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How Will You Design Your Capacitor Bank ?

 A) KVAR DESIGN :-

1) Carry out a 24 hour load survey. Note down hourly KWs, P.F. and voltages.

2) Divide this into three sections :

a) No load or light load - but fixed KWs & its P.F.

b) Average load and its P.F.

c) Peak load and its P.F.

 

3) Design the bank for its, peak load conditions. Hold your desired p.f. at 0.95. Work out the capacitorbank KVAR by referring to the tables.

4) If the load is small (less than 50 KWs), then split the bank in two sections corresponding toconditions (2a) and (2b).

5) If the load is of medium size and (say up to 200 KWs), then split the bank in three sectionscorresponding to conditions (2a), (2b) and (2c).

6) If the laod is large sized and complex, then split the bank into a simple sections corresponding to(2a) and combine sections (2b) and (2c) and rearrange them in a multi - step, automatically controlledbank.

B) VOLTAGE CHOICE :-

1) Capacitor under A- 2a must be specified at higher range of voltages. Thus an energised transformer,with practically no load - except for 4-6 hours in a day, eg. (transformers under Garrison Engineers,MES) will require a capacitor rated at 500 Volts.

2) Capacitors under A-2b and A-2c fall in two categories :-

a. Category where electrical service is poor and the best voltages seldom cross400-405. Specify 415 voltage.b. Category where loads fluctuate and voltages vary and also where you suspectharmonics, specify 440 volts.

SPECIFYING 415 VOLTS FOR CAPACITORS MERELY TO GET HIGHERKVAR, IRRESPECTIVE OF LOAD AND SYSTEM CONDITIONS, IS SHORT-

SIGHTED-LEADING TO SHORT-LIVED CAPACITORS.

C) MODE OF OPERATION :-

1. Capacitors under A-2a should be left on permanently, on a 24 hour basis. Anadequately rated switch-fuse is good-enough for this.2. Capacitors under A-2b, may be switched on and off, once in twenty four hourbasis - covering the duration of the average load. These need not be switched off 

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during recess-intervals since generally the load conditions on supply mains are fairystable.3. Capacitors under A-2c serve mainly to reduce the maximum demand in KVAand may be switched on and off more than once during the day - probably twice, if thepeak load appears twice - during the day.4. Capacitors under A-2c might not lead to satisfactory, reliable, manualoperation.Automatic capacitor control - combining both 2b and 2c is more

desirable.While the control panel will be on for twenty hour in a day, individual sectionsmight come on or go off many times in 24 hours as per load conditions.

D) Design of switches, fuses MCCBS, contractors and also types of automatic controls and steps KVAR sizes are discussed in our serial on Automatic Power Factor Control Panels.

Consistent Improvements through Field Experience & Continuous Innovationsfor Customer Satisfaction !!

Madhav Capacitors Pvt Ltd

We are confident about our products. Our average reduction rate is 8%-20%. If at the end of 

90 days, you do not experience at least 8% reduction in your kwh consumption per month,

provided that your consumption has not been intentionally increased , then we offer a money

back policy.

The KVAR EnergySaver is a system that optimizes your power factor by reducing the

amount of reactive power (non-working power) that your motor loads draw from the

electric utility company. The KVAR Energy Saver reduces heat generation and amperage

resulting in reduced consumption of electricity by the lines in your home while increasing

the life of the motors in your home such as, air conditioners, refrigerators, washer, dryer,

freezer, fans, etc, and allowing them to run more efficiently and cooler. When installed, the

KVAR Energy Saver also increases the capacity of your electrical panel.

 

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All units are UL and CSA Listed aswell as RoHS compliant

 Are You Sick of Paying High Electric Bills to Cool your Home?? and want to lower your electricity bill? well, Install an Power Enhancer ™! 

 Everyone That Has an Electric Bill Should Have a Power Enhancer ™!

Imagine a small gray box that fits neatly next to your breaker panel, saves you money year after year and protects the

entire home. Sound too good to be true?

The Power Enhancer ™ was designed with the homeowner in mind, providing lower

energy bills, increased motor and appliance life, as well as surge and lightning protection for

all of the equipment inside of your house.

Residential customers throughout the United States and Canada see a realized savings of 

8% - 10% minimum and as much as 25% on their electrical usage (and thus power bills).

1. Power Enhancer ™ Model : S200

STOP PAYING FOR WASTED ELECTRICITY; INSTALLTHE Power Enhancer ™ & SAVE UP TO 25% PER MONTH ON YOUR 

ELECTRIC BILL!

---> Reduces Electrical Bills up to 20~25% or More Every Month!

--->  Pays for Itself in Less Than One Year!

--->  Increases Motor and Appliance Life!

--->  UL Tested and Listed!

--->  Over 14,000 Customers are Saving Money Right Now!

--->  Eliminates Power Surges!

--->  Reduces 'Noise' in the Electrical System!

The Problem: Your Home Wastes PowerAll the the world the homes all have the same problem. They inefficiently handle inductive load.

Inductive load is anything in the home that runs by motor including refrigerators, freezers, air

conditioners, heat pumps, washers, dryers, fans, blower motors, pool pumps, dish washers, vacuum

cleaners and hair dryers. You get the picture, right?

All motors require a certain amount of reactive power (non-working power) from the utility to create

the Electro-Magnetic-Field (EMF) around the motor to make it work. The problem is that your local

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utility delivers that reactive power to your home without knowing how much you really need. Your

inductive load (motors) then uses what it needs and sends the rest back to your electric panel where it

is "lost" - dispersed in heat never to be seen again. This loss is called I2R loss or "line loss". The

problem with this equation is that you’ve paid for the lost electricity, because it's traveled thru your

meter and been measured.

The Solution: The Power Enhancer ™ Model:S200The Economizer unit stores the reactive power (non-working power) that would be

otherwise lost. This allows your inductive motor load to push in and pull from the

Economizer S200 using the stored power, instead of asking for more from the utility. This

process decreases your demand from the utility thereby decreasing your Kwh usage and

lowering your bill each month!

Suitable For Use : Residential & small business ( office, shop, bank ,etc)

2. Power Enhancer ™ For Commercial / Industrial

Model: T200/T400/1200/3200/3400

  Save Up to 25% on Your Commercial / Industrial Electric Bill!The Power Enhancer ™ T200 & Power Enhancer ™T400 Reduce the Amount of Inductive

Load in Commercial and Industrial Environments

The Many Benefits of thePower Enhancer ™ T200 & Power Enhancer ™T400

Include:

★ Lowers electric bills up to 25%!

★ Reduces electricity required by existing inductive loads (motors)!

★ Enhances capacity of existing electrical system!

★ Eliminates harmful power surges!

★ Protects appliances and sensitive electronic equipment!

★ Reduces harmful effects caused by electrical noise!

★ Power Factor Optimization!

Specifications:

Benefits:

•Reduces electricity required by existing inductive loads

•Enhances capacity of existing electrical system

•Eliminates danger of harmful power surges on appliances and sensitive electronic equipment

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(in its capacitors) otherwise lost electricity (watts) caused by the inductive motors in your home.

(Some examples of inductive motors are Air Conditioning units, refrigerators, freezers, washers,

dryers, dishwashers, pool pumps, vacuum cleaners, furnace blower motors, fans etc.) The technology

applied by the Power Enhancer ™S200™ Unit supplies that stored electricity back to your inductive

loads, thus causing you to decrease your demand from the utility. If you decrease your demand from

the utility, your meter slows down, and you use less electricity. The thought is, you’ve already paid forthat electricity, why pay for it and waste it when you can pay for it, store it, and reuse it again. This

whole process is called power factor optimization.

What is Power Factor?Power factor is the percentage of electricity that’s delivered to your house and used

effectively, compared to what is wasted. For example, a 1.0 power factor means that all the

electricity that’s being delivered to your home is being used effectively for its purpose.

However, most homes in North America today have a .77 power factor or less. This means

that 77% of the electricity that is coming thru your meter at your home or business is being

used effectively, the other 23% is being wasted by your inductive load. With a low powerfactor, the utility has to deliver more electricity to do the same work. However,

the Power Enhancer ™S200™ increases that power factor in most cases to .97 or .

98, thus increasing the effective use of your electricity and lowering your usage.

Does the Power Enhancer ™ S200™ work in any home?Yes it does, as long as you have a circuit breaker panel with breakerswitches and not the old screw in type fuses, the unit will work onany single-phase electric application for homes.

Do you have a 3-phase Power Enhancer ™ for businesses availableyet?Yes!T200,T400 are readily available & 1200,3200,3400 areby order.

Will the Power Enhancer ™ S200™ affect any of my appliances and their normal use?

No, if anything, your motors will run about 10% cooler, which is good for a motor because

heat is the enemy of a motor.

How much can I expect to save per month by using the

Economizer S200™?That depends on many factors. The size of your home, the amountof inductive motor load, and the amount you are paying perkilowatt-hour for electricity etc. However, generally speaking users

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of the product have seen up to 25% in reduced consumption, butthe average savings is somewhere in the 15% to 20% range.

How long will it take for the Power Enhancer ™ S200™ to pay for

itself?Generally about 6-12 months, but again, the same factors aboveapply, some will see sooner (6 months), some will see later (12months).

Is the Power Enhancer ™ 200™ easy to install? Technically yes but >>

We recommend installation by an electrician. The unit comes with complete installation

instructions. It installs in about 20-30 minutes.

How long will the Power Enhancer ™ S200™ last?It has a predicted lifespan of up to 20 years maximum or more.

Why haven’t I heard of this product until now?

That’s easy, two words “cost effectiveness”. Up until recently, electric rates throughout

America were cheap, costing us 2, 3 or 4 cents per kilowatt-hour. Now, electric rates are 8,

10, 12, 14, and 19 and in some cases New York City is 22 cents per Kwh, and Hawaii is 33.5

cents per Kwh. At the cheaper rates the Power Enhancer ™ S200™ didn’t make sense, but at

the current rates, it makes all the sense in the world.

What About Power Enhancer ™ S200™ Surge Protection?The Power Enhancer ™S200™ also protects the entire home against power surges. No

longer a need for so many surge protectors in the home. The unit provides a broad range of 

protection for hardwired appliances and most home electronics such as televisions, satellite

equipment, entertainment systems, etc. The unit protects from power line surges as well

as spikes caused by internal wiring problems, loose connections and fluctuating demand

from large motors such as appliances, vacuum cleaners, heating and cooling equipment,

etc.

Is the

Power Enhancer ™S200™ Unit Warranted?Yes, 1 year Manufacturers Warranty for full replacement.

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Model Wt / PCS Packing size(CM) Maximum bear power PhaseS200 2.5KG 23*21*18 45KW single or 2phase Available @ P 9600.00

T200 4.5KG 33.5*28*21 90KW 3phase Available @ P 12,600.00

T400 5KG 36*28*20 120KW 3phase Available @ P 15,900.00

2100 7.5KG 37*27*20 180KW 3phase ( By Order )

2300 9KG 37*27*20 240KW 3phase ( By Order )

4300 11KG 37*27*20 320KW 3phase ( By Order )

 

panel enclosure can be installedoutdoors or indoors, at the main breaker panel or a sub-panel.

 

CAPACITOR WORKS

 

Just let me start by saying this is not new technology, storing electricity in capacitors has been aroundever since electric motors was invented. Capacitor to an electric motor is like the starter in your car

motor, it supplies extra power to the motor to help it get started. Only a capacitor stores power and

releases it back into the electrical system where as a starter only supplies power until the motor

starts then disengages.

 

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These are the capacitors your power company uses

to correct their power factors. When you correct the

power factor, it reduces demand. The electric meter

on the side of your home that your electric company

reads is a demand meter. With the proper use of 

capacitors, you can reduce demand and legally slowdown your meter. Your electric company has been

using this very same technology for 70+ years to

correct their power factors. Now why would your

power company spend tens of thousand of dollars

on a capacitor bank to correct their powerfactor if it doesn't work?

BECAUSE IT DOES WORK!If you look around your neighborhood on the power

poles, for about every 50 transformers, you will

notice 1 of these banks of capacitors correcting the

power factors of the transformers in your

neighborhood.

High Voltage Pole Mount Capacitor

 

How Many Do I Need?

 

Usually a home needs 1 unit. The Power Enhancer ™ works up to 200 amps. If you are unsure,

check your panel box. If your main breaker is 200 amps or less, you will need only 1 unit.

 

• SAVE UP TO 25% on your Electric Bill! Average Savings is 15~20%

• 1 Year Warranty on Workmanship & Product Defects

• Comes with Easy to Follow Installation Instructions.

•100% Satisfaction Guaranteed or your money back so you have NOTHING to lose!

 

<< BELOW SOME OF OUR PRODUCTS >>

 

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* METRO-MANILA+ P100

* LAS PINAS / ANTIPOLO / CAINTA RIZAL + P 120

* N.LUZON + P150

* VISAYA PROVINCE + P 130

* MINDANAO + P140

Read more:

http://www.sulit.com.ph/index.php/view+classifieds/id/3524969/Power+Saver+Electricity+Power+En

ergy+Saver+KVAR+S200?referralKeywords=residential+capacitor+bank

ReactivePowerSupplier * PowerFactorOptimizer *

MiniCapacitorBank

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• Expires on August 7, 2011 12:07PM

• Ad ID 2680935

• Address 3/F LN Bldg, 738 Shaw Blvd., Mandaluyong City

• Date Updated June 8, 2011 (posted September 21, 2010) 

• Category Retail 

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• Location Pasig City, Metro Manila

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Member Address 3/F LN Bldg, 738 Shaw Blvd., Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila - Mandaluyong City

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Description

copied from http://www.sulit.com.ph/index.php/view+classifieds/id/2680935/ReactivePowerSupplier+

%2A+PowerFactorOptimizer+%2A+MiniCapacitorBank?

referralKeywords=residential+capacitor+bank

IntelliController ZM is a special energy saving product that serves as a reactive power supplier,

power factor optimizer and mini-capacitor   bank developed through self-healing metalized

capacitor . This device must be mounted beside the inductive load or installed directly to the panel

breaker.

If you are NOT happy, we are NOT happy too. Our  IntelliController Units are backed by a 90-Day

Money Back Guarantee. We are confident about our products. Our average reduction on kwh is

around 8-20%. If at the end of 90 days, you do not experience atleast 8% reduction in your kwh

consumption per month, provided that your consumption has not been intentionally increased, then

we offer money-back policy.

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Main Features:

. Reactive power supplier . Power factor optimizer . Copper loss reducer . Mini capacitor  bank .

Voltage regulator . Explosion-free . For indoor use only

Product Overview:

. Can be used for very low to very high consumption of residential, small business, commercial and

industrial clients

. Has low voltage and high voltage types

. Has so many types depending on clients requirements

. Optimizes power factor, reduces EMI and RFI, regulates voltage

. Lasts up to 20 years or 60,000 hours with 95% survival

. Savings of up to 20% or even more

. Savings of up to 40% or even more when used on specific and highly inductive load

Product Advantages:

. Reduces Power Bills – Saves Money

. Reduces electricity required by existing electrical loads

. Quick Return of Investment – Power Savings are immediate with an average savings of up to 20%

or even more!

. Eliminates danger of harmful power surges on appliances and sensitive electronic devices

. Reduces the harmful effects caused by electrical noise in the electrical system

. Enhances and improves safety of existing electrical system

. 5 year Warranty, 5 year Product Liability Insurance & 90-DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

. 20 year Life Expectancy

Technical Specs:

. Service conditions: Altitude=2000m;

. Ambient temperature-25.~+45.,

. Humidity =90% at 35..

. Rated voltage: Available in 230V, 450V, 690V; Frequency: 60Hz

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. Rated output: Available in 1~100kvar 

. Load capacity: Available in 10~1000kw

. Capacitance Tolerance: 0~+15.

. Tangent of the loss angle:=0.2%

. Max allowable over voltage: 110% rated voltage

. Max allowable over current: 130%rated current

. Insulating property: More than 1000MO between the pole and the enclosure

. Self-discharging characteristics: After switching off for 3 minutes, the residual voltage decreases to

less than 50V.

. Higher models also available for customization

Certificates and Licences:

. ISO 9001:2000 . UL . CE . NEMKO . TUV . SGS . S MARK . SWISS CERTIFICATION .

ARGENTINA S MARK

. POLAND CERTIFICATION . RUSSIA CERTIFICATION

For more info, visit our website: www.intellicontroller .com

09157437679 / 09185492957 / 09336509919 / 025047930

Read more: http://www.sulit.com.ph/index.php/view+classifieds/id/2680935/ReactivePowerSupplier+

%2A+PowerFactorOptimizer+%2A+MiniCapacitorBank?referralKeywords=residential+capacitor+bank

1. What is power factor?2. What is the ideal power factor?3. What is power factor correction?4. What types of equipment cause low or poor power factor?5. What are the factors that affect your electric utility billing?6. What are the benefits of power factor correction?7. What do power factor correction capacitors do to improve powerfactor?8. Where is the most efficient location for power factor capacitors?

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9. What kind of savings can I realize by installing power factor correctioncapacitors?10. What are harmonics?11. What is harmonic resonance?12. What are some indications of harmonic resonance?13. How to solve harmonic resonance?

14. Why tune to the 5th harmonic?15. I have machines that need to be converted to a different voltage andfrequency; Can I use the existing capacitors in this application?16. What are the dimensions of your individual capacitor cells?17. How do I fulfill IEEE 519?18. What wire size and circuit breaker size do I use?19. Do your capacitors contain PCB?20. Capacitors at load or service entrance?21. What type of replacement fuses should I use?22. What is the cause of harmonic amplification in the presence of capacitors?23. Do you provide power quality equipment for Induction Heaters?

24. What is the proper way to test capacitors?25. What type of energy savings will I see with Transient Voltage SurgeSuppressors?26. What does it mean to plug or inch a motor?27. How can I prove a 25% to 35% kilowatt hour savings by installingpower factor correction capacitors?28. Does a line reactor give more protection on a variable speed drive than an isolation transformer?29. Can I save money by installing power factor correction capacitors inmy home?30. Does UL validate any energy savings claims regarding the usage of power factor correction capacitors?

1. What is power factor?A. Power factor is a measure of how efficiently electrical power is consumed. Power factor is the ratio between activepower (KW) and total power (KVA). Active power does work and reactive power (kVAR) produces an electro-magnetic field for inductive loads. PF(%) = (KW / KVA)*100.

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2. What is the ideal power factor?A. The ideal power factor is one (1) or 100% efficiency. Anything less than one means that extra power is required toachieve the actual task at hand. This extra energy, known as Reactive Power, is necessary to provide a magnetizingeffect required by motors and other inductive loads to perform their desired functions.

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3. What is power factor correction?A. Power factor correction is the term given to a technology that has been used since the turn of the 20th century torestore Power Factor to as close to unity as is economically possible. This is normally achieved by the addition of power factor correction capacitors to the electrical network, which compensate for the Reactive Power demand of theinductive load and thus reduce the burden on the supply. Myron Zucker was the first person to apply Capacitors Atthe Load (CAL method) to achieve optimal power factor correction.

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4. What types of equipment cause low or poor power factor?A. Lightly loaded or varying load inductive equipment such as: inefficient motors, HVAC systems, induction furnaces,molding equipment, etc.

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5. What are the factors that affect your electric utility billing?A.

1. Energy Charge:

Number of kilowatt-hours used during the billing periodNumber of kilovolt amperes (KVA) used during the billing period.

2. Demand Charge:

This type of charge compensates the utility for the capital investment required to serve the facility's peak load.Demand charges may be a large portion of the total electric bill, as much as 75%. Demand charges can bereduced by reducing KVA, which can be achieved by reducing energy peaks and improving power factor.

3. Power Factor Penalty Charge:

This is a rate structure charge imposed to encourage the industrial, commercial and institutional user toimprove power factor. With many of the electric utilities, penalty billing is imposed when the power factor (PF)drops below 95%. In most cases, the least expensive, most efficient and most reliable method to reduce thischarge (improve PF) is by adding properly designed fixed or automatic power factor correction systems.

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6. What are the benefits of power factor correction?

• Electricity bills reduced

• Electrical energy efficiency improved

• Less total plant KVA for the same KW working power 

• More KW working power for the same KVA demand

• Improved voltage regulation due to reduced line voltage drop

• Reduction in size of transformers, cables and switchgear in new installations

• Reduced power losses in distribution systems

• Decrease carbon footprint on the environment

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7. What do power factor correction capacitors do to improve power factor?A. Power factor correction capacitors supply the necessary reactive portion of power (kVAR) for inductive devices.Because the capacitors supply this necessary power, the electric utility does not have to supply it, resulting inreduced generation costs for the utility.

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8. Where is the most efficient location for power factor capacitors?A. The location that provides maximum benefits of power factor correction is at the load. Capacitors work from thepoint of installation back to the generating source. Therefore, they provide additional savings in recovered heatlosses. Individual motor correction is not always practical, sometimes it is more practical to connect larger capacitorson the distribution bus or install an automatic system at the incoming service along with fixed capacitors at the load.

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9. What kind of savings can I realize by installing power factor correction capacitors?A. Every application and installation is different. However, in those areas of the country where the electric utilitieshave a penalty based rate structure, power factor correction capacitors and systems can generate a one year or less

payback. Review our Power Factor Correction Application Guide for details on how potential savings can

be calculated. Also review our Capacitalk 101 for a case study.

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10. What are harmonics?A. Harmonics are multiples of the fundamental frequency distortions found in electrical power, subjected tocontinuous disturbances. In a 60 Hz electrical system 350 Hz is the 5th harmonic, 420 Hz is the 7th harmonic, and soon. Harmonics are created by the use of non-linear devices such as UPS systems, solid state variable speed motor drives, rectifiers, welders, arc furnaces, fluorescent ballasts and personal computers. Individual harmonic frequencieswill vary in amplitude and phase angle, depending on the harmonic source.

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11. What is harmonic resonance?A. When a capacitor bank is added to a power system, it is effectively connected in parallel with the system's

impedance, which is primarily inductive. As far as the harmonic source is concerned, it sees a capacitor in parallelwith an inductor. Since the capacitive and inductive reactance are frequency dependent, there is a frequency at whichthese two parameters will be equal. This frequency is called the system's natural resonant frequency. At thisfrequency, the system's impedance appears to the harmonic source to be very large; therefore, a harmonic current atthe resonant frequency flowing through this impedance will result in a very large harmonic voltage.

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12. What are some indications of harmonic resonance?A. Some indications are overheating, frequent circuit breaker tripping, unexplained fuse operation, capacitor failures,electronic equipment malfunction, flicking lights and telephone interference, insulation melting off of conductors (skineffect).

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13. How to solve harmonic resonance?A. The solution can be accomplished by: 1. Adding or subtracting capacitance from the system to move the parallelresonance frequency to one that is not harmful. 2. Adding tuned harmonic suppression reactors in series with thecapacitor to prevent resonance. 3. Altering the size of the non-linear devices.

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14. Why tune to the 5th harmonic?A. The 5th harmonic is generally considered to be the most offending. It is important that the tuned frequency for the5th harmonic be at least at the 4.2nd harmonic. Tuning slightly below the offending harmonic will accommodate for standard tolerances in the manufacturing process, but remove the largest offending portion of the 5th harmonic.Parallel resonance will occur around the 4th harmonic, at a much lower amplitude and in an area that does no harm

to the capacitors or system. Many other systems are designed at the 3.78th harmonic to help extend the life of thecapacitors. This tuning frequency does not remove the majority of the 5th, 7th, etc. harmonic from the system.

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15. I have machines that need to be converted to a different voltage and frequency; Can I use the existingcapacitors in this application?I have a machine, originally built for U.S. 480Vac 60 Hz. We are revising the machine where the voltage will be

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380Vac 50 Hz. The motors are 3HP and 5HP, 1800 RPM, 460V, 3-phase, 60 Hz. Can I use the same Calmountcapacitor or do I need another unit?

A. These units will be fine to leave as is. The units may be derated to lower voltages along with derating to lower hertz. The units will have a lower kVAR rating at 380 volt 50 Hz than they would at 480 volt 60 Hz but will still work

normally in that setting. The following link is a derating chart for these types of applications.

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16. What are the dimensions of your individual capacitor cells?

A. The dimensions of our capacitor cells can be found in our capacitor cell specifications.

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17. How do I fulfill IEEE 519?We plan to sell several low voltage 6-pulses drives in Columbia, SA. These drives are coming from New Berlin, WI.They are looking for a passive filter supplier to include in the drives to mitigate the harmonic level and to fulfill IEEE519. What does this require?

A. For IEEE-519 there are five different harmonic current distortion limits depending on the transformer size andimpedance (determines available short circuit current) and the individual load ratings. For several VFDs (at onelocation) it then becomes a system solution whereby you might combine AC line reactors along with filters to achievecompliance at the lowest cost. It would be helpful to know the model of drive.

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18. What wire size and circuit breaker size do I use?What size wire and circuit breaker will I need when I install a 200 kVAR, 480 Volt, 3 Phase, 60 Hz capacitor bank?

A. Per the NEC, the recommended wire size for a 200kVAR, 480V, 3Phase, 60 Hertz capacitor bank is 500MCM - 90degree, C-Type THHN, XHHW or equivalent and a 400 amp circuit breaker or disconnect switch. Please view our 

recommended wire sizes, switches, and fuses chart.

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19. Do your capacitors contain PCB?My company is in the process of re-building a 1979 Vertical Boring Mill, at our Lykens PA facility. The main electricalcontrol panel has a bank of 4 Myron Zucker capacitors. We cannot read the Catalog number. There is a stampedphrase on top of the capacitors that reads "Contains ECCOL." My concern is whether that material is PCB-based.

A. The capacitors used in the units you've described were manufactured by Commonwealth Sprague. The ECCOL

line of capacitors were filled with a non-PCB fluid. Click here for additional information on capacitors with PCB.

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20. Capacitors at load or service entrance?Why would I want to place a capacitor at the load (CAL) instead of at the service entrance or substation? Docapacitor banks at the service entrance provide better power factor correction?

A. If your facility has power factor (PF) correction capacitors at its service entrance, those capacitors are probablythere to prevent a utility penalty. What they don't do is improve power factor at the load, which means your actualenergy consumption is higher than it needs to be. This, of course, means your company pays for electricity it doesn'tuse.

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Have you been unable to get approval to pay for a site power survey to see where your energy losses are? Tryshrinking the scope. Start with a one-line diagram of your distribution system, and limit the survey so it goes nofurther than the major loads. If you identify energy savings with this limited survey, the money you save can help you

 justify a more detailed follow-up survey.

Even with PF correction at the service entrance, you may be surprised to find that you have unacceptably low PF atsome loads.

Before implementing any load-level PF correction, determine the effects on your entire distribution system.Corrections at the load will change the PF capacitor size you need at the service. Make sure you regularly inspect PFcorrection capacitors. Power events can damage these capacitors -- and that damage may not be readily apparent. If you can't remove individual capacitor cells for testing or replacement because the lid of your PF unit interferes withthis, consider replacing that unit with one that has a maintenance-friendly lid design.

Capacitors-at-Load (CAL) pay more dividends than power factor correction at the substation. Many utilities rewardbetter power factor or lower KVA demand. But equally compelling reasons for adapting CAL are:

1. CAL decreases I2R losses in conductors, thereby reducing total KW

2. CAL enables all equipment in the plant system to furnish more real power 

3. CAL keeps voltage steadier at the load, enabling full torque from motors and full light from lamps,

without burnouts due to improper voltage4. CAL can be obtained and installed quickly and easily

5. Capacitors ordered with new equipment give you all these benefits right from the start.

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21. What type of replacement fuses should I use?I have some Myron Zucker KIM43005-3 power factor capacitors installed on some equipment. My customer has toldme that some of the fuse lights are lit on the Myron Zucker units. Can you tell me the type and size of the fuses thatare installed on these units? I've downloaded your instructions for diagnosing the lights and replacing the fuses but Ican't find any information that identifies the fuses.

A. Our KIM43005-3 Calmount capacitor uses (3) 20 Amp fuses. The type of fuse is a Class CC - Fast-Acting,

Current-Limiting, rejection type fuse. You should always consult the factory if the fuse being replaced cannot beeasily identified.

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22. What is the cause of harmonic amplification in the presence of capacitors?I've made measurements in a tissue factory fed from the secondary side of a distribution transformer 800KVA, 11/0.4KV, X=5% after the erection of a fixed capacitor (100 kVAR)

The results were as follows:

With Capacitor Bank

Disconnected

With Capacitor Bank

Connected

Voltage (volt) 409 411

Power Factor 0.568 0.946

Voltage Total

Harmonic4.5% 5.7%

Total Demand 6.8% 31.75%

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Distortion

The greatest harmonic was the fifth.

I want to know the rule that made the 6.8% TDD to become 31.75%? Is this due to parallel resonance? But the

capacitor doesn't burn nor its fuses blown. Does this factory need to erect a harmonic filter (detuned type)? Note: thesame distribution transformer fed other factories that also have capacitor banks.

A. I believe your problem is due to the capacitor being a low impedance device therefore attracting any harmonicsthat are in the system. This will include any harmonics that are produced on the load-side of the 800kVA transformer.The fact that your greatest harmonic is the 5th tells me that you probably have some 6-pulse drives that represent agood portion of the load.

If you were experiencing resonance you would have burnt conductors, capacitor cells, or blown fuses so we don’tbelieve that this is a concern. Your fuses are not blowing because they are probably sized large enough to handle the32% increase in amperage.

I would suggest that you obtain a complete one line diagram of every thing on the load side of this 800kVAtransformer and examine your non-sinusoidal devices such as VFD’s, UPS’s, and all other devices that change AC to

DC. This will give you a good idea of where the harmonics are being generated from and how to properly size afiltered bank. Since this is a tissue plant I would say that you have VFD’s that are spooling and un-spooling large rollsof paper.

You can learn more by reading our  manual on solving harmonics. We would be happy to assist you in

resolving this power quality issue and look forward to hearing from you in the future. 

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23. Do you provide power quality equipment for Induction Heaters?A. No. Induction Heaters are normally listed in voltages and hertz ratings that are not found in our product line.

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24. What is the proper way to test capacitors?

A. The following link  will take you to our white paper for testing capacitor cells. A capacitor is supposed to draw

given amperage at a given voltage based on its kVAR rating. If the capacitor is not drawing enough amperage then itis probably aging and losing some of its capacitance. If it is drawing too much amperage then it is likely that there areharmonics present in the facility and further testing would be recommended to determine if that is the case. Thesemeasurements can be taken with an amprobe while the capacitors are on line and without disconnecting wires.

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25. What type of energy savings will I see with Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors?Our manufacturing facility was recently visited by a power quality “expert” from another company (not Myron Zucker 

Inc.) who recommended we install transient voltage surge suppressors (TVSS) as a way to protect equipment andsave energy costs. I know enough to be dangerous, and from what I understand about TVSS, it seems unlikely tosave energy. What type of energy savings will I see with Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors?

A. Follow your instincts. TVSS devices are, by and large, designed to do one thing: protect downstreamequipment from voltage surges and spikes. They are NOT an energy savings device. You may be

interested in reading Mike Holt’s website, which specifically addresses the false claims of some TVSS

manufacturers. Mike Holt is a leading National Electrical Code consultant and instructor.

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• Do Power Factor Correction Devices (kVAR) really save money? - Frequently Asked

Question from the Energy Star web site

• Power Quality Solutions and Energy Savings - What Is Real? - written by Daniel J.

Carnovale and Timothy J. Hronek from Eaton Corporation

• Is Power Factor Correction Justified in the Home? - Power Electronics Magazine (May

2007) - by William Rynone, Rynone Engineering

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30. Does UL validate any energy savings claims regarding the usage of power factor correction capacitors?A. UL does not validate any claims of energy savings when using power factor correction capacitors. UL only

evaluates and Lists power factor correction capacitors for safety reasons. Please click here to read an informative

article regarding energy savings claims and UL's involvement.