Upload
oecdglobal
View
463
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Presented at the 5th Meeting of the Working Group on Investment Zones in Iraq, MENA-OECD Investment Programme. 28 April 2013, Cairo, Egypt
Citation preview
Asif Hasnain, Senior Economic Development Expert, UNIDOThomas Flynn, MENA-OECD Investment Programme28-29 April 2013, Cairo
Economic Zones as tools of development strategy
United Nations Industrial
Development Organization
UNIDO Iraq Programme Office
Why Presentation
• Align government thinking on economic zones • Define different levels of issues in the overall strategy for economic zones
2
UNIDO Iraq Programme
Office
Content and Structure Presentation
• Development Goals• Policies• Tools• Technical Issues
3
UNIDO Iraq Programme
Office
Iraq’s Development Goals and Policies and Tools
• Iraq’s National Development Goals (Objectives)– Employment – Economic Diversification– Private Sector Development – Technology Development – Regional Development
• Policies (Means)– Private Sector Development– Trade – Technology Transfer– Human Resources Development – Etc.
4
UNIDO Iraq Programme
Office
What are the tools to realise goals?
• Fiscal and budgetary tools• Trade policy• Investment policy
– Economic Zones
5
UNIDO Iraq Programme
Office
Economic Zones
• Purpose of Economic Zones – What are Economic Zones?
● Geographically delimited area, usually physically secured (important in post-crisis contexts)
● They offer benefits based on physical location within the zone (and can have a separate customs area and streamlined procedures - World Bank 2009)
● Designed to stimulate domestic and/or foreign investment and production● Provide a range of incentives and services to hosted companies ● Poles of growth● In Iraq’s case, all should be aligned to work towards fulfiling development goals
6
UNIDO Iraq Programme
Office
Context in Iraq
• Why Economic Zones? Why different types?– Shift from a state-based approach to work with private
sector and local institutions– Can support economic diversification efforts– Address weaknesses in economy– Different kinds of zones, depending on policy objectives
● Industrial zones, investment zones, Export processing zones, Free Zones, Technology Parks
7
UNIDO Iraq Programme
Office
USAID 2012
JAPU Iraq
Economic Zones
• Zones share many things– Security, infrastructure, and licensing– In many successful instances, similar legal regimes
• Policy defines the different kinds of zone – Investment Zones offer incentives oriented to attract foreign investors
● Sector targeting, developing new industries, and attract FDI● Close collaboration with an anchor tenant
– Industrial Zones: both domestic and foreign investors● Especially in manufacturing and support services
– Export Processing and Free Zones work under specific customs regimes to facilitate regional/international trade
– In other countries, technology parks and business incubators are focused (sectoral) facilities designed to facilitate technological diversification
– None of these different types of zone are competitive as concept
8
UNIDO Iraq Programme
Office
Investment and Industrial Zones (Suggestions)
9
Extent of support services and incentives providedLeve
l of
tech
nolo
gy a
nd f
orei
gn c
apita
lUNIDO Iraq Programme
Office
Industrial Zone
Technoparks and Incubators
Independent Enterprises or
Clusters
Investment Zone
Current issues in Iraq vis-à-vis zone development
• Advantages: – Growing market – Certain potential advantage for trade – strategic location (East-West corridor)– Land and natural resources availability– Oil and gas sectors offer opportunities for diversification
● Provide capital for investment
– Skilled labour force
10
UNIDO Iraq Programme
Office
Current issues in Iraq vis-à-vis zone development (cont.)
11
Current issues in Iraq vis-à-vis zone development
• Challenges:– Co-ordinate stakeholders (central and local governments, private sector…)– Develop zone administration and legislations to allow for flexibility
● One-stop shop, how to delegate authority?
– Weak level of infrastructure– Undefined financing options for zone development – Productivity gaps between hydrocarbons and the rest of the economy– Dependence on SOEs– Risk of ventures into new sectors and costs of self-discovery
12
UNIDO Iraq Programme
Office
Moving forward with industrial and investment zone development
• Unified SEZ Strategy, connected with an overall industrial development plan– Streamlined legal and regulatory framework, work with what is there– Co-ordination amongst stakeholders – creation of zones in Iraq should not be the
work of one institution only, can have multiple institutions
• Development approach: regulatory or administrative approach?
• Involvement of the private sector in the design and management of zones– Management contracts, then direct investment infrastructure and services, then
PPP?
13
UNIDO Iraq Programme
Office
Moving forward with industrial and investment zone development (cont.)
• Approach to development – decentralisation and clear sharing of roles and responsibilities
● Central Government: Legal/regulatory framework, land allocation, incentives, investment promotion, financing, sovereign investment guarantees
● Local Governments: Zone management, licensing, infrastructure and security provision, services, land, holding municipal authority (construction permits etc. …)
• Where do we start? – Key is to define different policy objectives for different kinds of zone– Mechanisms of developing and administering zones can be relatively the same
across the types● Many models of: contracting to private providers of support services to privately developed and
managed zones● Iraq? State defray risk
14
Economic Zones in Poland
15
Source: PWC
UNIDO Iraq Programme
Office
SEZ Attractiveness
• Location: Heart of Europe– Access to Germany, Russia, and former USSR
• Cost: Low labour costs, but skilled– 750 EUR avg. monthly remuneration
• Structural funds and national programmes intended for investment grants and creation of new jobs– Offered to Polish enterprises
• Infrastructure
16
Katowice SEZSource: Gilwice.eu
Source: DAFZ.ae
UNIDO Iraq Programme
Office
●Problem identified locally (e.g. collapse of the main employer)
●Awareness raising and mobilisation of local stakeholders
●Negotiation locally and co-ordination with central government
Political initiative
●Allocation of land
●Special Economic Zone status granted
●Financing of main infrastructure/utilities
●First investors attraction (role of domestic investors)
Zone development
●Support to develop further investment projects
●Provision of business support services to hosted companies
●Zone promotion and expansion (geographical or thematic expansion, e.g. from SEZ to technological park)
Zone management and
promotion
Polish Model of SEZ Development
17
UNIDO Iraq Programme
Office
Results
• 14 SEZs in 143 cities and 203 municipalities• 1222 companies operate in the zones based on 1466 permits • The value of carried out investments is 27 billion USD
– Micro-economic value
• State aid via tax exemptions (company tax – CIT) from the beginning of the functioning of zones until the end of 2011 was 4 billion USD which is 13.2% of the incurred investment costs
• 250,000 persons are employed in SEZs, of which 183,000 are newly created jobs
Source: Polish Ministry of Economy.
18
UNIDO Iraq Programme
Office
Lessons learned from the Polish Experience
❧ A specific, reviewed legal regime to ensure successful and sustainable development
❧ Have a clear policy objective❧ Role of Polish domestic companies/SMEs ❧ Co-ordination amongst stakeholders❧ Relevance of the Polish “bottom-up”/decentralised approach ❧ Relevance of having a clear and appropriate incentive system.
– Financial incentives in Poland, in Iraq? ❧ Relevance of a clear investment promotion strategy and an institutional
support framework – – One stop shop and business support services
❧ Zone development revitalisation of State-Owned Enterprises and support the transition from planned economy to market economy
19
UNIDO Iraq Programme
Office
Moving forward with zone development
• Must move the effort forward to develop SEZs forward– Look to governorates What role NIC can play? What role can the PICs play?
● Poland example
• Emphasise the commonalities between zones– Flexibility of zones– Possible: Take advantage of organic growth possibilities, what can the Iraqi private
sector offer? then, work with foreign investors– Need for a successful example – develop a zone, see what works, trial and error
• Need for co-ordination amongst stakeholders• Possibilities for a single legal framework, but can still have multiple zone
authorities
20
UNIDO Iraq Programme
Office