POSTS ABANDONED IN 1772 Cahokia Fort Chartres Fort Pitt
POSTS ABANDONED IN 1776 Fort Gage (Kaskaskia)
FT CHARTRES (1765-1772) RECONSTRUCTED
FORT CHARTRES FROM THE ILLINOIS STATE HOUSE
ILLINOIS COUNTRY POLICIES
No civil government in the Old Northwest Military Court at Ft Chartres Parliament would like to abandon the area
but the King refuses Quebec Act allowed for the
development of civil government amp protected the Catholic Church The entire Illinois Country was formally
included within the Province of Quebec Trade mostly exports of fur were to be
sent down river to New Orleans and then to London
1774
June - Quebec Act incorporated settlements along the Wabash and Mississippi Rivers into the Province of Quebec
Ft Sackville was [re]built by the British at Vincennes but was not garrisoned
Replacement of the palisade was completed at Ft Gage
FORT GAGE ON THE MAP (1772)
APRIL 1775 ndash BRITISH POSTS
Fort Gage
Fort Michlimackinac
Detroit
Fort Niagara
Fort Pitt
Royal Irish2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 12 Coys
Royal Irish4 men
Ft Oswegatchie
Kingrsquos Regt1 Coy
Ft Erie
1775
Dr John Conolly hatched a plan to order Cpt Lordrsquos Garrison from Kaskaskia to come up river and take Virginia back with the help of backwood Loyalists and Indians
Conolly was captured near Ft Pitt and the plan never reached the troops in the Illinois Country
1776 Troops were ordered from Illinois to be
concentrated at Detroit in anticipation of a Congressional attack (May ndashJune)
A former French officer was appointed governor in Illinois Pierre de Rochebleve
Troops on the Great Lakes remained in place troops from Illinois were drafted into the 8th (Kings) Foot in July 1776 and scattered between at least Mackinac and Detroit
It does appear that that troops had intended to return to Kaskaskia and some families remained in Illinois for years
1777
Extremely quiet on the Western Frontier
British were anticipating an attack on Detroit that never materialized
Fighting in Kentucky (Boonesborough) between settlers and Shawnee under Blackfish but no direct British involvement Daniel Boone was wounded in a skirmish
1778
George Rogers Clark captured Kaskaskia without resistance from the French habitants on July 4 1778
Fr Gibault helped prepare the way for the Virginians
British troops were sent to from Detroit to Vincennes to fortify the village against Congressional forces
1779 Troops at Vincennes are surrendered in
February 1779 ndash transported to Williamsburg ndash treated like criminals and not as POWs
Remaining troops at Detroit and Mackinaw remain stationary
Spain enters the Revolution as an Ally of France and Congress
British under Bird besiege Ft Laurens Ohio in February 1779 Lift siege by the end of the month Congressional forces withdraw to Ft Pitt by August 1779
FT LAURENS OHIO
On February 22 1779 Captain Henry Bird 8th Foot with a handful of British soldiers and a couple hundred Wyandot Mingo Munsee and Delaware warriors laid siege to the fort The siege continued until mid-March and the men inside the fort reportedly were reduced to making a stew of boiled moccasins
British forces were also weakened by the long siege and lifted the siege on March 20 1779
FT LAURENS AFTERMATH
Relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days after the British lifted the siege on March 23 1779 leaving a force of 106 men behind under the command of Major Fredrick Vernon
Colonel Daniel Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort was inadequate for mounting an attack on Detroit so the fort was abandoned on August 2 1779
BRITISH PLAN TO RECAPTURE THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY AND ELIMINATE THE SPANISH THREAT
British Comprehensive Plan of 1780 for Illinois Country
Attack Spanish posts at St Louis New Orleans and Natchez
Attack Virginia Forces at Cahokia and Kaskaskia
Forces from Pensacola to attack New Orleans Instead Spanish forces took Mobile in 1780
and Pensacola in 1781 Troops at Cahokia and St Louis were stymied
by Spanish
1780
Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for British forces
Plan to attack both St Louis and Cahokia
Troops were gathered on May 2 1780 Travelled downriver to Rock Island
About 250 Sauk amp Fox joined here Continued to St Louis
MAY 26 1780
Attack on St Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
THE MIDWEST IN 1760
Ft Chartres
Ft Ouiatenon
Ft St Joseph
Ft Detroit
Ft Michlimackinac
Ft Niagara
Ft Pitt
Ft LigonierFt Miami
Vincennes
Ft Sandoske
INDIAN ATTACKS IN 1763
AFTERMATH OF PONTIACrsquoS REBELLION After the Indian
Uprisings of 1763 amp 1764 the British consolidated to a few larger posts
Exceptions were the single company posts at Kaskaskia and Cahokia in the American Bottom
POSTS ABANDONED IN 17641765 Fort Le Boeuf Fort Presquersquo Isle Fort St Joseph Fort Ligonier Fort Venago Fort Miami Fort Sandusky Fort Ouiatenon
POSTS ABANDONED IN 1772 Cahokia Fort Chartres Fort Pitt
POSTS ABANDONED IN 1776 Fort Gage (Kaskaskia)
FT CHARTRES (1765-1772) RECONSTRUCTED
FORT CHARTRES FROM THE ILLINOIS STATE HOUSE
ILLINOIS COUNTRY POLICIES
No civil government in the Old Northwest Military Court at Ft Chartres Parliament would like to abandon the area
but the King refuses Quebec Act allowed for the
development of civil government amp protected the Catholic Church The entire Illinois Country was formally
included within the Province of Quebec Trade mostly exports of fur were to be
sent down river to New Orleans and then to London
1774
June - Quebec Act incorporated settlements along the Wabash and Mississippi Rivers into the Province of Quebec
Ft Sackville was [re]built by the British at Vincennes but was not garrisoned
Replacement of the palisade was completed at Ft Gage
FORT GAGE ON THE MAP (1772)
APRIL 1775 ndash BRITISH POSTS
Fort Gage
Fort Michlimackinac
Detroit
Fort Niagara
Fort Pitt
Royal Irish2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 12 Coys
Royal Irish4 men
Ft Oswegatchie
Kingrsquos Regt1 Coy
Ft Erie
1775
Dr John Conolly hatched a plan to order Cpt Lordrsquos Garrison from Kaskaskia to come up river and take Virginia back with the help of backwood Loyalists and Indians
Conolly was captured near Ft Pitt and the plan never reached the troops in the Illinois Country
1776 Troops were ordered from Illinois to be
concentrated at Detroit in anticipation of a Congressional attack (May ndashJune)
A former French officer was appointed governor in Illinois Pierre de Rochebleve
Troops on the Great Lakes remained in place troops from Illinois were drafted into the 8th (Kings) Foot in July 1776 and scattered between at least Mackinac and Detroit
It does appear that that troops had intended to return to Kaskaskia and some families remained in Illinois for years
1777
Extremely quiet on the Western Frontier
British were anticipating an attack on Detroit that never materialized
Fighting in Kentucky (Boonesborough) between settlers and Shawnee under Blackfish but no direct British involvement Daniel Boone was wounded in a skirmish
1778
George Rogers Clark captured Kaskaskia without resistance from the French habitants on July 4 1778
Fr Gibault helped prepare the way for the Virginians
British troops were sent to from Detroit to Vincennes to fortify the village against Congressional forces
1779 Troops at Vincennes are surrendered in
February 1779 ndash transported to Williamsburg ndash treated like criminals and not as POWs
Remaining troops at Detroit and Mackinaw remain stationary
Spain enters the Revolution as an Ally of France and Congress
British under Bird besiege Ft Laurens Ohio in February 1779 Lift siege by the end of the month Congressional forces withdraw to Ft Pitt by August 1779
FT LAURENS OHIO
On February 22 1779 Captain Henry Bird 8th Foot with a handful of British soldiers and a couple hundred Wyandot Mingo Munsee and Delaware warriors laid siege to the fort The siege continued until mid-March and the men inside the fort reportedly were reduced to making a stew of boiled moccasins
British forces were also weakened by the long siege and lifted the siege on March 20 1779
FT LAURENS AFTERMATH
Relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days after the British lifted the siege on March 23 1779 leaving a force of 106 men behind under the command of Major Fredrick Vernon
Colonel Daniel Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort was inadequate for mounting an attack on Detroit so the fort was abandoned on August 2 1779
BRITISH PLAN TO RECAPTURE THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY AND ELIMINATE THE SPANISH THREAT
British Comprehensive Plan of 1780 for Illinois Country
Attack Spanish posts at St Louis New Orleans and Natchez
Attack Virginia Forces at Cahokia and Kaskaskia
Forces from Pensacola to attack New Orleans Instead Spanish forces took Mobile in 1780
and Pensacola in 1781 Troops at Cahokia and St Louis were stymied
by Spanish
1780
Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for British forces
Plan to attack both St Louis and Cahokia
Troops were gathered on May 2 1780 Travelled downriver to Rock Island
About 250 Sauk amp Fox joined here Continued to St Louis
MAY 26 1780
Attack on St Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
INDIAN ATTACKS IN 1763
AFTERMATH OF PONTIACrsquoS REBELLION After the Indian
Uprisings of 1763 amp 1764 the British consolidated to a few larger posts
Exceptions were the single company posts at Kaskaskia and Cahokia in the American Bottom
POSTS ABANDONED IN 17641765 Fort Le Boeuf Fort Presquersquo Isle Fort St Joseph Fort Ligonier Fort Venago Fort Miami Fort Sandusky Fort Ouiatenon
POSTS ABANDONED IN 1772 Cahokia Fort Chartres Fort Pitt
POSTS ABANDONED IN 1776 Fort Gage (Kaskaskia)
FT CHARTRES (1765-1772) RECONSTRUCTED
FORT CHARTRES FROM THE ILLINOIS STATE HOUSE
ILLINOIS COUNTRY POLICIES
No civil government in the Old Northwest Military Court at Ft Chartres Parliament would like to abandon the area
but the King refuses Quebec Act allowed for the
development of civil government amp protected the Catholic Church The entire Illinois Country was formally
included within the Province of Quebec Trade mostly exports of fur were to be
sent down river to New Orleans and then to London
1774
June - Quebec Act incorporated settlements along the Wabash and Mississippi Rivers into the Province of Quebec
Ft Sackville was [re]built by the British at Vincennes but was not garrisoned
Replacement of the palisade was completed at Ft Gage
FORT GAGE ON THE MAP (1772)
APRIL 1775 ndash BRITISH POSTS
Fort Gage
Fort Michlimackinac
Detroit
Fort Niagara
Fort Pitt
Royal Irish2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 12 Coys
Royal Irish4 men
Ft Oswegatchie
Kingrsquos Regt1 Coy
Ft Erie
1775
Dr John Conolly hatched a plan to order Cpt Lordrsquos Garrison from Kaskaskia to come up river and take Virginia back with the help of backwood Loyalists and Indians
Conolly was captured near Ft Pitt and the plan never reached the troops in the Illinois Country
1776 Troops were ordered from Illinois to be
concentrated at Detroit in anticipation of a Congressional attack (May ndashJune)
A former French officer was appointed governor in Illinois Pierre de Rochebleve
Troops on the Great Lakes remained in place troops from Illinois were drafted into the 8th (Kings) Foot in July 1776 and scattered between at least Mackinac and Detroit
It does appear that that troops had intended to return to Kaskaskia and some families remained in Illinois for years
1777
Extremely quiet on the Western Frontier
British were anticipating an attack on Detroit that never materialized
Fighting in Kentucky (Boonesborough) between settlers and Shawnee under Blackfish but no direct British involvement Daniel Boone was wounded in a skirmish
1778
George Rogers Clark captured Kaskaskia without resistance from the French habitants on July 4 1778
Fr Gibault helped prepare the way for the Virginians
British troops were sent to from Detroit to Vincennes to fortify the village against Congressional forces
1779 Troops at Vincennes are surrendered in
February 1779 ndash transported to Williamsburg ndash treated like criminals and not as POWs
Remaining troops at Detroit and Mackinaw remain stationary
Spain enters the Revolution as an Ally of France and Congress
British under Bird besiege Ft Laurens Ohio in February 1779 Lift siege by the end of the month Congressional forces withdraw to Ft Pitt by August 1779
FT LAURENS OHIO
On February 22 1779 Captain Henry Bird 8th Foot with a handful of British soldiers and a couple hundred Wyandot Mingo Munsee and Delaware warriors laid siege to the fort The siege continued until mid-March and the men inside the fort reportedly were reduced to making a stew of boiled moccasins
British forces were also weakened by the long siege and lifted the siege on March 20 1779
FT LAURENS AFTERMATH
Relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days after the British lifted the siege on March 23 1779 leaving a force of 106 men behind under the command of Major Fredrick Vernon
Colonel Daniel Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort was inadequate for mounting an attack on Detroit so the fort was abandoned on August 2 1779
BRITISH PLAN TO RECAPTURE THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY AND ELIMINATE THE SPANISH THREAT
British Comprehensive Plan of 1780 for Illinois Country
Attack Spanish posts at St Louis New Orleans and Natchez
Attack Virginia Forces at Cahokia and Kaskaskia
Forces from Pensacola to attack New Orleans Instead Spanish forces took Mobile in 1780
and Pensacola in 1781 Troops at Cahokia and St Louis were stymied
by Spanish
1780
Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for British forces
Plan to attack both St Louis and Cahokia
Troops were gathered on May 2 1780 Travelled downriver to Rock Island
About 250 Sauk amp Fox joined here Continued to St Louis
MAY 26 1780
Attack on St Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
AFTERMATH OF PONTIACrsquoS REBELLION After the Indian
Uprisings of 1763 amp 1764 the British consolidated to a few larger posts
Exceptions were the single company posts at Kaskaskia and Cahokia in the American Bottom
POSTS ABANDONED IN 17641765 Fort Le Boeuf Fort Presquersquo Isle Fort St Joseph Fort Ligonier Fort Venago Fort Miami Fort Sandusky Fort Ouiatenon
POSTS ABANDONED IN 1772 Cahokia Fort Chartres Fort Pitt
POSTS ABANDONED IN 1776 Fort Gage (Kaskaskia)
FT CHARTRES (1765-1772) RECONSTRUCTED
FORT CHARTRES FROM THE ILLINOIS STATE HOUSE
ILLINOIS COUNTRY POLICIES
No civil government in the Old Northwest Military Court at Ft Chartres Parliament would like to abandon the area
but the King refuses Quebec Act allowed for the
development of civil government amp protected the Catholic Church The entire Illinois Country was formally
included within the Province of Quebec Trade mostly exports of fur were to be
sent down river to New Orleans and then to London
1774
June - Quebec Act incorporated settlements along the Wabash and Mississippi Rivers into the Province of Quebec
Ft Sackville was [re]built by the British at Vincennes but was not garrisoned
Replacement of the palisade was completed at Ft Gage
FORT GAGE ON THE MAP (1772)
APRIL 1775 ndash BRITISH POSTS
Fort Gage
Fort Michlimackinac
Detroit
Fort Niagara
Fort Pitt
Royal Irish2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 12 Coys
Royal Irish4 men
Ft Oswegatchie
Kingrsquos Regt1 Coy
Ft Erie
1775
Dr John Conolly hatched a plan to order Cpt Lordrsquos Garrison from Kaskaskia to come up river and take Virginia back with the help of backwood Loyalists and Indians
Conolly was captured near Ft Pitt and the plan never reached the troops in the Illinois Country
1776 Troops were ordered from Illinois to be
concentrated at Detroit in anticipation of a Congressional attack (May ndashJune)
A former French officer was appointed governor in Illinois Pierre de Rochebleve
Troops on the Great Lakes remained in place troops from Illinois were drafted into the 8th (Kings) Foot in July 1776 and scattered between at least Mackinac and Detroit
It does appear that that troops had intended to return to Kaskaskia and some families remained in Illinois for years
1777
Extremely quiet on the Western Frontier
British were anticipating an attack on Detroit that never materialized
Fighting in Kentucky (Boonesborough) between settlers and Shawnee under Blackfish but no direct British involvement Daniel Boone was wounded in a skirmish
1778
George Rogers Clark captured Kaskaskia without resistance from the French habitants on July 4 1778
Fr Gibault helped prepare the way for the Virginians
British troops were sent to from Detroit to Vincennes to fortify the village against Congressional forces
1779 Troops at Vincennes are surrendered in
February 1779 ndash transported to Williamsburg ndash treated like criminals and not as POWs
Remaining troops at Detroit and Mackinaw remain stationary
Spain enters the Revolution as an Ally of France and Congress
British under Bird besiege Ft Laurens Ohio in February 1779 Lift siege by the end of the month Congressional forces withdraw to Ft Pitt by August 1779
FT LAURENS OHIO
On February 22 1779 Captain Henry Bird 8th Foot with a handful of British soldiers and a couple hundred Wyandot Mingo Munsee and Delaware warriors laid siege to the fort The siege continued until mid-March and the men inside the fort reportedly were reduced to making a stew of boiled moccasins
British forces were also weakened by the long siege and lifted the siege on March 20 1779
FT LAURENS AFTERMATH
Relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days after the British lifted the siege on March 23 1779 leaving a force of 106 men behind under the command of Major Fredrick Vernon
Colonel Daniel Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort was inadequate for mounting an attack on Detroit so the fort was abandoned on August 2 1779
BRITISH PLAN TO RECAPTURE THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY AND ELIMINATE THE SPANISH THREAT
British Comprehensive Plan of 1780 for Illinois Country
Attack Spanish posts at St Louis New Orleans and Natchez
Attack Virginia Forces at Cahokia and Kaskaskia
Forces from Pensacola to attack New Orleans Instead Spanish forces took Mobile in 1780
and Pensacola in 1781 Troops at Cahokia and St Louis were stymied
by Spanish
1780
Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for British forces
Plan to attack both St Louis and Cahokia
Troops were gathered on May 2 1780 Travelled downriver to Rock Island
About 250 Sauk amp Fox joined here Continued to St Louis
MAY 26 1780
Attack on St Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
POSTS ABANDONED IN 17641765 Fort Le Boeuf Fort Presquersquo Isle Fort St Joseph Fort Ligonier Fort Venago Fort Miami Fort Sandusky Fort Ouiatenon
POSTS ABANDONED IN 1772 Cahokia Fort Chartres Fort Pitt
POSTS ABANDONED IN 1776 Fort Gage (Kaskaskia)
FT CHARTRES (1765-1772) RECONSTRUCTED
FORT CHARTRES FROM THE ILLINOIS STATE HOUSE
ILLINOIS COUNTRY POLICIES
No civil government in the Old Northwest Military Court at Ft Chartres Parliament would like to abandon the area
but the King refuses Quebec Act allowed for the
development of civil government amp protected the Catholic Church The entire Illinois Country was formally
included within the Province of Quebec Trade mostly exports of fur were to be
sent down river to New Orleans and then to London
1774
June - Quebec Act incorporated settlements along the Wabash and Mississippi Rivers into the Province of Quebec
Ft Sackville was [re]built by the British at Vincennes but was not garrisoned
Replacement of the palisade was completed at Ft Gage
FORT GAGE ON THE MAP (1772)
APRIL 1775 ndash BRITISH POSTS
Fort Gage
Fort Michlimackinac
Detroit
Fort Niagara
Fort Pitt
Royal Irish2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 12 Coys
Royal Irish4 men
Ft Oswegatchie
Kingrsquos Regt1 Coy
Ft Erie
1775
Dr John Conolly hatched a plan to order Cpt Lordrsquos Garrison from Kaskaskia to come up river and take Virginia back with the help of backwood Loyalists and Indians
Conolly was captured near Ft Pitt and the plan never reached the troops in the Illinois Country
1776 Troops were ordered from Illinois to be
concentrated at Detroit in anticipation of a Congressional attack (May ndashJune)
A former French officer was appointed governor in Illinois Pierre de Rochebleve
Troops on the Great Lakes remained in place troops from Illinois were drafted into the 8th (Kings) Foot in July 1776 and scattered between at least Mackinac and Detroit
It does appear that that troops had intended to return to Kaskaskia and some families remained in Illinois for years
1777
Extremely quiet on the Western Frontier
British were anticipating an attack on Detroit that never materialized
Fighting in Kentucky (Boonesborough) between settlers and Shawnee under Blackfish but no direct British involvement Daniel Boone was wounded in a skirmish
1778
George Rogers Clark captured Kaskaskia without resistance from the French habitants on July 4 1778
Fr Gibault helped prepare the way for the Virginians
British troops were sent to from Detroit to Vincennes to fortify the village against Congressional forces
1779 Troops at Vincennes are surrendered in
February 1779 ndash transported to Williamsburg ndash treated like criminals and not as POWs
Remaining troops at Detroit and Mackinaw remain stationary
Spain enters the Revolution as an Ally of France and Congress
British under Bird besiege Ft Laurens Ohio in February 1779 Lift siege by the end of the month Congressional forces withdraw to Ft Pitt by August 1779
FT LAURENS OHIO
On February 22 1779 Captain Henry Bird 8th Foot with a handful of British soldiers and a couple hundred Wyandot Mingo Munsee and Delaware warriors laid siege to the fort The siege continued until mid-March and the men inside the fort reportedly were reduced to making a stew of boiled moccasins
British forces were also weakened by the long siege and lifted the siege on March 20 1779
FT LAURENS AFTERMATH
Relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days after the British lifted the siege on March 23 1779 leaving a force of 106 men behind under the command of Major Fredrick Vernon
Colonel Daniel Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort was inadequate for mounting an attack on Detroit so the fort was abandoned on August 2 1779
BRITISH PLAN TO RECAPTURE THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY AND ELIMINATE THE SPANISH THREAT
British Comprehensive Plan of 1780 for Illinois Country
Attack Spanish posts at St Louis New Orleans and Natchez
Attack Virginia Forces at Cahokia and Kaskaskia
Forces from Pensacola to attack New Orleans Instead Spanish forces took Mobile in 1780
and Pensacola in 1781 Troops at Cahokia and St Louis were stymied
by Spanish
1780
Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for British forces
Plan to attack both St Louis and Cahokia
Troops were gathered on May 2 1780 Travelled downriver to Rock Island
About 250 Sauk amp Fox joined here Continued to St Louis
MAY 26 1780
Attack on St Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
FT CHARTRES (1765-1772) RECONSTRUCTED
FORT CHARTRES FROM THE ILLINOIS STATE HOUSE
ILLINOIS COUNTRY POLICIES
No civil government in the Old Northwest Military Court at Ft Chartres Parliament would like to abandon the area
but the King refuses Quebec Act allowed for the
development of civil government amp protected the Catholic Church The entire Illinois Country was formally
included within the Province of Quebec Trade mostly exports of fur were to be
sent down river to New Orleans and then to London
1774
June - Quebec Act incorporated settlements along the Wabash and Mississippi Rivers into the Province of Quebec
Ft Sackville was [re]built by the British at Vincennes but was not garrisoned
Replacement of the palisade was completed at Ft Gage
FORT GAGE ON THE MAP (1772)
APRIL 1775 ndash BRITISH POSTS
Fort Gage
Fort Michlimackinac
Detroit
Fort Niagara
Fort Pitt
Royal Irish2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 12 Coys
Royal Irish4 men
Ft Oswegatchie
Kingrsquos Regt1 Coy
Ft Erie
1775
Dr John Conolly hatched a plan to order Cpt Lordrsquos Garrison from Kaskaskia to come up river and take Virginia back with the help of backwood Loyalists and Indians
Conolly was captured near Ft Pitt and the plan never reached the troops in the Illinois Country
1776 Troops were ordered from Illinois to be
concentrated at Detroit in anticipation of a Congressional attack (May ndashJune)
A former French officer was appointed governor in Illinois Pierre de Rochebleve
Troops on the Great Lakes remained in place troops from Illinois were drafted into the 8th (Kings) Foot in July 1776 and scattered between at least Mackinac and Detroit
It does appear that that troops had intended to return to Kaskaskia and some families remained in Illinois for years
1777
Extremely quiet on the Western Frontier
British were anticipating an attack on Detroit that never materialized
Fighting in Kentucky (Boonesborough) between settlers and Shawnee under Blackfish but no direct British involvement Daniel Boone was wounded in a skirmish
1778
George Rogers Clark captured Kaskaskia without resistance from the French habitants on July 4 1778
Fr Gibault helped prepare the way for the Virginians
British troops were sent to from Detroit to Vincennes to fortify the village against Congressional forces
1779 Troops at Vincennes are surrendered in
February 1779 ndash transported to Williamsburg ndash treated like criminals and not as POWs
Remaining troops at Detroit and Mackinaw remain stationary
Spain enters the Revolution as an Ally of France and Congress
British under Bird besiege Ft Laurens Ohio in February 1779 Lift siege by the end of the month Congressional forces withdraw to Ft Pitt by August 1779
FT LAURENS OHIO
On February 22 1779 Captain Henry Bird 8th Foot with a handful of British soldiers and a couple hundred Wyandot Mingo Munsee and Delaware warriors laid siege to the fort The siege continued until mid-March and the men inside the fort reportedly were reduced to making a stew of boiled moccasins
British forces were also weakened by the long siege and lifted the siege on March 20 1779
FT LAURENS AFTERMATH
Relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days after the British lifted the siege on March 23 1779 leaving a force of 106 men behind under the command of Major Fredrick Vernon
Colonel Daniel Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort was inadequate for mounting an attack on Detroit so the fort was abandoned on August 2 1779
BRITISH PLAN TO RECAPTURE THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY AND ELIMINATE THE SPANISH THREAT
British Comprehensive Plan of 1780 for Illinois Country
Attack Spanish posts at St Louis New Orleans and Natchez
Attack Virginia Forces at Cahokia and Kaskaskia
Forces from Pensacola to attack New Orleans Instead Spanish forces took Mobile in 1780
and Pensacola in 1781 Troops at Cahokia and St Louis were stymied
by Spanish
1780
Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for British forces
Plan to attack both St Louis and Cahokia
Troops were gathered on May 2 1780 Travelled downriver to Rock Island
About 250 Sauk amp Fox joined here Continued to St Louis
MAY 26 1780
Attack on St Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
FORT CHARTRES FROM THE ILLINOIS STATE HOUSE
ILLINOIS COUNTRY POLICIES
No civil government in the Old Northwest Military Court at Ft Chartres Parliament would like to abandon the area
but the King refuses Quebec Act allowed for the
development of civil government amp protected the Catholic Church The entire Illinois Country was formally
included within the Province of Quebec Trade mostly exports of fur were to be
sent down river to New Orleans and then to London
1774
June - Quebec Act incorporated settlements along the Wabash and Mississippi Rivers into the Province of Quebec
Ft Sackville was [re]built by the British at Vincennes but was not garrisoned
Replacement of the palisade was completed at Ft Gage
FORT GAGE ON THE MAP (1772)
APRIL 1775 ndash BRITISH POSTS
Fort Gage
Fort Michlimackinac
Detroit
Fort Niagara
Fort Pitt
Royal Irish2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 12 Coys
Royal Irish4 men
Ft Oswegatchie
Kingrsquos Regt1 Coy
Ft Erie
1775
Dr John Conolly hatched a plan to order Cpt Lordrsquos Garrison from Kaskaskia to come up river and take Virginia back with the help of backwood Loyalists and Indians
Conolly was captured near Ft Pitt and the plan never reached the troops in the Illinois Country
1776 Troops were ordered from Illinois to be
concentrated at Detroit in anticipation of a Congressional attack (May ndashJune)
A former French officer was appointed governor in Illinois Pierre de Rochebleve
Troops on the Great Lakes remained in place troops from Illinois were drafted into the 8th (Kings) Foot in July 1776 and scattered between at least Mackinac and Detroit
It does appear that that troops had intended to return to Kaskaskia and some families remained in Illinois for years
1777
Extremely quiet on the Western Frontier
British were anticipating an attack on Detroit that never materialized
Fighting in Kentucky (Boonesborough) between settlers and Shawnee under Blackfish but no direct British involvement Daniel Boone was wounded in a skirmish
1778
George Rogers Clark captured Kaskaskia without resistance from the French habitants on July 4 1778
Fr Gibault helped prepare the way for the Virginians
British troops were sent to from Detroit to Vincennes to fortify the village against Congressional forces
1779 Troops at Vincennes are surrendered in
February 1779 ndash transported to Williamsburg ndash treated like criminals and not as POWs
Remaining troops at Detroit and Mackinaw remain stationary
Spain enters the Revolution as an Ally of France and Congress
British under Bird besiege Ft Laurens Ohio in February 1779 Lift siege by the end of the month Congressional forces withdraw to Ft Pitt by August 1779
FT LAURENS OHIO
On February 22 1779 Captain Henry Bird 8th Foot with a handful of British soldiers and a couple hundred Wyandot Mingo Munsee and Delaware warriors laid siege to the fort The siege continued until mid-March and the men inside the fort reportedly were reduced to making a stew of boiled moccasins
British forces were also weakened by the long siege and lifted the siege on March 20 1779
FT LAURENS AFTERMATH
Relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days after the British lifted the siege on March 23 1779 leaving a force of 106 men behind under the command of Major Fredrick Vernon
Colonel Daniel Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort was inadequate for mounting an attack on Detroit so the fort was abandoned on August 2 1779
BRITISH PLAN TO RECAPTURE THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY AND ELIMINATE THE SPANISH THREAT
British Comprehensive Plan of 1780 for Illinois Country
Attack Spanish posts at St Louis New Orleans and Natchez
Attack Virginia Forces at Cahokia and Kaskaskia
Forces from Pensacola to attack New Orleans Instead Spanish forces took Mobile in 1780
and Pensacola in 1781 Troops at Cahokia and St Louis were stymied
by Spanish
1780
Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for British forces
Plan to attack both St Louis and Cahokia
Troops were gathered on May 2 1780 Travelled downriver to Rock Island
About 250 Sauk amp Fox joined here Continued to St Louis
MAY 26 1780
Attack on St Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
ILLINOIS COUNTRY POLICIES
No civil government in the Old Northwest Military Court at Ft Chartres Parliament would like to abandon the area
but the King refuses Quebec Act allowed for the
development of civil government amp protected the Catholic Church The entire Illinois Country was formally
included within the Province of Quebec Trade mostly exports of fur were to be
sent down river to New Orleans and then to London
1774
June - Quebec Act incorporated settlements along the Wabash and Mississippi Rivers into the Province of Quebec
Ft Sackville was [re]built by the British at Vincennes but was not garrisoned
Replacement of the palisade was completed at Ft Gage
FORT GAGE ON THE MAP (1772)
APRIL 1775 ndash BRITISH POSTS
Fort Gage
Fort Michlimackinac
Detroit
Fort Niagara
Fort Pitt
Royal Irish2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 12 Coys
Royal Irish4 men
Ft Oswegatchie
Kingrsquos Regt1 Coy
Ft Erie
1775
Dr John Conolly hatched a plan to order Cpt Lordrsquos Garrison from Kaskaskia to come up river and take Virginia back with the help of backwood Loyalists and Indians
Conolly was captured near Ft Pitt and the plan never reached the troops in the Illinois Country
1776 Troops were ordered from Illinois to be
concentrated at Detroit in anticipation of a Congressional attack (May ndashJune)
A former French officer was appointed governor in Illinois Pierre de Rochebleve
Troops on the Great Lakes remained in place troops from Illinois were drafted into the 8th (Kings) Foot in July 1776 and scattered between at least Mackinac and Detroit
It does appear that that troops had intended to return to Kaskaskia and some families remained in Illinois for years
1777
Extremely quiet on the Western Frontier
British were anticipating an attack on Detroit that never materialized
Fighting in Kentucky (Boonesborough) between settlers and Shawnee under Blackfish but no direct British involvement Daniel Boone was wounded in a skirmish
1778
George Rogers Clark captured Kaskaskia without resistance from the French habitants on July 4 1778
Fr Gibault helped prepare the way for the Virginians
British troops were sent to from Detroit to Vincennes to fortify the village against Congressional forces
1779 Troops at Vincennes are surrendered in
February 1779 ndash transported to Williamsburg ndash treated like criminals and not as POWs
Remaining troops at Detroit and Mackinaw remain stationary
Spain enters the Revolution as an Ally of France and Congress
British under Bird besiege Ft Laurens Ohio in February 1779 Lift siege by the end of the month Congressional forces withdraw to Ft Pitt by August 1779
FT LAURENS OHIO
On February 22 1779 Captain Henry Bird 8th Foot with a handful of British soldiers and a couple hundred Wyandot Mingo Munsee and Delaware warriors laid siege to the fort The siege continued until mid-March and the men inside the fort reportedly were reduced to making a stew of boiled moccasins
British forces were also weakened by the long siege and lifted the siege on March 20 1779
FT LAURENS AFTERMATH
Relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days after the British lifted the siege on March 23 1779 leaving a force of 106 men behind under the command of Major Fredrick Vernon
Colonel Daniel Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort was inadequate for mounting an attack on Detroit so the fort was abandoned on August 2 1779
BRITISH PLAN TO RECAPTURE THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY AND ELIMINATE THE SPANISH THREAT
British Comprehensive Plan of 1780 for Illinois Country
Attack Spanish posts at St Louis New Orleans and Natchez
Attack Virginia Forces at Cahokia and Kaskaskia
Forces from Pensacola to attack New Orleans Instead Spanish forces took Mobile in 1780
and Pensacola in 1781 Troops at Cahokia and St Louis were stymied
by Spanish
1780
Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for British forces
Plan to attack both St Louis and Cahokia
Troops were gathered on May 2 1780 Travelled downriver to Rock Island
About 250 Sauk amp Fox joined here Continued to St Louis
MAY 26 1780
Attack on St Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
1774
June - Quebec Act incorporated settlements along the Wabash and Mississippi Rivers into the Province of Quebec
Ft Sackville was [re]built by the British at Vincennes but was not garrisoned
Replacement of the palisade was completed at Ft Gage
FORT GAGE ON THE MAP (1772)
APRIL 1775 ndash BRITISH POSTS
Fort Gage
Fort Michlimackinac
Detroit
Fort Niagara
Fort Pitt
Royal Irish2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 12 Coys
Royal Irish4 men
Ft Oswegatchie
Kingrsquos Regt1 Coy
Ft Erie
1775
Dr John Conolly hatched a plan to order Cpt Lordrsquos Garrison from Kaskaskia to come up river and take Virginia back with the help of backwood Loyalists and Indians
Conolly was captured near Ft Pitt and the plan never reached the troops in the Illinois Country
1776 Troops were ordered from Illinois to be
concentrated at Detroit in anticipation of a Congressional attack (May ndashJune)
A former French officer was appointed governor in Illinois Pierre de Rochebleve
Troops on the Great Lakes remained in place troops from Illinois were drafted into the 8th (Kings) Foot in July 1776 and scattered between at least Mackinac and Detroit
It does appear that that troops had intended to return to Kaskaskia and some families remained in Illinois for years
1777
Extremely quiet on the Western Frontier
British were anticipating an attack on Detroit that never materialized
Fighting in Kentucky (Boonesborough) between settlers and Shawnee under Blackfish but no direct British involvement Daniel Boone was wounded in a skirmish
1778
George Rogers Clark captured Kaskaskia without resistance from the French habitants on July 4 1778
Fr Gibault helped prepare the way for the Virginians
British troops were sent to from Detroit to Vincennes to fortify the village against Congressional forces
1779 Troops at Vincennes are surrendered in
February 1779 ndash transported to Williamsburg ndash treated like criminals and not as POWs
Remaining troops at Detroit and Mackinaw remain stationary
Spain enters the Revolution as an Ally of France and Congress
British under Bird besiege Ft Laurens Ohio in February 1779 Lift siege by the end of the month Congressional forces withdraw to Ft Pitt by August 1779
FT LAURENS OHIO
On February 22 1779 Captain Henry Bird 8th Foot with a handful of British soldiers and a couple hundred Wyandot Mingo Munsee and Delaware warriors laid siege to the fort The siege continued until mid-March and the men inside the fort reportedly were reduced to making a stew of boiled moccasins
British forces were also weakened by the long siege and lifted the siege on March 20 1779
FT LAURENS AFTERMATH
Relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days after the British lifted the siege on March 23 1779 leaving a force of 106 men behind under the command of Major Fredrick Vernon
Colonel Daniel Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort was inadequate for mounting an attack on Detroit so the fort was abandoned on August 2 1779
BRITISH PLAN TO RECAPTURE THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY AND ELIMINATE THE SPANISH THREAT
British Comprehensive Plan of 1780 for Illinois Country
Attack Spanish posts at St Louis New Orleans and Natchez
Attack Virginia Forces at Cahokia and Kaskaskia
Forces from Pensacola to attack New Orleans Instead Spanish forces took Mobile in 1780
and Pensacola in 1781 Troops at Cahokia and St Louis were stymied
by Spanish
1780
Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for British forces
Plan to attack both St Louis and Cahokia
Troops were gathered on May 2 1780 Travelled downriver to Rock Island
About 250 Sauk amp Fox joined here Continued to St Louis
MAY 26 1780
Attack on St Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
FORT GAGE ON THE MAP (1772)
APRIL 1775 ndash BRITISH POSTS
Fort Gage
Fort Michlimackinac
Detroit
Fort Niagara
Fort Pitt
Royal Irish2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 12 Coys
Royal Irish4 men
Ft Oswegatchie
Kingrsquos Regt1 Coy
Ft Erie
1775
Dr John Conolly hatched a plan to order Cpt Lordrsquos Garrison from Kaskaskia to come up river and take Virginia back with the help of backwood Loyalists and Indians
Conolly was captured near Ft Pitt and the plan never reached the troops in the Illinois Country
1776 Troops were ordered from Illinois to be
concentrated at Detroit in anticipation of a Congressional attack (May ndashJune)
A former French officer was appointed governor in Illinois Pierre de Rochebleve
Troops on the Great Lakes remained in place troops from Illinois were drafted into the 8th (Kings) Foot in July 1776 and scattered between at least Mackinac and Detroit
It does appear that that troops had intended to return to Kaskaskia and some families remained in Illinois for years
1777
Extremely quiet on the Western Frontier
British were anticipating an attack on Detroit that never materialized
Fighting in Kentucky (Boonesborough) between settlers and Shawnee under Blackfish but no direct British involvement Daniel Boone was wounded in a skirmish
1778
George Rogers Clark captured Kaskaskia without resistance from the French habitants on July 4 1778
Fr Gibault helped prepare the way for the Virginians
British troops were sent to from Detroit to Vincennes to fortify the village against Congressional forces
1779 Troops at Vincennes are surrendered in
February 1779 ndash transported to Williamsburg ndash treated like criminals and not as POWs
Remaining troops at Detroit and Mackinaw remain stationary
Spain enters the Revolution as an Ally of France and Congress
British under Bird besiege Ft Laurens Ohio in February 1779 Lift siege by the end of the month Congressional forces withdraw to Ft Pitt by August 1779
FT LAURENS OHIO
On February 22 1779 Captain Henry Bird 8th Foot with a handful of British soldiers and a couple hundred Wyandot Mingo Munsee and Delaware warriors laid siege to the fort The siege continued until mid-March and the men inside the fort reportedly were reduced to making a stew of boiled moccasins
British forces were also weakened by the long siege and lifted the siege on March 20 1779
FT LAURENS AFTERMATH
Relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days after the British lifted the siege on March 23 1779 leaving a force of 106 men behind under the command of Major Fredrick Vernon
Colonel Daniel Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort was inadequate for mounting an attack on Detroit so the fort was abandoned on August 2 1779
BRITISH PLAN TO RECAPTURE THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY AND ELIMINATE THE SPANISH THREAT
British Comprehensive Plan of 1780 for Illinois Country
Attack Spanish posts at St Louis New Orleans and Natchez
Attack Virginia Forces at Cahokia and Kaskaskia
Forces from Pensacola to attack New Orleans Instead Spanish forces took Mobile in 1780
and Pensacola in 1781 Troops at Cahokia and St Louis were stymied
by Spanish
1780
Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for British forces
Plan to attack both St Louis and Cahokia
Troops were gathered on May 2 1780 Travelled downriver to Rock Island
About 250 Sauk amp Fox joined here Continued to St Louis
MAY 26 1780
Attack on St Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
APRIL 1775 ndash BRITISH POSTS
Fort Gage
Fort Michlimackinac
Detroit
Fort Niagara
Fort Pitt
Royal Irish2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt2 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 Coys
Kingrsquos Regt3 12 Coys
Royal Irish4 men
Ft Oswegatchie
Kingrsquos Regt1 Coy
Ft Erie
1775
Dr John Conolly hatched a plan to order Cpt Lordrsquos Garrison from Kaskaskia to come up river and take Virginia back with the help of backwood Loyalists and Indians
Conolly was captured near Ft Pitt and the plan never reached the troops in the Illinois Country
1776 Troops were ordered from Illinois to be
concentrated at Detroit in anticipation of a Congressional attack (May ndashJune)
A former French officer was appointed governor in Illinois Pierre de Rochebleve
Troops on the Great Lakes remained in place troops from Illinois were drafted into the 8th (Kings) Foot in July 1776 and scattered between at least Mackinac and Detroit
It does appear that that troops had intended to return to Kaskaskia and some families remained in Illinois for years
1777
Extremely quiet on the Western Frontier
British were anticipating an attack on Detroit that never materialized
Fighting in Kentucky (Boonesborough) between settlers and Shawnee under Blackfish but no direct British involvement Daniel Boone was wounded in a skirmish
1778
George Rogers Clark captured Kaskaskia without resistance from the French habitants on July 4 1778
Fr Gibault helped prepare the way for the Virginians
British troops were sent to from Detroit to Vincennes to fortify the village against Congressional forces
1779 Troops at Vincennes are surrendered in
February 1779 ndash transported to Williamsburg ndash treated like criminals and not as POWs
Remaining troops at Detroit and Mackinaw remain stationary
Spain enters the Revolution as an Ally of France and Congress
British under Bird besiege Ft Laurens Ohio in February 1779 Lift siege by the end of the month Congressional forces withdraw to Ft Pitt by August 1779
FT LAURENS OHIO
On February 22 1779 Captain Henry Bird 8th Foot with a handful of British soldiers and a couple hundred Wyandot Mingo Munsee and Delaware warriors laid siege to the fort The siege continued until mid-March and the men inside the fort reportedly were reduced to making a stew of boiled moccasins
British forces were also weakened by the long siege and lifted the siege on March 20 1779
FT LAURENS AFTERMATH
Relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days after the British lifted the siege on March 23 1779 leaving a force of 106 men behind under the command of Major Fredrick Vernon
Colonel Daniel Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort was inadequate for mounting an attack on Detroit so the fort was abandoned on August 2 1779
BRITISH PLAN TO RECAPTURE THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY AND ELIMINATE THE SPANISH THREAT
British Comprehensive Plan of 1780 for Illinois Country
Attack Spanish posts at St Louis New Orleans and Natchez
Attack Virginia Forces at Cahokia and Kaskaskia
Forces from Pensacola to attack New Orleans Instead Spanish forces took Mobile in 1780
and Pensacola in 1781 Troops at Cahokia and St Louis were stymied
by Spanish
1780
Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for British forces
Plan to attack both St Louis and Cahokia
Troops were gathered on May 2 1780 Travelled downriver to Rock Island
About 250 Sauk amp Fox joined here Continued to St Louis
MAY 26 1780
Attack on St Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
1775
Dr John Conolly hatched a plan to order Cpt Lordrsquos Garrison from Kaskaskia to come up river and take Virginia back with the help of backwood Loyalists and Indians
Conolly was captured near Ft Pitt and the plan never reached the troops in the Illinois Country
1776 Troops were ordered from Illinois to be
concentrated at Detroit in anticipation of a Congressional attack (May ndashJune)
A former French officer was appointed governor in Illinois Pierre de Rochebleve
Troops on the Great Lakes remained in place troops from Illinois were drafted into the 8th (Kings) Foot in July 1776 and scattered between at least Mackinac and Detroit
It does appear that that troops had intended to return to Kaskaskia and some families remained in Illinois for years
1777
Extremely quiet on the Western Frontier
British were anticipating an attack on Detroit that never materialized
Fighting in Kentucky (Boonesborough) between settlers and Shawnee under Blackfish but no direct British involvement Daniel Boone was wounded in a skirmish
1778
George Rogers Clark captured Kaskaskia without resistance from the French habitants on July 4 1778
Fr Gibault helped prepare the way for the Virginians
British troops were sent to from Detroit to Vincennes to fortify the village against Congressional forces
1779 Troops at Vincennes are surrendered in
February 1779 ndash transported to Williamsburg ndash treated like criminals and not as POWs
Remaining troops at Detroit and Mackinaw remain stationary
Spain enters the Revolution as an Ally of France and Congress
British under Bird besiege Ft Laurens Ohio in February 1779 Lift siege by the end of the month Congressional forces withdraw to Ft Pitt by August 1779
FT LAURENS OHIO
On February 22 1779 Captain Henry Bird 8th Foot with a handful of British soldiers and a couple hundred Wyandot Mingo Munsee and Delaware warriors laid siege to the fort The siege continued until mid-March and the men inside the fort reportedly were reduced to making a stew of boiled moccasins
British forces were also weakened by the long siege and lifted the siege on March 20 1779
FT LAURENS AFTERMATH
Relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days after the British lifted the siege on March 23 1779 leaving a force of 106 men behind under the command of Major Fredrick Vernon
Colonel Daniel Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort was inadequate for mounting an attack on Detroit so the fort was abandoned on August 2 1779
BRITISH PLAN TO RECAPTURE THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY AND ELIMINATE THE SPANISH THREAT
British Comprehensive Plan of 1780 for Illinois Country
Attack Spanish posts at St Louis New Orleans and Natchez
Attack Virginia Forces at Cahokia and Kaskaskia
Forces from Pensacola to attack New Orleans Instead Spanish forces took Mobile in 1780
and Pensacola in 1781 Troops at Cahokia and St Louis were stymied
by Spanish
1780
Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for British forces
Plan to attack both St Louis and Cahokia
Troops were gathered on May 2 1780 Travelled downriver to Rock Island
About 250 Sauk amp Fox joined here Continued to St Louis
MAY 26 1780
Attack on St Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
1776 Troops were ordered from Illinois to be
concentrated at Detroit in anticipation of a Congressional attack (May ndashJune)
A former French officer was appointed governor in Illinois Pierre de Rochebleve
Troops on the Great Lakes remained in place troops from Illinois were drafted into the 8th (Kings) Foot in July 1776 and scattered between at least Mackinac and Detroit
It does appear that that troops had intended to return to Kaskaskia and some families remained in Illinois for years
1777
Extremely quiet on the Western Frontier
British were anticipating an attack on Detroit that never materialized
Fighting in Kentucky (Boonesborough) between settlers and Shawnee under Blackfish but no direct British involvement Daniel Boone was wounded in a skirmish
1778
George Rogers Clark captured Kaskaskia without resistance from the French habitants on July 4 1778
Fr Gibault helped prepare the way for the Virginians
British troops were sent to from Detroit to Vincennes to fortify the village against Congressional forces
1779 Troops at Vincennes are surrendered in
February 1779 ndash transported to Williamsburg ndash treated like criminals and not as POWs
Remaining troops at Detroit and Mackinaw remain stationary
Spain enters the Revolution as an Ally of France and Congress
British under Bird besiege Ft Laurens Ohio in February 1779 Lift siege by the end of the month Congressional forces withdraw to Ft Pitt by August 1779
FT LAURENS OHIO
On February 22 1779 Captain Henry Bird 8th Foot with a handful of British soldiers and a couple hundred Wyandot Mingo Munsee and Delaware warriors laid siege to the fort The siege continued until mid-March and the men inside the fort reportedly were reduced to making a stew of boiled moccasins
British forces were also weakened by the long siege and lifted the siege on March 20 1779
FT LAURENS AFTERMATH
Relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days after the British lifted the siege on March 23 1779 leaving a force of 106 men behind under the command of Major Fredrick Vernon
Colonel Daniel Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort was inadequate for mounting an attack on Detroit so the fort was abandoned on August 2 1779
BRITISH PLAN TO RECAPTURE THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY AND ELIMINATE THE SPANISH THREAT
British Comprehensive Plan of 1780 for Illinois Country
Attack Spanish posts at St Louis New Orleans and Natchez
Attack Virginia Forces at Cahokia and Kaskaskia
Forces from Pensacola to attack New Orleans Instead Spanish forces took Mobile in 1780
and Pensacola in 1781 Troops at Cahokia and St Louis were stymied
by Spanish
1780
Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for British forces
Plan to attack both St Louis and Cahokia
Troops were gathered on May 2 1780 Travelled downriver to Rock Island
About 250 Sauk amp Fox joined here Continued to St Louis
MAY 26 1780
Attack on St Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
1777
Extremely quiet on the Western Frontier
British were anticipating an attack on Detroit that never materialized
Fighting in Kentucky (Boonesborough) between settlers and Shawnee under Blackfish but no direct British involvement Daniel Boone was wounded in a skirmish
1778
George Rogers Clark captured Kaskaskia without resistance from the French habitants on July 4 1778
Fr Gibault helped prepare the way for the Virginians
British troops were sent to from Detroit to Vincennes to fortify the village against Congressional forces
1779 Troops at Vincennes are surrendered in
February 1779 ndash transported to Williamsburg ndash treated like criminals and not as POWs
Remaining troops at Detroit and Mackinaw remain stationary
Spain enters the Revolution as an Ally of France and Congress
British under Bird besiege Ft Laurens Ohio in February 1779 Lift siege by the end of the month Congressional forces withdraw to Ft Pitt by August 1779
FT LAURENS OHIO
On February 22 1779 Captain Henry Bird 8th Foot with a handful of British soldiers and a couple hundred Wyandot Mingo Munsee and Delaware warriors laid siege to the fort The siege continued until mid-March and the men inside the fort reportedly were reduced to making a stew of boiled moccasins
British forces were also weakened by the long siege and lifted the siege on March 20 1779
FT LAURENS AFTERMATH
Relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days after the British lifted the siege on March 23 1779 leaving a force of 106 men behind under the command of Major Fredrick Vernon
Colonel Daniel Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort was inadequate for mounting an attack on Detroit so the fort was abandoned on August 2 1779
BRITISH PLAN TO RECAPTURE THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY AND ELIMINATE THE SPANISH THREAT
British Comprehensive Plan of 1780 for Illinois Country
Attack Spanish posts at St Louis New Orleans and Natchez
Attack Virginia Forces at Cahokia and Kaskaskia
Forces from Pensacola to attack New Orleans Instead Spanish forces took Mobile in 1780
and Pensacola in 1781 Troops at Cahokia and St Louis were stymied
by Spanish
1780
Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for British forces
Plan to attack both St Louis and Cahokia
Troops were gathered on May 2 1780 Travelled downriver to Rock Island
About 250 Sauk amp Fox joined here Continued to St Louis
MAY 26 1780
Attack on St Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
1778
George Rogers Clark captured Kaskaskia without resistance from the French habitants on July 4 1778
Fr Gibault helped prepare the way for the Virginians
British troops were sent to from Detroit to Vincennes to fortify the village against Congressional forces
1779 Troops at Vincennes are surrendered in
February 1779 ndash transported to Williamsburg ndash treated like criminals and not as POWs
Remaining troops at Detroit and Mackinaw remain stationary
Spain enters the Revolution as an Ally of France and Congress
British under Bird besiege Ft Laurens Ohio in February 1779 Lift siege by the end of the month Congressional forces withdraw to Ft Pitt by August 1779
FT LAURENS OHIO
On February 22 1779 Captain Henry Bird 8th Foot with a handful of British soldiers and a couple hundred Wyandot Mingo Munsee and Delaware warriors laid siege to the fort The siege continued until mid-March and the men inside the fort reportedly were reduced to making a stew of boiled moccasins
British forces were also weakened by the long siege and lifted the siege on March 20 1779
FT LAURENS AFTERMATH
Relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days after the British lifted the siege on March 23 1779 leaving a force of 106 men behind under the command of Major Fredrick Vernon
Colonel Daniel Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort was inadequate for mounting an attack on Detroit so the fort was abandoned on August 2 1779
BRITISH PLAN TO RECAPTURE THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY AND ELIMINATE THE SPANISH THREAT
British Comprehensive Plan of 1780 for Illinois Country
Attack Spanish posts at St Louis New Orleans and Natchez
Attack Virginia Forces at Cahokia and Kaskaskia
Forces from Pensacola to attack New Orleans Instead Spanish forces took Mobile in 1780
and Pensacola in 1781 Troops at Cahokia and St Louis were stymied
by Spanish
1780
Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for British forces
Plan to attack both St Louis and Cahokia
Troops were gathered on May 2 1780 Travelled downriver to Rock Island
About 250 Sauk amp Fox joined here Continued to St Louis
MAY 26 1780
Attack on St Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
1779 Troops at Vincennes are surrendered in
February 1779 ndash transported to Williamsburg ndash treated like criminals and not as POWs
Remaining troops at Detroit and Mackinaw remain stationary
Spain enters the Revolution as an Ally of France and Congress
British under Bird besiege Ft Laurens Ohio in February 1779 Lift siege by the end of the month Congressional forces withdraw to Ft Pitt by August 1779
FT LAURENS OHIO
On February 22 1779 Captain Henry Bird 8th Foot with a handful of British soldiers and a couple hundred Wyandot Mingo Munsee and Delaware warriors laid siege to the fort The siege continued until mid-March and the men inside the fort reportedly were reduced to making a stew of boiled moccasins
British forces were also weakened by the long siege and lifted the siege on March 20 1779
FT LAURENS AFTERMATH
Relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days after the British lifted the siege on March 23 1779 leaving a force of 106 men behind under the command of Major Fredrick Vernon
Colonel Daniel Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort was inadequate for mounting an attack on Detroit so the fort was abandoned on August 2 1779
BRITISH PLAN TO RECAPTURE THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY AND ELIMINATE THE SPANISH THREAT
British Comprehensive Plan of 1780 for Illinois Country
Attack Spanish posts at St Louis New Orleans and Natchez
Attack Virginia Forces at Cahokia and Kaskaskia
Forces from Pensacola to attack New Orleans Instead Spanish forces took Mobile in 1780
and Pensacola in 1781 Troops at Cahokia and St Louis were stymied
by Spanish
1780
Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for British forces
Plan to attack both St Louis and Cahokia
Troops were gathered on May 2 1780 Travelled downriver to Rock Island
About 250 Sauk amp Fox joined here Continued to St Louis
MAY 26 1780
Attack on St Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
FT LAURENS OHIO
On February 22 1779 Captain Henry Bird 8th Foot with a handful of British soldiers and a couple hundred Wyandot Mingo Munsee and Delaware warriors laid siege to the fort The siege continued until mid-March and the men inside the fort reportedly were reduced to making a stew of boiled moccasins
British forces were also weakened by the long siege and lifted the siege on March 20 1779
FT LAURENS AFTERMATH
Relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days after the British lifted the siege on March 23 1779 leaving a force of 106 men behind under the command of Major Fredrick Vernon
Colonel Daniel Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort was inadequate for mounting an attack on Detroit so the fort was abandoned on August 2 1779
BRITISH PLAN TO RECAPTURE THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY AND ELIMINATE THE SPANISH THREAT
British Comprehensive Plan of 1780 for Illinois Country
Attack Spanish posts at St Louis New Orleans and Natchez
Attack Virginia Forces at Cahokia and Kaskaskia
Forces from Pensacola to attack New Orleans Instead Spanish forces took Mobile in 1780
and Pensacola in 1781 Troops at Cahokia and St Louis were stymied
by Spanish
1780
Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for British forces
Plan to attack both St Louis and Cahokia
Troops were gathered on May 2 1780 Travelled downriver to Rock Island
About 250 Sauk amp Fox joined here Continued to St Louis
MAY 26 1780
Attack on St Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
FT LAURENS AFTERMATH
Relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days after the British lifted the siege on March 23 1779 leaving a force of 106 men behind under the command of Major Fredrick Vernon
Colonel Daniel Brodhead replaced McIntosh as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort was inadequate for mounting an attack on Detroit so the fort was abandoned on August 2 1779
BRITISH PLAN TO RECAPTURE THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY AND ELIMINATE THE SPANISH THREAT
British Comprehensive Plan of 1780 for Illinois Country
Attack Spanish posts at St Louis New Orleans and Natchez
Attack Virginia Forces at Cahokia and Kaskaskia
Forces from Pensacola to attack New Orleans Instead Spanish forces took Mobile in 1780
and Pensacola in 1781 Troops at Cahokia and St Louis were stymied
by Spanish
1780
Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for British forces
Plan to attack both St Louis and Cahokia
Troops were gathered on May 2 1780 Travelled downriver to Rock Island
About 250 Sauk amp Fox joined here Continued to St Louis
MAY 26 1780
Attack on St Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
BRITISH PLAN TO RECAPTURE THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY AND ELIMINATE THE SPANISH THREAT
British Comprehensive Plan of 1780 for Illinois Country
Attack Spanish posts at St Louis New Orleans and Natchez
Attack Virginia Forces at Cahokia and Kaskaskia
Forces from Pensacola to attack New Orleans Instead Spanish forces took Mobile in 1780
and Pensacola in 1781 Troops at Cahokia and St Louis were stymied
by Spanish
1780
Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for British forces
Plan to attack both St Louis and Cahokia
Troops were gathered on May 2 1780 Travelled downriver to Rock Island
About 250 Sauk amp Fox joined here Continued to St Louis
MAY 26 1780
Attack on St Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
1780
Prairie du Chien was the gathering point for British forces
Plan to attack both St Louis and Cahokia
Troops were gathered on May 2 1780 Travelled downriver to Rock Island
About 250 Sauk amp Fox joined here Continued to St Louis
MAY 26 1780
Attack on St Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
MAY 26 1780
Attack on St Louis in Missouri State Capital
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
CahokiaSt Louis
Prairie du Chien
Ft Michlimackinac
St Jose
ph
Kekionga
Detroit
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
1781
Troops at Michlimackinac moved into the straights on Mackinaw Island to be more well protected (the post will remain for nearly 150 years) buildings were moved over the ice oldest stone buildings remain from the British occupation
Detachment sent to Duluth MN (Grand Portage) to oversee the fur traders at Chippewa village
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
FT MACKINAC
1780 Officersrsquo QuartersBritish Era Well
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
CRAWFORD EXPEDITION 1782
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
FEBRUARY 12 1781
The Spanish took Fort St Joseph by surprise on 12 February 1781 Captain Poureacute had the Spanish colors raised and claimed Fort St Joseph and the St Joseph River for Spain They plundered the fort departing the next day The Spanish returned to in St Louis on 6 March where Poureacute delivered the British flag to the Spanish governor
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
SANDUSKY OR BATTLE ISLAND JUNE 4 1782
A mounted company of Butlerrsquos Rangers Detroit militia and Indians attacked a column of 500 Pennsylvania militia outside of Sandusky
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
BATTLE OF THE OLENTANGY JUNE 6 1782
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
AUGUST 8 1782
Battle of Piqua (near Springfield OH) G R Clark led over 1000 militia to burn
five Shawnee villages along the Little Miami
Also burning the trading post of Peter Loramie a Loyalist
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
AUGUST 15-17 1782
Attack on Bryan Station At Bryan Station founded in 1775-1776 Near present day - Lexington KY British militia and Shawnee warriors
besieged the settlement in August 1782 Cpt Wm Caldwell and Simon Girty led the
British The siege was lifted when Kentucky
militia were reported in the area
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
AUGUST 19 1782
Battle of Blue Licks near present Mount Olivet Kentucky
On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County a force of about 50 British militia and 300 Shawnee ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militia It was the worst defeat for the Kentuckians during the war
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
Troops remained in place at Mackinac and Detroit amp Niagara
1783
1784-1796 British Troops remained in place at
Mackinac Detroit amp Niagara The Jay Treaty of 1796 actually led to the removal of British Troops from the Old Northwest They would return in 1812
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
IMPACT OF THE REGULARS
Through 1776 the British are nearly entirely reliant on the small forces of regulars to garrison and keep the peace in the Illinois Country
After 1778 with the entry of France and Spain into the war regulars are only present in token levels Two regulars accompanied the forces attacking St Louis and Cahokia for instance
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
BRITISH FOCUS 1763 to 1770 ndash Establish Control of the
Ohio Valley and Great Lakes (with regulars)
1770-1771 ndash Prepare for War with Spain 1772-1775 ndash Keep the peace with
Indians 1775-1779 ndash Protect Detroit (and Great
Lakes) 1780-1782 ndash Regain control of
MississippiOhio Valley (with allies) Defeat Spain
1783-1796 ndash Retain commercial control of Indians and Great Lakes
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
BRITISH REGIMENTS IN THE MIDWEST 8th (Kingrsquos) Foot ndash Individuals on
Mississippi 1780 18th (Royal Irish) Foot ndash Illinois garrison
1768 to 1776 34th Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres from
Louisiana in 1765 to 1768 42nd Foot ndash reached Ft Chartres by Ohio
in 1765 Small detachment of Royal Artillery
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
POST 1796
British regulars finally abandon Detroit Mackinaw and Niagara in 1796
British continue to try to control Indians from the north side of the Great Lakes
Americans build several posts specifically to deal with British influence
War of 1812 sees the final effort of British troops to control Old Northwest
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ON THE TROOPS IN THE MIDWEST
Haldimand Papers (Newberry Library) Papers of the Continental Congress U of Michigan
Gage Papers (good through 1775) Amherst Papers
NA UK Archives Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) Papers WO 4 27 28 71
Draper Manuscripts (includes GR Clark Papers)
QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS
