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A Comprehensive Portfolio of Cold War Hotspots

By: William Cheung AP World History April 5, 2012

Table of Contents Slide 3 – Subtitle Slide: Hotspot 1

(Vietnam)

Slide 4 – Hotspot 1 (Significance)

Slide 5 – Hotspot 1 (Key Ideas, Causes, Effects)

Slide 6 –Hotspot 1 (Images, Charts)

Slide 7 - Subtitle Slide: Hotspot 2 (China)

Slide 8 – Hotspot 2 (Significance)

Slide 9 – Hotspot 2 (Key Ideas, Causes, Effects)

Slide 10 – Hotspot 2 (Poem, Images)

Slide 11 – Subtitle Slide: Hotspot 3 (Space Race)

Slide 12 – Hotspot 3 (Significance, Timeline Chart)

Slide 13 – Hotspot 3 (Key Ideas, Cases, Effects)

Slide 14- Hotspot 3 (Images, Propaganda)

Slide 15 – Subtitle Slide: Primary and Secondary Sources

Slide 16 – Personal Experience (Interview)

Slide 17 – Personal Experience (My Response 1)

Slide 18 – Personal Experience (My Response 2)

Slide 19 - Creative Piece (Vietnam War Song)

Slide 20 – Original Creative Piece (Collage)

Slide 21 – Original Creative Piece (Collage Guide)

Slide 22 - Works Cited

Slide 23 – Works Cited

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Hot Spot 1: Vietnam

Vietnam War

Hotspot 1: VietnamIdentification of the Event (Significance)

By the mid 1940s, the French empire had gradually lost control over Vietnam, as anti-colonial wars for independence, broke out. The Geneva Peace Conference was held following the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu, which resulted in the division of Vietnam into the Communist-North and Anti-Communist South.

In effort to support the South Vietnamese, over 2,000 American military personnel were sent overseas. The number quickly escalated with over 16,300 by 1963. The North Vietnamese were being heavily supplied with artillery, medical supplies, etc. by the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, the South continued to suffer numerous defeats, leading to the enactment of American Air Strikes over the north. Richard Nixon attempted a different approach because of

the growing war unpopularity in the United States. Nixon withdrew the majority of American troops to give South Vietnam the main responsibility and attempted to destroy Communist supply bases in Cambodia. On January 1973 US forces completely withdrew from Vietnam and by April of 1975, South Vietnam surrendered to the Communist regime, reuniting the country.

Hotspot 1: VietnamCauses

When the American-supported South Vietnam refused to hold unification elections, the Communist-North entered a guerrilla warfare battle against the South Vietnamese, and thus the Vietnam War had begun. Since China had already been conquered by Communist regimes, America felt that aiding Vietnam would prevent the Domino theory from happening in Southeast Asia. Furthermore, the North Vietnam’s invasion confirmed the belief that the Soviet Union was expanding into Asia, by spreading Marxist-Leninist’s philosophies. Effects

The unfavorable Vietnam War resulted in a staggering 58,000 lives lost and $150 billion financial deficit for the United States. A harsh totalitarian government was implemented as soon as the Khmer Rouge succeeded presidency.

Key Ideas

Ho Chi Minh: Born Ngyuyen Sinh Cung, Ho Chi Minh embraced Communist ideologies at a young age. His personally chose name meant “He Who Enlightens.” After returning from Hong Kong in 1941, he fought against the French for Vietnamese independence and later against the Americas. The captured South Vietnam capitol, Saigon, was renamed Ho Chi Minh city following its siege.

SEATO and Ngo Dinh Diem: Believing that the Geneva Accord provided to much power to the Northern Vietnam Communist Party, President Eisenhower ratified the creation of national building tactics, Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. Through SEATO, Eisenhower established a new nation from the ruins of South Vietnam, with Ngo Dinh Diem as the president. The citizens dislike of Diem, led to pubic outcry and opposition of his presidency, which they claimed was corrupt. With the approval of the American government, Ngo Dinh Diem was captured and executed.

Hotspot 1: Vietnam

American Soldiers In Vietnam Battlefield

Ho Chi Ming-Communist Leader

Number of American Soldier in Vietnam (Continuously

Increasing)

American Citizens Protesting the war.

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Hotspot 2: China

Rise of the Communist Party and Mao Zedong & Chinese Cultural Revolution

Hotspot 2: ChinaIdentification of the Event (Significance)

On October 1st, 1949 Mao Zedong opened his speech in front of the Forbidden City entrance with “Stand up, those who refuse to be slaves!” as a response to a Napoleon’s quote, “When China wakes the world will be sorry.’

World War II left the original cooperation between the Chinese Kuomintang and Communist Party in complete disarray. From its headquarters in Central China, the Communist’s Red Army began to encroach the Republic of China. The Communists military campaign commenced at Beijing, where the city fell within 29 hours. A direct attack against the Kuomintang capitol was led in April 1949. As Communists plundered the city, top Nationalist officials ran aboard planes, in hopes of escaping. Peace was quickly restored, when citizens welcomed the Communist’s troops with waving banners.

The Soviet Union played a major role in aiding the Communist Party overthrow the Nationalists. Following World War II, Russia took over the northern cities of Manchuria containing High-tech Japanese weaponry and machinery. When the Russians left, they allowed the Communist party to take control of the industrial cities, thus giving a benefit in arsenal supply

Hotspot 2: ChinaCauses

With the conclusion of the Japanese threat, Chairman Mao was able to focus on conquering the Nationalist Party. The appeal of Communist ideology won over the support of the Chinese peasantry class, which comprised 90% of the total population. From the growing number of supporters, the Communists recruited almost one million soldiers, significantly strengthening the party. Effects

Through his reign, widespread cultural, economical, societal, and government reforms were enacted through the Great Leap Forward program, which proved to be unsuccessful and later the historic Chinese Cultural Revolution. The Chinese Cultural Revolution was a national revision process of China, where Chairman Mao worked to destroy the old. Immense amounts of Chinese history were destroyed during this time period.

Key Ideas

Mao Zedong: Born into a peasant family, Mao first studied the Marxist n Beijing, when he worked at the University Library. He founded the Chinese Communist Party in 1921. During his term as presidency, he attempted several groundbreaking reforms including the “Great leap Forward” and “Cultural Revolution.”

Chiang Kai-shek: Chiang Kai-shek originated from a merchant family. At the age of 18, he attended a military training college in Japan. Upon return to China, he joined a Nationalist’s movement to overthrow the declining Qing dynasty. Following Sun Yat-Sen’s death, he became head of the Chinese KMT and as the head of states from 1928 to 1949. Chiang Kai-shek and followers were forced to flea to Taiwan, following the Communist conquest of Nanjing.

Hotspot 2: ChinaAttack on Nanjing

By Chairman Mao Zedong

Over Chungsan swept a storm, headlong

Out mighty army, a million strong, has crossed the Great River .

The city, a tiger crouching, a dragon curling,

Outshines its ancient glories;

In heroic triumph heaven and earth have been overturned.

Mao Zedong gives a speech at the commencement of the Communist

regime

Po

rtrait o

f Mao

Zed

on

g

Cultural Revolution PosterThe Characters read: “Destroy the Old World; Forge the new

world.”

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Hotspot 3: Space Race

The Age of Space Exploration and competition

Hotspot 3: Space RaceIdentification of the Event

(Significance): Throughout the early and mid 20th century, the Soviet Union made significant progress in industrialization, manufacturing, and urban development. However, growth was slowed by the state control of economic sectors and lag in the production of consumer goods (i.e., staples, paper, bathtub plugs, etc.) Technology proved to be

a main focus of the Soviet Union, when the first artificial satellite was launched into space on October 4, 1957. Sputnik I, took a total of 98 minutes to orbit the earth, on an elliptical path.

Date

Event

October 4, 1947

The USSR Sputnik I marked the first artificial satellite sent into space. This marked the commencement of the Space Age and exploration.

1958 America launched its first satellite, Explorer I. The U.S. Army with the aid of Wernher von Braun, a renowned rocket scientist, designed the spacecraft.

1959 Another major leap in space exploration when the Russian Luna 2 reached the Moon’s surface.

1961-1964

Funding for the NASA Program was increased by nearly 500%. The campaign to land a man on the moon involved 34,000 NASA officials and 375,000 employees from contracted factories, research centers, and universities.

April 1961

Yuri Gagarin of the USSR became the first member of the human race to enter space. He traveled in the Vostok 1.

May 1961

Slightly behind the Russia, the United States successfully sent a man into space after several safety test trials were finished. However, the spacecraft carrying John Glenn never went into orbit.

February 1962

In less than a year after launching John Glenn into space, he was re-launched into an orbiting satellite.

July 16 & 20, 1969

On July 16, 1969 Neil Armstrong, Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin and Michael Collins set off for the moon in the Apollo 11 space mission. 4 days later, Neil Armstrong become the first human to set foot on the moon, which he described as “one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.”

Hotspot 3: Space RaceCauses

World War II left the capitalist pitted against the globally rising Communist regimes. The Successful launch of Sputnik I was one of the main instigators in the US-USSR Space Race. President Kennedy did not want the United States to appear decaying and weak to the progressive Soviet Union. Another contributing factor to the Space Race was the missile crisis that started the Cold War. The United States feared that the Soviet Union would become more advanced in weaponry, directly threatening the United States. Not only was the competition about being paramount, but also a rivalry between democracy and Communism.

Effects

The launch of the Sputnik satellite directly led to the Congress passing the space act and the founding of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in July 1958. NASA was assembled from the dissolution of he National Advisory Committee for Aeronautic (NACA). In addition to the founding of NASA, President Eisenhower founded two national security programs: one that explored military potential in space and another that worked to design espionage satellites to gain information on the Soviet Union and its allies. The latter of the two was kept under strict confidentiality until the early 90s.

Key Ideas

Yuri Gagarin: Born in Gzatsk, Russia, Yuri Gagarin became the first human in space in April of 1961. He was launched in his Vostok 1 spacecraft at 9:07. After completing a successful 108-minute orbital, the rocket landed at 10:55. Following his safe landing, he won multiple awards including the Order of Lenin and Hero of the Soviet Union, gaining him international fame.

Neil Armstrong: Native to Ohio, where his aeronautics and space career began, Neil Armstrong commenced his career by serving as a naval aviator from 1949 to 1952. He held a Bachelor degree in Science and Aeronautical Engineering from Perdue university and a master of Scent from the University of Southern California, in addition to multiple honorary doctorates. In 1955 he joined the NACA Organizations and continued to work at its successor, NASA. Traveling in the Apollo 11 spacecraft, Neil Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the moon.

Hotspot 3: Space Race

Russian Postcard with the title, “Glory!”

Neil Armstrong on the moon.

Cold War/Space Race Political Cartoon

America feared that Russia was becoming to powerful.

Sputnik 1 SatelliteSputnik 1 was the first mam-made satellite to be sent into space, by the Soviet Union.

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Primary and Secondary Sources

Personal Experience: Hotspot 2-ChinaCreative Piece: Hotspot 1-Vietnam

Original Creative Piece: Hotspot 3-Space Race

Personal Experience: China I interviewed family member who actually lived in China during the period of Cultural Revolution.

Her story is very interesting and demonstrates how lifestyles have dramatically evolved since the presidency of Chairman Mao Zedong

Life in the Cultural Revolution: Excerpted Interview with Jane Doe (masqueraded)

Q: What did you learn in school? How was life different? A: When Chairman Mao came to power, the centuries of science, mathematics, linguistics, and such, were cut. Instead, the Cultural Revolution values were emphasized in all school curriculums. Ancient traditional books and textbooks were burned because Mao Zedong proclaimed, “The more books you read, and the more stupid you become…” In addition to evolving school curriculums, students like me, were encouraged and later required to be re-educated by average peasants in the countryside. We spent many school hours working in farms.

Q: How did the Cultural Revolution affect your parents? A: My family was quite affluent in the city because my mother was a doctor and my father was a dentist. We were spared of being publicly humiliated and arrested like many wealthy families because we were not landlords, the most hated group of China. However, my parents were sent off into remote re-education camps at farms, like most other educated families. It was lucky that the medical profession was always necessary and my parents were not harshly condemned like many other affluent families (i.e., business owners, landlords, large inheritance, etc.)

Q: How did the Cultural Revolution affect your home and family dynamics? A: We were expected to alter the house as part of a national movement to eradicate the old and promote the new Communist fundamentals. My family’s pictures, old documents, and treasured heirlooms were burned to prevent being arrested by Red Guards. The few valuable items we had were hidden in places imposable to find. For a Red Army member to find an old item, like a book in the house, could be devastating. I was encouraged to report any family members or friends whom to did not follow the Cultural Revolution, but in my heart I knew I could never do that.

Personal Experience: China

Personal Response: Part 1

During this time period, she was faced with many difficult situations because of her wealthy background. Luckily, her parents were spared from the atrocious treatment given to prosperous households because of the importance in medical provision. Nonetheless, she was forced to spend months without Hu one or both of her parents, when they were deported to remote farms and work as laborers and be re-educated by peasants. Furthermore, she had to balance out living as a member of the Red Guard Student brigades and stay true to family. She was encouraged to report family possessions or actions that were deemed “old and needed eradication,” but strong family values embodied in centuries of Chinese culture prevented her from letting out family secrets. Unfortunately, other children were eager to report family or friends and many of her love ones were lost through this way.

I had always known that Mao Zedong detested the rich and educated, but I was shocked to hear how he coped with it. Cutting out education and history can be devastating to a nation, as it had for the People’s Republic of China. I was shocked at how my interviewee described spending large portions of the school day working in farms and conformed to be ignorant in academics. Although the Cultural Revolution was designed to aid in revolutionizing the country, Mao Zedong’s reforms left the nation behind for many decades after his reign.

Personal Experience: China

Personal Response: Part 2

By interviewing my family member for one hour long, I have gained a major insight on the cultural and societal lifestyles during the Chinese Cultural Revolution. During the revolution, many economic developments were halted and every aspect of life was forced to be focused on transforming the country. The Communist Red Guards destroyed numerous buildings, historical text, paintings, antiques, and books. Comparable to the Soviet Union and other Socialist philosophical regimes, the mass utilization of government propaganda was a major contributing factor to the success of Chairman Mao Zedong and the revolution he initiated. While trying to establish socialist values in the people and eradicated any capitalist, the historical and education parts in society were left shattered.

Propaganda poster with

farmers holding up the nationally

acclaimed “Quotation from Chairman Mao,” also known as “The Little Red

Book.”

Propaganda Poster portraying Chairman Mao as a friend and a

national fatherly figure.

Creative Piece: Vietnam

Part 1:

Tin soldiers and Nixon coming,

We're finally on our own.

This summer I hear the drumming,

Four dead in Ohio.

Gotta get down to it

Soldiers are cutting us down

Should have been done long ago.

What if you knew her

And found her dead on the ground

How can you run when you know?

Part 2:

Gotta get down to it

Soldiers are cutting us down

Should have been done long ago.

What if you knew her And found her dead on the ground How can you run when you know?

Tin soldiers and Nixon coming, We're finally on our own.

This summer I hear the drumming, Four dead in Ohio.

OhioBy: Crosby. Stills, Nash, and Young

On May 4, 1970, four student protesters were killed and nine were wounded, when

the National Guard opened fire. After seeing the Time Magazine report, Neil

Young decided to write a song that discuses how the American public was

outraged at the government.

Original Creative Piece: Space Race

Designed and Created By: William Cheung

Original Creative Piece: Space Race

Collage Guide 1- Portrait of Yuri Gagarin. He was the first person of the human

race to enter into space.

2- NASA Logo. The program was created as a response to the rise of Soviet Union’s space exploration.

3- United States Propaganda. The poster was designed to frighten the American public about the rise in Communism.

4- First Man On Moon. Neil Armstrong became the first human to step foot on the moon, a major milestone in scientific exploration and research.

5- Soviet Union/United States. The Space Race was also a rivalry between Communism and democratic institutions.

6- Apollo 11 Crew. From Left to Right: Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Buzz Aldrin.

7- Rival Leaders. The portrait is Nikita Khrushchev (Left) meeting with President John F. Kennedy (Right.

8- Russian Propaganda. Russia was very keen on displaying its space exploration triumphs.

9- Rockets. The sketch is of the evolving spacecraft designs, during the Cold War.

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

Works Cited Mintz, Steven. "Learn About the Vietnam War." Digital history. N.p., 2007.

Web. 5 Apr 2012. <http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/modules/vietnam/index.cfm>.

"Ho Chi Minh." Vietnam Online. PBS , 29 Mar 2005. Web. 5 Apr 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/whos/whos-ho_chi_minh.html>.

Brigham, Robert K.. "Battlefield Vietnam: A Brief History ." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 5 Apr 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/history/index.html>.

. "Causes and Effects of the Vietnam War." Mr Baker's Social Studies Website. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Apr 2012. <http://www.mrbaker.org/Causes and Effects of the Vietnam War.htm>.

"Vietnam Songs Summary." Cold War Museum. The Cold War Museum, n.d. Web. 5 Apr 2012. <http://www.coldwar.org/articles/50s/VietnamSongsSummary_000.asp>.

Hays, Jeffrey. "Communist Take Over China." Facts and Details. N.p., Feb 2011. Web. 5 Apr 2012. <http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=74&catid=2&subcatid=6>.

"Mao Zedong (1893-1976)." BBC-History. BBC, n.d. Web. 5 Apr 2012. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/mao_zedong.shtml>.

Works Cited "Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975)." BBC-History. BBC, n.d. Web. 5 Apr 2012.

<http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/chiang_kaishek.shtml>.

"Maoism." Discovering China: The Cultural Revolution. Oracle Thinkquest, n.d. Web. 5 Apr 2012. <http://library.thinkquest.org/26469/cultural-revolution/maoism.html>.

"Impact on Young." Discovering China: The Cultural Revolution. Oracle Thinkquest, n.d. Web. 5 Apr 2012. <http://library.thinkquest.org/26469/cultural-revolution/young.html?tql-iframe>.

"The Space Race." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 5 Apr 2012. <http://www.history.com/topics/space-race>.

"Sputnik." Cold War Museum. The Cold War Museum, n.d. Web. 5 Apr 2012. <http://www.coldwar.org/articles/50s/sputnik.asp>.

Zona, Kathleen. "Biography of Neil Armstrong." NASA. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 12 Nov 2008. Web. 5 Apr 2012. <http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/bios/neilabio.html>.

"Yuri Gagarin.biography." bio.true story. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 5 Apr 2012. <http://www.biography.com/people/yuri-gagarin-9304838>.