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CHAPTER
13RIVETED JOINTS
SYMBOLS2;3;4
A area of cross-section, m2 (in2)the cross-sectional area of rivet shank, m2 (in2)
b breadth of cover plates (also with suffixes), m (in)c distance from the centroid of the rivet group to the critical rivet,
m (in)d diameter of rivet, m (in)Di internal diameter of pressure vessel, m (mm)e or l eccentricity of loading, m (in)F force on plate or rivets (also with suffixes), kN (lbf)h thickness of plate or shell, m (in)hc, h1, h2 thickness of cover plate (butt strap), m (in)i number of rivets in a pitch fine (also with suffixes 1 and 2,
respectively, for single shear and double shear rivets)I moment of inertia, area, m4, cm4 (in4)J moment of inertia, polar, m4, cm4 (in4)
K ¼ F
F 0 coefficient (Table 13-11)
m margin, m (in)Mb bending moment, N m (lbf in)p pitch on the gauge line or longitudinal pitch, m (in)pc pitch along the caulking edge, m (in)pd diagonal pitch, m (in)pt transverse pitch, m (in)Pf intensity of fluid pressure, MPa (psi)Z section modulus of the angle section, m3, cm3 (in3)�� hoop stress in pressure vessel or normal stress in plate, MPa
(psi)�a allowable normal stress, MPa (psi)�c crushing stress in rivets, MPa (psi)� shear stress in rivet, MPa (psi)�a allowable shear stress, MPa (psi)� efficiency of the riveted joint� angle between a line drawn from the centroid of the rivet group
to the critical rivet and the horizontal (Fig. 13-5)
13.1
Source: MACHINE DESIGN DATABOOK
PRESSURE VESSELS
Thickness of main plates
The thickness of plate of the pressure vessel withlongitudinal joint
For thickness of boiler plates and suggested types ofjoints
The thickness of plate of the pressure vessel withcircumferential joint
For allowable stress and efficiency of joints
PITCHES
Lap joints
The diagonal pitch (staggered) (Fig. 13-1) for p, pt,and pd
The distance between rows or transverse pitch or backpitch (staggered)
The rivet diameter
FIGURE 13-1 Pitch relation
h ¼ PfDi
2���ð13-1Þ
Refer to Tables 13-1 and 13-2.
h ¼ PfDi
4���ð13-2Þ
Refer to Tables 13-3, 13-4, 13-5, and 13-6.
pd ¼ 2pþ d
3ð13-3Þ
Refer to Tables 13-7 and 13-8 for rivets for generalpurposes and boiler rivets.
pt ¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi�2pþ d
3
�2��p
2
�2sð13-4Þ
d ¼ 0:19ffiffiffih
pto 0:2
ffiffiffih
pSI ð13-5aÞ
where h and d in m
d ¼ 1:2ffiffiffih
pto 1:4
ffiffiffih
pUSCS ð13-5bÞ
where h and d in in
d ¼ 6ffiffiffih
pto 6:3
ffiffiffih
pCM ð13-5cÞ
where h and d on mm
Particular Formula
TABLE 13-1
Suggested types of joint
Diameter of shell, mm (in) Thickness of shell, mm (in) Type of joint
600–1800 (24–72) 6–12 (0.25–0.5) Double-riveted
900–2150 (36–84) 7.5–25 (0.31–1.0) Triple-riveted
1500–2750 (60–108) 9.0–44 (0.375–1.75) Quadruple-riveted
13.2 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
RIVETED JOINTS
TABLE 13-2
Minimum thickness of boiler plates
Shell plates Tube sheets of firetube boilers
Diameter of shell, Minimum thickness after flanging, Diameter of tube sheet, Minimum thickness,
mm (in) mm (in) mm (in) mm (in)
�900 (36) 6.0 (0.25) �1050 (42) 9.5 (0.375)
900–1350 (36–54) 8.0 (0.3125) 1050–1350 (42–54) 11.5 (0.4375)
1350–1800 (54–72) 9.5 (0.375) 1350–1800 (54–72) 12.5 (0.50)
�1800 (72) 12.5 (0.5) �1800 (72) 14.0 (0.5625)
TABLE 13-3
Efficiency of riveted joints (�)
% Efficiency, �
Type of joint
Normal
range Maximum
Lap joints
Single-riveted 50–60 63
Double-riveted 60–72 77
Triple-riveted 72–80 86.6
Butt joints (with two cover plates)
Single-riveted 55–60 63
Double-riveted 76–84 87
Triple-riveted 80–88 95
Quadruple-riveted 86–94 98
TABLE 13-4Allowable stresses in structural riveting (�b)
Rivets acting in single shear Rivets acting in double shear
Rivet-driving
Load-carrying member Type of stress method MPa kpsi MPa kpsi
Rolled steel SAE 1020 Tension 124 18.0 124 18.0
Shear Power 93 13.5 93 13.5
Rivets, SAE 1010 Shear Hand 68 10.0 68 10.0
Crushing Power 165 24.0 206 30.0
Crushing Hand 110 16.0 137 20.0
RIVETED JOINTS 13.3
RIVETED JOINTS
TABLE 13-5
Allowable stress for aluminum rivets, �a
Allowable stressa, �a
Shear Bearing
Rivet alloy Procedure of drawing MPa kpsi MPa kpsi
2S (pure aluminum) Cold, as received 20 3.0 48 7.0
17S Cold, immediately after quenching 68 10.0 179 26.0
17S Hot, 500–5108C 62 9.0 179 26.0
615–T6 Cold, as received 55 8.0 103 15.0
53S Hot, 515–5278C 41 6.0 103 15.0
aActual safety factor or reliability factor is 1.5.
TABLE 13-6
Values of working stressaat elevated temperatures
Minimum of the specified range of tensile strength of the material, MPa (kpsi)
Maximum
temperatures (45) 311 (50) 344 (55) 380 (60) 413 (75) 517
8F 8C MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi
0–700 0–371 61 9.0 68 10.0 76 11.00 82 12.00 103 15.00
750 399 56 8.22 62 9.11 68 10.00 77 11.20 89 13.00
800 427 45 6.55 53 7.33 54 8.00 61 9.00 70 10.20
850 455 37 5.44 41 6.05 46 6.75 51 7.40 57 8.30
900 482 29 4.33 33 4.83 37 5.50 38 5.60 41 6.00
950 511 22 3.20 26 3.60 27 4.00 27 4.00 27 4.00
a Design stresses of pressure vessels are based on a safety factor of 5.
TABLE 13-7
Pitch of butt joints
Type of joint Diameter of rivets, d, mm Pitch, p
Double-riveted— Any 5.5d (approx.)
use for h � 12:5mm (0.5 in)
Triple-riveted— 1.75–23.80 8d–8.5d
use for h � 25mm 27.00 7.5d
(1 in) 30.15–36.50 6.5d–7d
Quadruple-riveted— 17.50–23.80 16d–17d
use for h � 31:75mm 27.00 15d (approx.)
(1.25 in) 30.15 14d (approx.)
33.30–36.50 13d–14d
13.4 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
RIVETED JOINTS
Butt joint
The transverse pitch
For rivets, rivet holes, and strap thick
pt ¼ 2d to 2:5d ð13-6aÞ
pt �ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi0:5pd þ 0:25d2
qð13-6bÞ
Refer to Tables 13-9, 13-10, and Fig. 13-2.
Particular Formula
TABLE 13-8
Transverse pitch ( pt) as per ASME Boiler Code
Value of p=d 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Value of pt 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2.2d 2.3d
TABLE 13-9
Rivet hole diameters
Diameter of rivet, mm Rivet hole diameters, mm (min)
12 13
14 15
16 17
18 19
20 21
22 23
24 25
27 28.5
30 31.5
33 34.5
36 37.5
39 41.0
42 44
48 50
TABLE 13-10
Rivet hole diameters and strap thickness
Minimum Minimum
Plate strap Hole Plate strap Hole
thickness, thickness, diameter, thickness, thickness, diameter,
h, mm hc mm d, mm h, mm hc mm d, mm
6.25 14.25 11.10
7.20 6.25 17.50 27.0
8.00 15.90 12.50
8.75 20.50 19.00 30.15
9.50
10.30 8.00 22.25 15.90 33.30
11.10 25.00 12.50
12.00 9.50 24.00 28.50 19.00 36.50
12.50 31.75 22.25
13.50 11.10 83.10 25.00 39.70
FIGURE 13-2 Quadruple-riveted double-strap butt joint.
RIVETED JOINTS 13.5
RIVETED JOINTS
Minimum transverse pitch as per ASME Boiler Code
For transverse pitches
Haven and Swett formula for permissible pitchesalong the caulking edge of the outside cover plate
Diagonal pitch, pd , is calculated from the relation
MARGIN
Margin for longitudinal seams of all pressure vesselsand girth seams of power boiler having unsupportedheads
Margin for girth seams of power boilers havingsupported heads and all unfired pressure vessels
COVER PLATES
The thickness of cover plate
pt ¼ 1:75d ifp
d� 4 ð13-7aÞ
pt ¼ 1:75d þ 0:001ð p� dÞ ifp
d> 4 SI ð13-8aÞ
where pt, p, and d in m
pt ¼ 1:75d þ 0:1ð p� dÞ ifp
d> 4 USCS ð13-8bÞ
where pt, d, and p in in
Refer to Table 13-8.
pc � d ¼ 14
ffiffiffiffiffiffih3cPf
4
sCM ð13-9aÞ
where pc, d, hc in cm, and Pf in kgf/cm2
pc � d ¼ 21:38
ffiffiffiffiffiffih3cPf
4
sUSCS ð13-9bÞ
where pc, d, hc in in, and Pf in psi
h3cpc � d ¼ 77:8
ffiffiffiffiffiffiPf
4
sSI ð13-9cÞ
where pc, d, hc in m, and Pf in N/m2
2ð pd � dÞ � ð p� dÞ ð13-10Þ
m ¼ 1:5d to 1:75d ð13-11aÞ
m � 1:25d ð13-11bÞ
hc ¼ 0:6hþ 0:0025 if h � 0:038m SI ð13-12aÞwhere hc and h in m
hc ¼ 0:6hþ 0:1 if h � 1:5 in USCS ð13-12bÞwhere hc and h in in
hc ¼ 0:67h if h > 0:038m SI ð13-12cÞwhere hc and h in m
hc ¼ 0:67h if h > 1:5 in USCS ð13-12dÞwhere hc and h in in
Particular Formula
13.6 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
RIVETED JOINTS
TABLE 13-11
Rivet groups under eccentric loading value of coefficient K
K ¼ 1
lp
p21 þ p2þ 1
4
K ¼ nffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi�6l
ðnþ 1Þpt
�2þ 1
s
}
K ¼ n
Alcn
2Iþ
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi�Alcn
2I
�2þ 1
s
K ¼ nffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi�lðn� 1Þpt
p2 þ 13 ðn2 � 1Þp2t
�2þ�
lp
p2 þ 13 ðn2 � 1Þp2t
þ 1
2
�2s
K ¼ nffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi�lðn� 1Þpt
p2 þ 12 ðn� 1Þp2t
�2þ�
lp
p2 þ 13 ðn2 � 1Þp2t
þ 1
3
�2s
K ¼ nffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi�lðn� 1Þpt
p21 þ p2 þ 23 ðn2 � 1Þp2t
�2þ�
lp
p21 þ p2 þ 23 ðn2 � 1Þp2t
þ 1
4
�2s
Key:
n ¼ total number of rivets in a column
F ¼ permissible load, acting with lever arm, l, kN (lbf)
F 0 ¼ permissible load on one rivet, kN (lbf)
K ¼ F=F 0, coefficient
Source: K. Lingaiah and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook ( fps Units), Engineering College Cooperative Society,
Bangalore, India, 1962; K. Lingaiah and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. I (SI and Customary Metric Units),
Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1983; and K. Lingaiah, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. II (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma
Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1986.
RIVETED JOINTS 13.7
RIVETED JOINTS
Thickness of the cover plate according toIndian Boiler Code
Thickness of single-butt cover plate
Thickness of single-butt cover plate omitting alternaterivet in the over rows
Thickness of double-butt cover plates of equal width
Thickness of double-butt cover plates of equal widthomitting alternate rivet in the outer rows
Thickness of the double-butt cover plates of unequalwidth
For thickness of cover plates
The width of upper cover plate (narrow strap)
The width of lower cover plate (wide strap)
STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF TYPICALRIVETED JOINT (Fig. 13-2)
The tensile strength of the solid plate
The tensile strength of the perforated strip along theouter gauge line
The general expression for the resistance to shear ofall the rivets in one pitch length
The general expression for the resistance to crushingof the rivets
The resistance against failure of the plate through thesecond row and simultaneous shearing of the rivets inthe first row
The resistance against failure of the plate through thesecond row and simultaneous crushing of the rivets inthe first row
The resistance against shearing of the rivets in theouter row and simultaneous crushing of the rivets inthe two inner rows
h1 ¼ 1:125h ð13-13Þ
h2 ¼ 1:25hp� d
p� 2dð13-14Þ
hc ¼ h1 ¼ h2 ¼ 0:625h ð13-15Þ
hc ¼ h1 ¼ h2 ¼ 0:625hp� d
p� 2dð13-16Þ
h1 ¼ 0:625h for narrow strap ð13-17aÞ
h2 ¼ 0:750h for wide strap ð13-17bÞ
Refer to Table 13-10.
b1 ¼ 4mþ 2pt1 ð13-18Þ
b2 ¼ b1 þ 2pt2 þ 4m ð13-19Þ
F� ¼ ph�� ð13-20Þ
F� ¼ ð p� dÞh�� ð13-21Þ
F� ¼ ð2i2 þ i1Þ�d2
4� ð13-22Þ
Fc ¼ ði2hþ i1h2Þd�c ð13-23Þ
F�1 ¼ ð p� 2dÞh�� þ�d2
4� ð13-24Þ
Fc1 þ ð p� 2dÞh�� þ dh�c ð13-25Þ
F�c ¼�
4d2� þ idh�c ð13-26Þ
Particular Formula
13.8 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
RIVETED JOINTS
EFFICIENCY OF THE RIVETED JOINT
The efficiency of plate
The efficiency of rivet in general case
For efficiency of joints
The diameter of the rivet in general case
The pitch in general case
For pitch of joint
THE LENGTH OF THE SHANK OF RIVET(Fig. 13-3)
FIGURE 13-3
� ¼ p� d
pð13-27Þ
� ¼ �d2�ði1 þ 2i2Þ4ph��
¼
�i2 þ i1
h2h
��c�
i2 þ i1h2h
��c þ ��
ð13-28Þ
Refer to Table 13-3.
d ¼ 4hi2 þ i1h2�c�ði1 þ 2i2Þ�
ð13-29Þ
Note: for lap joint i2 ¼ 0for butt joint i1 ¼ 0
p ¼ ð2i2 þ i1Þ�d2�
4h��þ d ð13-30Þ
Refer to Table 13-7.
L ¼ hþ h1 þ h2 þ ð1:5 to 1:7ÞD ð13-31aÞL ¼ hþ hc þ ð1:5 to 1:7ÞD ð13-31bÞfor butt joint with single cover plate
L ¼ 2hþ ð1:5 to 1:7ÞD ð13-31cÞfor lap joint
where D ¼ diameter of rivet
Particular Formula
RIVETED JOINTS 13.9
RIVETED JOINTS
STRUCTURAL JOINT
Riveting of an angle to a gusset plate(Fig. 13-4)
The resultant normal stress
g
g
p a ai
e
eF F
F
(a) (b)
FIGURE 13-4 Riveting of an angle to a gusset plate.
RIVETED BRACKET (Fig. 13-5)
The resultant load on the farthest rivet whose distanceis c from the center of gravity of a group of rivets(Fig. 13-5)
� ¼ F
Aþ Fe
Zð13-32Þ
FR ¼"�
F
nn0
�2þ�
MbcPx2 þP
y2
�2
þ 2
�F
nn0
��MbcP
x2 þPy2
�cos �
#1=2
ð13-33Þ
Particular Formula
FIGURE 13-5 Riveted bracket. (Bureau of Indian Standards.)
13.10 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
RIVETED JOINTS
For rivet groups under eccentric loading value ofcoefficient K
For preferred length and diameter of rivets
For collected formulas of riveted joints
REFERENCES
1. Maleev, V. L., and J. B. Hartmen,Machine Design, International Textbook Company, Scranton, Pennsylvania,1954.
2. Lingaiah, K., and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook ( fps Units), Engineering CollegeCooperative Society, Bangalore, India, 1962.
3. Lingaiah, K., and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. I (SI and Customary MetricUnits), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1983.
4. Lingaiah, K., Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. II (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers,Bangalore, India, 1986.
5. Bureau of Indian Standards.6. Lingaiah, K., Machine Design Data Handbook, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, 1994.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Faires, V. M., Design of Machine Elements, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1965.Norman, C. A., E. S. Ault, and I. F. Zarobsky, Fundamentals of Machine Design, The Macmillan Company, NewYork, 1951.
Vallance, A., and V. L. Doughtie, Design of Machine Members, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York,1951.
where
n ¼ number of rivets in one columnn0 ¼ number of rivets in one rowx, y have the meaning as shown in Fig. 13-5
Refer to Table 13-11.
Refer to Figs. 13-6 to 13-8 and Tables 13-12 to 13-13.
Refer to Table 13-14.
Particular Formula
RIVETED JOINTS 13.11
RIVETED JOINTS
FIGURE 13-6 Rivets for general purposes (less than 12mm diameter). For preferred length and diameter combination, refer to
Table 13-12.
FIGURE 13-7 Rivets for general purposes (12 to 48mm diameter). For preferred length and diameter combination, refer to
Table 13-13.
13.12 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
RIVETED JOINTS
FIGURE 13-8 Boiler rivets (12 to 48mm diameter). For preferred length and diameter combination, refer to Table 13-13.
RIVETED JOINTS 13.13
RIVETED JOINTS
TABLE 13-12
Preferred length (�) and diameter combinations for rivets (Fig. 13-6)
Diameter, mm
Length, mm 1.6 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10
5 � — — — — — — — —
6 � � � � — — — — —
7 � � � � — — — — —
8 � � � � � — — — —
9 � � � � � — — — —
10 � � � � � � — — —
12 — � � � � � � — —
14 — — � � � � � � —
16 — — � � � � � � —
18 — — — � � � � � �20 — — — � � � � � �22 — — — � � � � � �24 — — — � � � � � �26 — — — � � � � � �28 — — — � � � � � �30 — — — � � � � � �35 — — — � � � � � �40 — — — — � � � � �45 — — — — � � � � �50 — — — — — — � � �55 — — — — — — � � �60 — — — — — — — � �65 — — — — — — — � �70 — — — — — — — � �
Source: Bureau of Indian Standards, IS: 2155, 1962.
13.14 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
RIVETED JOINTS
TABLE 13-13
Preferred lengths (�) and diameter combinations of rivets (Fig. 13-7)
Diameter, mm
Length, mm 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 48
28 � — — — — — — — — — — — — —
31.5 � � — — — — — — — — — — — —
35.5 � � � — — — — — — — — — — —
40 � � � � — — — — — — — — — —
45 � � � � � — — — — — — — — —
50 � � � � � � — — — — — — — —
56 � � � � � � � — — — — — — —
63 � � � � � � � � — — — — — —
71 � � � � � � � � � — — — — —
80 � � � � � � � � � — — — — —
85 — � � � � � � � � � — — — —
90 — � � � � � � � � � — — — —
95 — � � � � � � � � � � — — —
100 — — � � � � � � � � � — — —
106 — — � � � � � � � � � � — —
112 — — � � � � � � � � � � — —
118 — — — � � � � � � � � � � —
125 — — — — � � � � � � � � � �132 — — — — — � � � � � � � � �140 — — — — — � � � � � � � � �150 — — — — — — � � � � � � � �160 — — — — — — � � � � � � � �180 — — — — — — — � � � � � � �200 — — — — — — — — � � � � � �224 — — — — — — — — — � � � � �250 — — — — — — — — — — — — � �
Source: Bureau of Indian Standards, IS: 1929, 1961.
RIVETED JOINTS 13.15
RIVETED JOINTS
TABLE
13-14
Form
ulasforrivetedjoints
2;3;4
Thicknessofcover
plate,
mm
Efficiency
Efficiency
ofplate,
ofrivets,
Combined
Longitudinal
Transverse
Margin,
Inner
h2
Outer,h1
Typeofjoint
Figure
�p
�r
efficiency,�c
pitch,p,mm
pitch,pt,mm
m,mm
(wider)
(narrower)
LAPJOIN
T
Onerivet
per
pitch,
Typea
p�d
p
� �d2
4
��
ph��
1:13hþ40
1:5d
Tworivetsper
pitch
Typeb
p�d
p2
� �d2
4
��
ph��
2:62hþ40
2d
1.5d
Typec
h m m
p�d
p2
� �d2
4
��
ph��
2:62hþ40
0:33pþ0:67d
1:5d
Threerivetsper
pitch
Typed
p�d
p3
� �d2
4
��
ph��
3:47hþ40
2d
1:5d
13.16
RIVETED JOINTS
TABLE
13-14
Form
ulasforrivetedjoints
2;3;4(C
ont.)
Thicknessofcover
plate,
mm
Efficiency
Efficiency
ofplate,
ofrivets,
Combined
Longitudinal
Transverse
Margin,
Inner
h2
Outer,h1
Typeofjoint
Figure
�p
�r
efficiency,�c
pitch,p,mm
pitch,pt,mm
m,mm
(wider)
(narrower)
Typee
p�d
p3
� �d2
4
��
ph��
3:47hþ40
0:33pþ0:67d
1:5d
Fourrivetsper
pitch
Typef
p�d
p4
� �d2
4
��
ph��
� p�2d
p
þ�� �
d2
4
��
ph��
��4:14hþ40
0:33pþ0:67d
or2d
(whichever
is
greater)
1:5d
Typeg
h
p�d
p4
� �d2
4
��
ph��
� p�2d
p
þ�� �
d2
4
��
ph��
��4:14hþ40
0.2p+
1.15d
1:5d
13.17
RIVETED JOINTS
TABLE
13-14
Form
ulasforrivetedjoints
2;3;4(C
ont.)
Thicknessofcoverplate,
mm
Efficiency
Efficiency
ofplate,
ofrivets,
Combined
Longitudinal
Transverse
Margin,
Inner
h2
Outer,h1
Typeofjoint
Figure
�p
�r
efficiency,�c
pitch,p,mm
pitch,pt,mm
m,mm
(wider)
(narrower)
BUTTJOIN
T
Single
buttstrap
Onerivet
per
pitch
Typea
p�d
p
� �d2
4
��
ph��
1:53hþ40
1:5d
1:125h
Tworivetsper
pitch
Typeb
p�d
p2
� �d2
4
��
ph��
3:06hþ40
2d
1:5d
1:125h
Typec
p�d
p2
� �d2
4
��
ph��
3:06hþ40
0:33pþ0:67d
1:5d
1:125d
Threerivets
per
pitch
Typed
p�d
p3
� �d2
4
��
ph��
� p�2d
p
þ� �d
2
4
��
ph��
4 �:05hþ40
0:33pþ0:67d
or2d
(whichever
is
greater)
1:5d
1:125h
p�d
p�2d
13.18
RIVETED JOINTS
TABLE
13-14
Form
ulasforrivetedjoints
2;3;4(C
ont.)
Thicknessofcoverplate,
mm
Efficiency
Efficiency
ofplate,
ofrivets,
Combined
Longitudinal
Transverse
Margin,
Inner
h2
Outer,h1
Typeofjoint
Figure
�p
�r
efficiency,�c
pitch,p,mm
pitch,pt,mm
m,mm
(wider)
(narrower)
Tworivets
per
pitch
Typee
p�d
p3
� �d2
4
��
ph��
� p�2d
p
þ� �d
2
4
��
ph��
4 �:05hþ40
0:2pþ1:15d
1:5d
1:125h
p�d
p�2d
Double-butt
strap(equal
widths)
Onerivet
per
pitch
Typef
p�d
p1:875
� �d2
4
�
��
ph��
1:75hþ40
1:5d
0:625h
0:625h
Tworivets
per
pitch
Typeg
p�d
p3:75
� �d2
4
�
��
ph��
3:5hþ40
2d
1:5d
0:625h
0:625h
Typeh
p�d
p3:75
� �d2
4
�
��
ph��
3:5hþ40
0:33pþ0:67d
1:5d
0:625h
0:625h
13.19
RIVETED JOINTS
TABLE
13-14
Form
ulasforrivetedjoints
2;3;4(C
ont.)
Thicknessofcoverplate,
mm
Efficiency
Efficiency
ofplate,
ofrivets,
Combined
Longitudinal
Transverse
Margin,
Inner
h2
Outer,h1
Typeofjoint
Figure
�p
�r
efficiency,�c
pitch,p,mm
pitch,pt,mm
m,mm
(wider)
(narrower)
Threerivets
per
pitch
Typei
p�d
p5:625
� �d2
4
�
��
ph��
� p�2d
pþ� 1:875
�� �d2
4
��
ph��
4 ��:63hþ40
0:33pþ0:67d
or2d
(whichever
is
greater)
1:5d
� 0:615h
�p�d
p�2d
�� 0:625h
�p�d
p�2d
�
Typej
p�d
p5:625
� �d2
4
�
��
ph��
4:63hþ40
2d
1:5d
0:625h
0:625h
Typek
p�d
p5:625
� �d2
4
�
��
ph��
4:63hþ40
0:2pþ1:15d
1:5d
� 0:625h
�p�d
p�2d
�� 0:625h
�p�d
p�2d
�
Typel
p�d
p5:625
� �d2
4
�
��
ph��
4:63hþ40
0:33pþ0:67d
1:5d
0:625h
0:625h
13.20
RIVETED JOINTS
TABLE
13-14
Form
ulasforrivetedjoints
2;3;4(C
ont.)
Thicknessofcoverplate,
mm
Efficiency
Efficiency
ofplate,
ofrivets,
Combined
Longitudinal
Transverse
Margin,
Inner
h2
Outer,h1
Typeofjoint
Figure
�p
�r
efficiency,�c
pitch,p,mm
pitch,pt,mm
m,mm
(wider)
(narrower)
Fourrivets
per
pitch
Typem
p�d
p7:5
� �d2
4
�
��
ph��
p�2d
dþ� 1:875
�� �d
2
4
��
ph��
�5:52hþ40
0:33pþ0:67d
or2d
(whichever
is
greater)
1:5d
0:625h
0:625h
Typen
p�d
p7:5
� �d2
4
�
��
ph��
p�2d
dþ� 1:875
�� �d2
4
��
ph��
�5:52hþ40
0:2pþ1:15d
1:5d
0:625h
0:625h
Double
butt
(unequalwidths)
Tworivets
per
pitch
Typeo
p�d
p2:875
� �d2
4
�
��
ph��
3:5hþ40
0:33pþ0:67d
1:5d
0:75h
0:625h
Typep
p�d
p2:875
� �d2
4
�
��
ph��
3:5hþ40
2d
1:5d
0:75h
0:625h
13.21
RIVETED JOINTS
TABLE
13-14
Form
ulasforrivetedjoints
2;3;4(C
ont.)
Thicknessofcoverplate,
mm
Efficiency
Efficiency
ofplate,
ofrivets,
Combined
Longitudinal
Transverse
Margin,
Inner
h2
Outer,h1
Typeofjoint
Figure
�p
�r
efficiency,�c
pitch,p,mm
pitch,pt,mm
m,mm
(wider)
(narrower)
Threerivets
per
pitch
Typeq
p�d
p4:75
� �d2
4
�
��
ph��
� p�2d
d
þ� �d
2
4
��
ph��
�4:63hþ40
0:33pþ0:67d
or2d
(whichever
is
greater)
1:5d
0:75h
0:625h
Typer
p�d
p4:75
� �d2
4
�
��
ph��
4:63hþ40
2d
1:5d
0:75h
0:625h
Types
p�d
p4:75
� �d2
4
�
��
ph��
� p�2d
d
þ� �d
2
4
��
ph��
�4:63hþ40
0:2pþ1:15d
1:5d
0:75h
0:625h
13.22
RIVETED JOINTS
TABLE
13-14
Form
ulasforrivetedjoints
(Cont.)
Thicknessofcoverplate,
mm
Efficiency
Efficiency
ofplate,
ofrivets,
Combined
Longitudinal
Transverse
Margin,
Inner
h2
Outer,h1
Typeofjoint
Figure
�p
�r
efficiency,�c
pitch,p,mm
pitch,pt,mm
m,mm
(wider)
(narrower)
Typet
p�d
p4:75
� �d2
4
�
��
ph��
4:63hþ40
0:33pþ0:67d
1:5d
0:75h
0:625h
Particular
Form
ula
CommonForm
ula:
Thethicknessofthemain
plate
ofalongitudinaljoint
h¼
PfD
i
2���
Unwin’sform
ula
for
diameter
ofrivet
d¼
0:19
ffiffiffi hpto
0:2
ffiffiffi hpwheredandhin
mSI
¼1:2
ffiffiffi hpto
1:4
ffiffiffi hpwheredandhin
mUSCS
Key:d¼
diameter
ofrivet,m
(in);
h¼
thicknessofmain
plate,m
(in);��¼
hoopstress,MPa(psi);
Di¼
insidediameter
ofpressure
vessel,m
(in);
Pf¼
internalfluid
pressure,MPa(psi);
�¼
efficiency
oftheriveted
joint.
Source:
K.LingaiahandB.R.NarayanaIyengar,
MachineDesignData
Handbook,EngineeringCollegeCooperativeSociety,Bangalore,India,1983;andK.Lingaiah,MachineDesignData
Handbook,Vol.II
(SIandCustomary
MetricUnits),SumaPublishers,Bangalore,India,1986.
13.23
RIVETED JOINTS