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Mobile Network
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Course Target
• After finalizing this course :
- you will have an overview for a call route and network overall
- Understanding the main difference between Mobile Generations
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Agenda
• Radio InterfaceGSMUMTSLTE
• NetworkNetwork DefinitionNetwork TypesOSI ModelVLAN
• Transmission LayersAccess layerBackhaul layerCore Layer
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Communication History
• 1880 : Alexander bell invented a new communication method by using electrical wire (new media) and he initialized communication by using a device called telephone
• 1917: people managed to vocally communicate through wireless (air media), since then the world started communicating through wireless and wire technology with a limited rate.
• 1946: First commercial mobile radio-telephone service by Bell and AT&T in Saint Louis, USA. Half duplex(PTT), called car telephone.
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Analog To Digital • Three steps to convert from analog to Digital:
• Sampling (According to Nyquist rate)• Quantization• Coding
• Digital signal Advantages• provides us added security to our information signal.• Digital Communication system has more immunity to noise
and external interference.• Digital information can be saved and retrieved when
necessary while not possible in analog.• Digital Communication is cheaper than
Analog Communication.• The configuring process is simple compared to analog
communication system. Even though they are complex.Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Mobile Generation
Communication Media Types
• Simplex
• Duplex
half duplex
Full duplex
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Communication Media Types
• Wire
• Wireless
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Multiplexing Techniques In Wireless Communication
What is multiplexing?
it is a method by which multiple analog or digital signals are combined into one signal over a shared medium . The aim is to share an expensive resource.
Time-division multiplexing (TDM)
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Multiplexing Techniques In Wireless Communication• FDMA (Frequency-division multiple access)
• TDMA (Frequency-division multiple access)
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
GSM Mobile Network Structure
• AUC Authentication Center
• BSC Base Station Controller
• BTS Base Transceiver Station
• EIR Equipment Identity Register
• HLR Home Location Register
• MS Mobile Station
• MSC Mobile services Switching Center
• NMC Network Management Center
• OMC Operation and Maintenance Center
• VLR Visitor Location Register
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
GSM Mobile Network Structure
• MOBILE STATION (MS):
An MS is used by a mobile subscriber to communicate with the mobile network
• Base Transceiver Station (BTS):
The BTS controls the radio interface to the MS. The BTS comprises the radio equipment such as transceivers and antennas which are needed to serve each cell in the network.
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
GSM Mobile Network Structure
• Base Station Controller (BSC):
The BSC manages all the radio-related functions of a GSM network. It is a high capacity switch that provides functions such as MS handover, radio channel assignment and the collection of cell configuration data.
• Mobile services Switching Center (MSC):
The MSC performs the telephony switching functions for the mobile network. It controls calls to and from other telephony and data systems, such as the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
GSM Mobile Network Structure
• Gateway MSC (GMSC):
if a person connected to the PSTN wants to make a call to a GSM mobile subscriber. Call control through GMSC
• Home Location Register (HLR):
The HLR is a centralized network database that stores and
manages all mobile subscriptionsinformation stored in HLR:
Subscriber identity
Subscriber supplementary services
Subscriber location information
Subscriber authentication information
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
GSM Mobile Network Structure
• Visitor Location Register (VLR):
The VLR database contains information about all the mobile subscribers currently located in an MSC service area.
• Authentication Center (AUC):
The main function of the AUC is to authenticate the subscribers attempting to use a network.
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR):
The EIR is a database containing mobile equipment identity information which helps to block calls from stolen, unauthorized, or defective MSs
Mobile Identity Number
MSISDN : Human Identity used to call a Mobile
Station
IMEI: Serial number unique to every Mobile
Station
IMSI : Network Identity unique to a
SIM 3
digits
2
digits10
digits TMSI : Identity unique in a LAI
MSRN : Mobile Station Roaming
NoCC NDC SN
98 XXX 12345
MCC MNC MSIN
404 XX 12345
TAC FAC SNR S
6 digits 2 digits 6 digits 1 digit
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
GSM Band
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GSM Band
Cluster
• Cell : is the basic unit of a cellular system and is defined as the area of radio coverage given by one BTS antenna system
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Cluster
• Cell Size
Large Cells Small Cells
35 Km Near about 1 KM
Remote Areas Urban Areas
High Transmission Power Low Transmission Power
Few subscribers Many Subscribers
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Cluster
• Cluster: groups of frequencies can be placed together into patterns of cells called clusters. A cluster is a group of cells in which all available frequencies have been used once and only once.
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Cluster
• Three types of frequency reuse patterns
7 Cell reuse pattern
4 cell reuse pattern
3 cell reuse pattern
• D=R (3N)
• where N is Cluster size
• R Cell Diameter
• By frequent reuse of frequency more capacity can be achieved
Cluster
• MSC SERVICE AREA: An MSC service area is made up of a number of LAs (Location Area) and represents the geographical part of the network controlled by one MSC
• A Location Area (LA): is defined as a group of cells
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
GSM Access Method (TDMA/FDM)
• In GSM, a TDMA frame consists of 8 time slots. This means that a GSM radio carrier can carry 8 calls.
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Transmission Problems
• PATH LOSS
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Transmission Problems
• MULTIPATH FADING: occurs when there is more than one transmission path to the MS or BTS
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Transmission Problems
• MULTIPATH FADINGTime dispersion is another problem relating to multiple paths to the Rx
antenna of either an MS or BTS. However, in contrast to Rayleigh fading, the reflected signal comes from an object far away from the Rx antenna. Time dispersion causes Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) where consecutive symbols (bits) interfere with each other making it difficult for the receiver to determine which symbol is the correct one. An example of this is shown in the figure below where the sequence 1, 0 is sent from the BTS.
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Solutions To Transmission Problems
• CHANNEL CODING
Channel coding is used to detect and correct errors in a received bit stream. It adds bits to a message. These bits enable a channel decoder to determine whether the message has faulty bits, and to potentially correct the faulty bits.
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Solutions To Transmission Problems
• Interleaving: Interleaving is frequently used in digital communication and storage systems to improve the performance of forward error correcting codes attenuation factor.For example:
Transmission without interleaving
With interleaving:
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
GSM Transmission Process
• STAGE ANALOG TO DIGITAL (A/D) Sampling
Quantization: GSM8,192 levels are used.
Coding: Coding involves converting the quantized values into binary. Every value is represented by a binary code of 13 bits (213 = 8192). For example, a quantized value of 2,157 would have a bit pattern of 0100001101101
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
GSM Transmission Process
• STAGE SEGMENTATION AND STAGE 3: SPEECH CODING
it is an application of data compression of digital audio signals containing speech
The GSM speech coder produces a bit rate of 13 kbits/s per subscriber. When it is considered that 8 subscribers use one radio channel, the overall bit rate would be 8 x 13 kbits/s = 104 kbits/s
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
GSM Transmission Process
• STAGE CHANNEL CODING
Channel coding in GSM uses the 260 bits from speech coding as input to channel coding and outputs 456 encoded bits. The 260 bits are split according to their relative importance
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
GSM Transmission Process
• First level of interleaving
The channel coder provides 456 bits for every 20 ms of speech. These are interleaved, forming eight blocks of 57 bits each, as shown in the figure below
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
GSM Transmission Process
• Second level of interleaving
If only one level of interleaving is used,
a loss of this burst results in a total loss
of 25%.
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GSM Transmission Process
• STAGE CIPHERING/ENCRYPTION
The purpose of ciphering is to encode the burst so that it cannot be interpreted by any other device than the intended receiver. The ciphering algorithm in GSM is called the A5 algorithm
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
GSM Transmission Process
• STAGE MODULATION & TRANSMISSION
The bits must be sent over the air using a carrier frequency. as previously explained, GSM uses the GMSK modulation technique, The bits are modulated onto a carrier frequency and transmitted (e.g. 912.2 MHz).
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Logical Channels
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Logical Channels
• Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Logical Channels
• Common Control Channels (CCCH)
Logical Channels
• Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH's)
Logical Channels
• Traffic Channels
Once call set-up procedures have been completed on the control physical channel, the MS tunes to a traffic physical channel. It uses the Traffic Channel (TCH) logical channel. There are two
• Types of TCH:
Full rate (TCH): transmits full rate speech (13 kbits/s). A full rate TCH occupies one physical channel.
Half rate (TCH/2): transmits half rate speech (6.5 kbits/s). Two half rate TCH's can share one physical channel, thus doubling the capacity of a cell.
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Sample Traffic Case: Call To MS
• The MSC/VLR knows which LA the MS is located in. A paging message is sent to the BSC's controlling the LA.
• The BSC’s distributes the paging message to the BTS's in the desired LA. the BTS's transmit the message over the air interface using PCH.
• When the MS detects a PCH identifying itself, it sends a request for a signaling channel using RACH.
• The BSC uses AGCH to inform the MS of the signaling channel (SDCCH and SACCH) to use.
• SDCCH and SACCH are used for call set-up. A TCH is allocated and the SDCCH is released.
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Sample Traffic Case: Call To MS
• The MS and BTS switch to the identified TCH frequency and timeslot, the MS generates ring tone, If the subscriber answers, theconnection is established. During the call, signals can be sent andreceived by the MS using SACCH.
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Handovers
• Types of GSM handover
Intra-BTS handover
Inter-BTS Intra BSC handover
Inter-BSC handover
Inter-MSC handover
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Handovers
• Handover Mechanism
Hard Handover
Soft Handover
Handovers
• The mobile measures up to 32 adjacent cells for
Signal Strength (Rx Level)
Signal Quality (Rx Quall)
updated every 480 m/s and sends to BTS
• Handover based on
Rx Level
interference
Rx Qual
Timing Advance
Power Budget
BTS Components
BTS Components
• GSM RBS (Radio Base Station) Node
BTS Components
• GSM Antenna
BTS Components
• Power Cabinet
BTS Components
• Transmission Cabinet
UMTS Evolution
3G Network
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
3G Network
• Radio Network Subsystem (RNS): The RNS also known as the UMTS Radio Access Network, UTRAN, is the equivalent of the previous Base Station Subsystem or BSS in GSM.
• Core Network: The core network provides all the central processing and management for the system. It is the equivalent of the GSM Network Switching Subsystem or NSS
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
3G Network
• The GPRS Core Network:
is the central part of the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)which allows 2G, 3G and WCDMA mobile networks totransmit IP packets to external networks such as the Internet.
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
3G Network
• Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) function
Session management: The SGSN manages the data sessions providing the required quality of service and also managing what are termed the PDP (Packet data Protocol) contexts
Billing: The SGSN is also responsible billing
3G Network
• Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
Aims to provide IP Telephony ultra broadband internet accessand game services
4G NetworkIt uses OFDM (Orthogonal frequency Division Multiplexing) techniques to
access wireless mediaSupports flexible channel BW between 5 MHz to 20 MHz with data rate up
to 100 Mb/S
4G Network
•Radio Access Network (RAN) in any type of network is verycritical logic components. It is mainly responsible for forwarding therequest to the allocated radio channel, its consist from e-Node B
•PGW (PDN): which is similar to the function GGSN networkelement for border gateway EPC network, providing user sessionmanagement and load control, data forwarding, IP addressassignment
•PCRF: PCRF (Policy and Charging Rules Function Policy andCharging Rules Function units) policy and charging control is apolicy decision point service data and IP bearer resources.
4G Network
•MME: MME (Mobility Management Entity, the mobilitymanagement entity) is the key to the control node LTE accessnetwork, which is responsible for idle mode UE (UserEquipment) positioning, paging process, including repeaters,simply MME is responsible for signaling processing section
•SGW (Serving Gateway): The SGW routes and forwards userdata packets
.
5G Network
•The 5G mobile phones will have access to different wireless technologies at the same time and the terminal should be able to combine different flows from different technologies. 5G is predicted to be an intelligent technology capable of interconnecting the entire world without limits. Mobile data rate 1 Gb/S
Network
• What is a network?
It's collection of Devices connected to apply applications
Network
• Why we study network in our course
Network
• Network Topology
Network Types
• LAN
• MAN
• WAN
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
OSI Model
• OSI (Open Systems Interconnect)
• Why a layered network Model?
• Reduce Complexity
• Standardized interface
• Accelerate Evolution
• Simplify learning and teaching
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
OSI Model
• Physical layer
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OSI Model
• Data Link Layer
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OSI Model
• Network Layer
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
OSI Model
• Transport Layer
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
OSI Model
• Session Layer
OSI Model
• Presentation Layer
OSI Model
• Application Layer
OSI Model
• Data Encapsulation Process
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Network Address
• How to data send over network and addressing used
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Network Address
• MAC
MAC (Media Access Controller): it's addressing used in layer 2 to allow transmit data between source and destination
each device has unique address
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Network Address
• MAC types:• Unicast MAC: from specific source MAC to destination MAC
• Broadcast MAC: destination MAC address write FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
• Multicast MAC: this address assign by Organization called IANA that assign multicast MAC, for example network games that have Multicast MAC address to allow group from users play it on network when setup this games on their PC's automatically multicast MAC address will assign on NIC
Network Address
• IP (Internet Protocol)
Every host (computer, networking device, peripheral) must have a unique address. An IP address consists of two parts (Network ID & Host ID)
Network Address
• IP (Internet Protocol)
IPv4 has 32bits these bits divided between network and host ID according to 3 classes from address:
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Network Devices
• Computer
Function: The function of a computer server is to store, retrieve and send computer files and data to other computers on a network.
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Network Devices
• Switch
• It’s allow host connect together through the same LAN Network
• Use MAC address to forward traffic between ports
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Network Devices
• Router
• It use to reroute traffic from Network to another
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VLAN
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VLAN
• Router
• there are two port types:Access port: port member in specific VLAN
Trunk port: port Member in all VLAN and it created between switches to allow users in the same VLAN connected
• Tagged Protocol:
to identify frame by use tagging use protocol IEEE802.1Q to tagged all frame transmitted over network
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
VLAN
• Video Lab
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Transmission
Mobile network transmission divided to three layers:
• Access layer: from Site to HUB, where hub is first point to multiplex more than one site to transmit it again to next point, there are three technology method use to support data transmission
Microwave (cheaper and most used)
DSL (there are two types from it ADSL & SDSL and we use SDSL in our network, this solution use for micro sites)
Fiber
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Transmission
• Backhaul layer: from HUB to BSC and RNC, in this point use high data rate to allow BSC and RNC to communicate with BTS, there are many nodes and technology use in this layer
DXX (Digital Cross Connection) use PDH system
ADM (Add drop Multiplexer) use SDH technology
Tellabs smart router use MPLS technology
PTN use MPLS technology
• Core layer: this layer use to allow MSC communicate together and GMSC connect to another network, this layer use Router carry huge traffic may be reach to 10 G on port, inside this part we use one technology is MPLS
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
• Microwave: it's cheaper and easy installation method to transmit data from point to point there are many vendors supply this technology such as Ericsson and Huawei and SIAE and NEC
Ericsson Nodes: such as TN traffic Node) and CN (Compact Node) and PT (Packet transport)
Huawei Nodes: such as RTN950 and RTN 980
SIAE Nodes: ALC (Access Link Compact) PDH and ALC +2 and ALC +2e and Alpho in old MW transmit PDH technology only but today we target packet also to support another mobile generation such as 3G and 4 G as show in below
Access Layer
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Access Layer
• DSL (Digital Subscriber line): its technology used to support data traffic over traditional telephone cable we use HDSL (High Digital Subscriber line) in our network to support 2.048 Mb/S in Upload and download and use 4 wire
• Fiber cable: this technology depend on light phoneme to reflect inside fiber and transfer high data rate there are two types single mode and multi mode and main difference between them in coverage distance also there are two main connector types as show in below
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Access Layer
SC connector Subscriber
Connector Or
square
connector Or
Standard
Connector
Snap 2.5mm
LC
connector
Lucent
Connector
Snap
(push-pull
coupling
like RJ45)
1.25mm
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Transmission Technology
• PDH (Plesiochronus Digital Hierarchy ): is a technology used in telecommunications networks to transport large quantities of data over digital transport equipment such as microwave radio systems
• There are three systems:
E1
T1
J1
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
• SDH (Synchronous digital Hierarchical): is a standard technology for synchronous data transmission on optical media
• The world convert from PDH system to SDH system due to below reasons
PDH ( Plesiochronus Digital Hierarchy) disadvantage:
1. World divided to island (European use E1 and America use T1)
2. Less synchronized, E2 rate 8.448 MB/S not equal four E1 rate (4x2.048 Mb/S = 8.192 Mb/Sec), we add stuffing bit for Multiplex and DE multiplex E1
3. Low data rates
4. The maximum capacity for PDH is 140 Mbps, which is limited in bandwidth
Transmission Technology
• First frame structure is STM1 with rate 155 Mb/S
SDH Level Rate
STM1 155 Mb/S
STM4 622Mb/S (4x155)
STM16 2488 Mb/S
STM64 9953 Mb/S
Transmission Technology
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Transmission Technology
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Microwave
• Its electromagnetic signal use to carry traffic by use modulation and send it to long distance , it's cheap technology use to transfer data
• The microwave spectrum is
usually defined as
electromagnetic energy
ranging from
approximately 1 GHz to 100
GHz in frequency
• in Mobile network we use frequency band from 7 GHz to 40 GHz and now we use e-band 80 GHz
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Microwave B.W
• By international regulations frequency bands are divided into below parts:
• for example we use BW 17 GHz it divided to Sub band (group of frequency inside 17 GHz BW) and it divided to two band high band and low band and each band divided to channel called channel B.W
• each channel in high band has mirror to it in low band to send and receive data simultaneous (full duplex) and distance between them called duplex distance
Microwave B.W
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
Transmission problem
• frees space loss: it is the loss in signal strength of an electromagnetic wave that would result from a line-of-sight path through free space
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• Free space formula (FSPL) equation:
• A = 92.4 + 20 log d + 20 log f
• d = distance in km
• f = frequency in GHz
• Relation between frequency and loss value:
Transmission problem
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
• Fading:
• It's random variation of the received level, the variation is irregular and the reasons for this are various
• Fading Mechanism:
• Rain Fading
• Multipath fading
Transmission problem
• Video show problem:
Rain Fading
• Solution:
Lower frequency band
Increased system gain (increased fade margin) Larger antennas, increased transmitter output power.
Vertical antenna polarization
(Shorter hop…)
Rain Fading
• Is the propagation phenomenon that results in radio signals reaching the receiving antenna by two or more paths
Multipath Fading
Multipath Fading
• Solution:
Increased system gain Larger antennas, Increased transmitter output power.
Space or Frequency diversity
(Shorter hop…)
First Fresnel Zone
• The 1st Fresnel zone shall be free from obstacles at k = 4/3
Microwave polarization
• Single polarized
• Vertical: Most recommend it resist rain fading
• Horizontal
• Dual Polarized:
Send data in two polarization Vertical and horizontal to get double capacity, this solution use technique XPIC Technology
Modulation Techniques
• In telecommunications, modulation is the process of conveying a message signal
• QAM:
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• There is relation between Modulation and channel spacing to get total link capacity
Modulation Techniques
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Link Performance
• Performance: these counters use to measure link quality and troubleshooting
BER (Bit Error rate): is the number of bit errors per unit time A block in which one or more bits are in error
Errored Second, ES: A one-second period in which one or more blocks are in error.
Severely Errored Second, SES: A one-second period which contains >30% error blocks.
UAS (Unavailable error second): after count 10 SES through one second
Ethernet Carriers
• E-line: service connecting two customer Ethernet ports over Microwave.
• E-LAN: multipoint service connecting a set of customer endpoints, giving the appearance to the customer of a bridged Ethernet network connecting the sites.
Ethernet Carriers
• Ethernet frame over microwave
Ethernet over PDH
Native Ethernet
Ethernet Over SDH
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Comparison between Ethernet Carriers
Parameter Ethernet Over PDH Native Ethernet
Frame Size Support frame 2048 byte Support frame 9 Kbyte (Jumbo
frame)
Mapping Protocol PDH-IME (n*E1) RL-IME framing and segment
Throughput 95 Mb/Sec per PDH-IME with
ETU card 30 Mb/Sec for total
PDH-IME with NPU3 card
The following maximum bit rate
over the radio hop is supported by
MMU2 H:
a. 406 Mbps in a 56 MHz
channel
b. 812 Mbps in a 56 MHz
channel with XPIC and
Adaptive Modulation
Latency end to end latency contribution
between two Ethernet ports on two
nodes connected with Ethernet over
PDH mapping with 95 Mbps link
capacity is:
a. 0,2 ms for 64 Byte frame size
b. 0,6 ms for 2048 Byte frame
size
NPU3 has an average latency
contribution of 1,5 ms for all frame
sizes.
Typical end to end latency
contribution between two Ethernet
ports on two nodes connected with
Ethernet over packet Link with 135
Mbps link capacity is: 0,15 ms for
64 Byte frame size 0,35 ms for
2048 Byte frame size
Ethernet frame Header Increased 6 % Increased 0.5 ,0.6 %
Microwave component
• Indoor
• Outdoor
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Microwave component
• Outdoor Unit
• Reflector and Radom
This part used to reflect
electromagnetic wave also
diameter of this part control lobe width degree
(gain).
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Microwave component
• Reflector Size & Beam width relation
• Reflector types:
• HP (High Performance)
• SHP (Super High Performance)
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Microwave component
• Horn Types:• Single
• Dual
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Microwave component
• RAU (Radio Access Unit): This part responsible for radio Modulation (GHZ) to start transmit wave through Horn and reflector
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Microwave component
• Integrated Power Splitter (IPS): this Module use to support RAU protection
• Asymmetric
• Symmetric
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Microwave component
• IF cable: it's connection between outdoor unit and indoor unit,
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Protection Types
• Microwave Protection:
1+0: Microwave use one RAU to transmit and received if there is problem in RAU all data dropped
1+1: Microwave use two RAU one of them protected and another as protection if there is problem in one RAU another RAU can transmit and received
• Data protection:
MSP (Multiplex Section Protection): it is port protection
SNCP (Sub network connection Protection) it is path protection
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TN Types
• AMM (Access Module Modem):
TN2P
TN6P
TN6PC
TN6PD
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TN Types
• AMM (Access Module Modem):TN20P
TN20P
TN20PB
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TN Modules
• MMU (Modem Module Unit): Function: Modulate base band signal to IF (Intermediate
Frequency) Signal and send it to RAU
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TN Modules
• Node Processor Unit (NPU): Function: The NPU handles the control functions of the system. It
also provides traffic and management interfaces
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TN Modules
• LTU (Line termination Unit): Function: It is card support output traffic
There are two types:
Traditional
Channelized STM
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TN Modules
• ETU (Ethernet Terminal Unit): Function: Module card used to Support Ethernet over PDH by use
PDH-IME Protocol
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TN Ethernet
• Ethernet Connection types:E-LAN
E-Line
• Ethernet Over radio Microwave:Ethernet Over PDH
Native Ethernet
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Radio Link Configuration
• Radio Link Parameter Configured:
Radio Link Configuration
• Radio Link Parameter Configured:
Radio Link Configuration
• RSL (Received Signal Level):
TN Management
• DCN (Data Communication Network):
TN Management
• Configure Basic NE:
TN Management
• Configure OSPF:
Alignment
• Antenna Radial Pattern Envelope :
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Alignment
• RSL=40*(Volt value)-120
• The following fig show relation between volt and RSL value
• RSL: Received Signal Level (dBm)
Eng. Ahmed Hussein BebarsMob: 01024614238
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