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DogNostics Tool-Kit #202. Canine & Feline Health and Handling - Learn about canine and feline common health issues, vaccination protocols and important daily and emergency handling skills - Faculty Member NikiTudge & Bethany Jordan
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Copyright DogNostics 2012
DogNostics Career College
Module # 202 Canine and Feline Health and
Handling
2
Copyright DogNostics 2012
Your DogNostics
Webinar Presenter today is
Niki Tudge
A little about me:
Business Degrees, Oxford University England.
Six Sigma Certified Black Belt
CPDT-KA
NADOI- Certified
AABP – Professional Dog Trainer
AABP – Professional Dog Behavior Consultant
AKC “Canine Good Citizen” Trainer and Evaluator
Dip, ABT. Diploma. Animal Behavior Technology
Dip, CBST. Diploma Canine Behavior Science and Technology
American Kennel Club “Canine Good Citizen”™ Evaluator
Pet Care Services Association CPCT CAPCT
The International Training Board, Certified People Trainer. TS1, TS2 &TS3
Copyright DogNostics 2012
The Goals For Today's Webinar
Provide a basic understanding of common infectious diseases of dogs and cats
Outline Recommended vaccine protocols from the American Animal Hospital Association and American Association of Feline Practitioners
Provide an understanding of potential risks associated with unnecessary vaccination from Dr. Jean Dodds
Provide a basic understanding of external and internal parasites
Provide a basic understanding of Heartworm infection, disease, diagnosis, and treatment
Copyright DogNostics 2012
What is included What is not included
Common canine diseases Recommended canine
vaccination protocols Heartworm testing, infection,
and disease Common feline diseases Recommended feline
vaccination protocols Potential vaccine risks Common Parasites Animal restraint Administering medications Zoonotic diseases
Emergency and First Aid Procedures
Infection Control Protocols
The Webinar Scope
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Key Canine and Feline Diseases
Canine And Feline Diseases
Rabies Very serious, fatal virus Can affect any warm blooded animal Transmission:
Contact with an infected animals saliva Bite wounds Contact with mucus membranes
Neurotropic Invades and destroys the central nervous
system. Moves nerve by nerve to the brain
No treatment ZoonoticCopyright DogNostics 2012
Canine Diseases
CanineDistemper- Contagious, often fatal, multisystemic viral
disease. Secondary Mycoplasma
Clinical signs: Affect the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central
nervous systems Transmission:
Airborne Body secretions
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Canine Diseases
Canine Distemper: Fatal to 75% of dogs infected
Especially juvenile and geriatric May suffer permanent damage to vision or nervous
system Puppies can have severely mottled teeth due to
abnormalities of the developing enamel Virus will shed for up to 3 months
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Canine Diseases
Parvovirus Gastrointestinal viral disease in dogs Contributions to severity:
Age, vaccination status, and breed predisposition Most common in puppies less than 20 weeks of age with
inadequate or incomplete vaccination– a puppy is not fully protected until the full vaccination series is complete at 14-16 weeks of age.
Clinical signs: Bloody diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy, depression, and
anorexia. Transmission:
EASILY transmitted via fomites! Environmental contamination with fecal material Food/water bowls, bedding, toys, shoes, clothing, hair
Direct contact Copyright DogNostics 2012
Canine Diseases
Parvo Virus The virus is shed in large quantities in the
feces for up to 14 days post infection. Disinfection:
Very stable in the environment Very resistant to most disinfectants Can persist in organic material in the environment
for over one year A 10 % bleach solution, Trifectant
New strain within last 5 years possibly more virulent and endemic
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Canine Diseases
Coronavirus Virus of small intestine Puppies under six weeks of age Clinical Signs:
Affect surface (epithelial) cells of villi Mild to moderately severe diarrhea, lethargy, and
anorexia in infected puppies.
Treatment Supportive care with IV fluids for dehydration
Transmission: Shed in stool
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Canine Diseases
Leptospirosis Gram negative spirochete bacteria Over 250 different serovars (subtypes) Increased prevalence since 1983
Increasing contact between dogs and wildlife Clinical Signs:
Kidney failure Inflammation:
liver, blood vessels causing hemorrhage, muscle tissue, eyes causing blindness, and Central nervous system
Transmission: Urine of wildlife or other infected animal Standing water
Zoonotic
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Canine Diseases
Lyme Disease Borreliosis Tick-borne bacterial disease
lone star and brown dog ticks
Bacterium is transferred to the blood of the host animal during bite Clinical signs:
joint pain and lameness, lethargy, loss of appetite, depression, and fever. Treatment:
Long term antibiotics and supportive care
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Canine Diseases
Canine upper respiratory Complex Kennel Cough
Infection of the cells lining the interior of the trachea and bronchi
Symptoms: A harsh, dry cough often followed by gagging white foam Develop within one week of exposure Basic form not accompanied by fever
Transmission: Highly contagious Airborn, Nose-nose contact High concentration, stress
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Canine Diseases
Kennel Cough Bacterial and Viral Component
Bordetella bronchiseptica- Bacterial component Small Gram-negative rod shaped bacterium
Adenovirus type 2 – viral component Related to Hepatitis virus Causes Respiratory and Enteric diseases Fever
Parinfluenza- Viral component One of the most common pathogens
Influenza- Viral Component Relatively new
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Key Feline Diseases
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Feline Distemper or Panleukopenia “All white blood cells are abnormally low” Severely depresses all white blood cell production Parvo
Clinical Signs: Bloody, liquid stool, high fever, depression, anorexia, and
vomiting Secondary bacteria can greatly alter symptoms
Virus can live up to one year outside of host
Feline Diseases
Upper Respiratory Complex Rhinotracheitis
Also known as feline herpes virus Clinical Signs:
Inflammation of the conjunctiva Discharge from the eyes and nose.
Highly contagious
Calicivirus Clinical Signs:
ulcers and blisters in the mouth and tongue Widespread and highly contagious
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Feline Diseases
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Immunosuppressive Viral Diseases
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
Retrovirus Cannot live more than a few
hours outside the body Clinal Signs:
Often upper-respiratory Varies with systemic Infection
Transmission: Saliva and respiratory
secretions Repeated Contact Moist environment Saliva Blood contact
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
Similar to human acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Cannot be passed to humans Clinical Signs:
Chronic nonresponding infections, respiratory problems, anorexia, persistent diarrhea, and severe oral infections
Transmission Saliva Blood contact
Feline Diseases
Copyright DogNostics 2012
Vaccines and Antibodies: The Goal
The Myth of the Booster ShotThis is not what happens….
Level Of
Immunity
Many people believe that a booster vaccine will heighten the level of protectiveantibodies - Untrue
Antibodies from the previous vaccine will block efficacy of the next vaccine if given prematurely.
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Maternal Antibodies: Fact
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RECOMMENDED BY:
THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION (AAHA)
THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (AVMA)
THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF FELINE PRACTITIONERS (AAFP)
Recommended Vaccination Protocols
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Recommended Vaccination Protocols
Copyright DogNostics 2012
Core Vaccines Non- Core Vaccines
RabiesDistemperParvoAdenovirus Type 2
BordetellaLeptospirosisCanine InfluenzaCoronaLymeGiardia
No longer available
Canine Core Vaccines
Canine Vaccine Protocol
Rabies Killed vaccine First administered at 12-16 weeks old. First annual booster required There is a 3 year vaccine, but each county has
different regulations.. Check first! Administered Sub Q in Right Rear leg to
monitor for reactions.
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Canine Vaccine Protocol
DA2PP or similar Protects against canine distemper, adenovirus type 2, parinfluenza,
and parvovirus. Multvalient combination Monovalient Series First vaccine recommended at 6-8 weeks of age and readministered
every 14-21 days until 16 weeks old for puppies. First Annual Booster required Booster every 3 years Administered SQ in Right Front leg to monitor reactionso Distemper will immediately provide protectiono Parvo does not protect for 48-72 hrs post vaccination but shed in the stool 3-14 days post vaccination
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Bordatella or Kennel Cough 2 types:
Live version Given intranasally No booster necessary Also includes interferon
Impaires growth of other viral infections Provides cross protection for Adenovirus type 2 ,
parinfluenza, Canine Influenza Killed version Injectable Booster required 14-21 days after first administration General recommendation is annually, however some kennels
require vaccination every six months.
Canine Vaccine Protocol
Canine Vaccine Protocol
Leptospirosis At risk dogs only–
Standing water Wildlife
Some combination vaccines have lepto included.
Vaccine should be boostered 14-21 days after first administration, then annually thereafter.
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Recommended Feline Vaccination Protocols
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Core Non-Core
RabiesPanleukopeniaRhinotracheitis
(herpes)Calicivirus
Feline LeukemiaFIV
False + TestFeline BordetellaChlamydophila felis
(chlamydia)
Feline Core Vaccines
Copyright DogNostics 2012
Feline Vaccine Protocol
Rabies Increased sensitivity to adjuvant
Three year rabies not available specifically for cats
Purvax First vaccine administered at
12-16 weeks of age, Annually after Administered SQ as low as
possible in right rear leg in case of Fibro sarcoma or other reaction
FVRCP or similar Protects against Feline Viral
Rhinotracheitis, (RVF), Calicivirus (C), Panleukemia (P), and sometimes feline chlamydia (-C).
Multvalient combo Monovalient series
In kittens vaccine should be given 6-8 weeks of age
Boosters required every 14-21 days until 16 weeks old
Annual booster or 3 yrs thereafter
Feline Vaccine Protocol
Feline Leukemia Testing is recommended before
administering vaccine. First administration no sooner
than 12 weeks of age Booster required 14-21 days
later Recommended annually for at
risk cats who may come in contact with any other cat
Recommended for ALL kittens
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COURTESY OFDR. JEAN DODDS, DVM
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Vaccines: Viewpoints may be Changing
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Autoimmune Diseases Develops in genetically susceptible individuals
% of population can be genetically predisposed 3-5 genes involved
Sum of genetic and environmental factors that override normal mechanics of self tolerance Essentially body attacks itself
Can impact any major body system
Potential Vaccination Risks
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What triggers predisposed animals to have an immune mediated response: Virus (vaccine) Change in Sex Hormones in Intact animals Thyroid hormone Adrenal Hormone Stress Poor Nutrition
Potential Vaccination Risks
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Vaccinosis Adverse reaction to vaccine May be serious, chronically debilitating, or fatal Combination Vaccines:
Adenovirus combined with Parvo and Distemper Immunosuppressant in young puppies up to 10 days
Modified Live Distemper Post vaccine encephalitis in young puppies Can cause blindness, death Will affect 1:500,000 puppies
Potential Vaccination Risks
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Factors contributing to vaccinosis
Dogs: Repeated exposure Young age Small breed size Neutering Multiple vaccines/visit
Cats Small breed size Neutering Multiple vaccines/visit
Potential Vaccination Risks
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Non- Responders Animal can never develop immunity
Modified Live Parvo 1:1000 dogs will never develop immunity Black Labs, Akitas
Distemper virus 1:5000 will be non-responder
Adenovirus None
Cats Unknown
Special Considerations
Copyright DogNostics 2012
Measure Benefit : Risk ratio Never vaccinate 30 days before estrus, in estrus, during
pregnancy, or lactation Never vaccinate an animal who is febrile or ADR Vaccinate the geriatric with caution Avoid unnecessary vaccination
Check with local health department to assess which non-core vaccines are absolutely necessary
Many vaccines have been approved for 3 year booster Give puppy boosters 3-4 weeks apart for max. effect If adult dog will be less than 12lbs puppies can safely be
vaccinated with half dose Do Not revaccinate if history of previous adverse reaction
Special Considerations
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Check Titers Blood test that checks for total antibody production
from vaccination and natural exposure Determines if animal is protected Determines if animal is non-responder Determine if vaccine is effective in immunizing
animals Recommended every 3 years
Alternatives to Vaccination
Copyright DogNostics 2012
Available Titers:
Dogs: Distemper (routine) Parvo (routine) Adenovirus 2 (hepatitis) Leptospirosis Lyme Disease Corona (not
recommended) Rabies Virus (at request
ony- non-export)
Cats: Panleukopenia Virus
(common) Herpies Virus (Rhino) Calicivirus Rabies (non-export)
Alternatives to Vaccination
Copyright DogNostics 2012
Parasites
Intestinal Parasites
Hookworms: Commonly found in dogs and cats Clinical Signs:
Coughing Anemia Blood in stool Vomiting
Transmission: Ingest eggs from contaminated environment Skin penetration- most common
Larvae penetrate the skin, make their way to the circulatory system going ultimately to the lungs where they are coughed up, ingested, and enter the small intestine to mature
Mature worm attaches to intestinal wall and thrives on host blood.
Canine version has also developed modes of transplacental and transmammary infection.Copyright DogNostics 2012
Intestinal Parasites
Roundworms: Commonly found in dogs and cats Clinical Signs:
Distended abdomen, vomiting, diarrhea Transmission: Eggs ingested directly from contaminated
environment and hatch in small intestine Larva penetrate mucosa, migrate through
liver and heart to the lungs where they are coughed up and swallowed to mature in small intestine.
Some mature larvae return to the lumen to thrive on the hosts nutrients, but most leave the circulation and are stored in somatic organs until pregnancy.
At 42-56 days of gestation larva cross the placenta, migrate to fetal lungs and remain there until birth to repeat the cycle
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Intestinal Parasites
Tapeworm:
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Intestinal Parasites
Whipworm: Uncommon in cats Infective larvae develop within the
egg Once ingested the larvae are
released into the intestine migrate to cecum and attach
Female worms lay about 2,000 eggs per day which are passed in feces. Eggs are very resistant to harsh conditions and can persist in the environment for several years.
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Intestinal Parasites
Coccidia: Protozoan parasite very
common in shelter puppies
Causes severe intestinal infection in dogs and cats
Can result in death due to dehydration and protein loss
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Giardia Protozoan Parasite Consists of 2 forms
Trophozoite Cyst (infective stage)
Attach to small intestine epithelium
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Intestinal Parasites
Mites
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Demodex Hereditary, not
infectious Naturally lives in hair
follicle Immunosupression
Sarcoptic Infectious Zoonotic
External Parasites
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External Parasites
Fleas
Attaches to skin and feeds on host blood
Can cause anemia
If you do not see the flea you will see the flea dirt (excrement)
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External Parasites
Ticks
external parasites that feed on the blood of the host
Can Transmit disease including Lyme, Anaplasmosis, Ehrlichiosis, Rocky mountain spotted fever, Babesiosis
Neurotoxin in saliva can cause temporary paralysis
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Ear Mites Infests the ear canal of small animals Clinical signs:
Extreme pruritis (itchy) Black exudate (discharge) Inflammation, redness, and swelling of ear canal
Transmission: Easily transmitted through passive contact with other
animals
External Parasites
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Heartworms: Disease, Testing and
Treatment
Heartworms: Life Cycle
Canine: Mosquito bites
heartworm positive dog with circulating microfilaria.
Larva advance in life stage INSIDE mosquito.
Larva are then injected into another dog where they migrate through the tissues to the pulmonary artery in the heart.
Cats are “Dead End” hosts
Heartworms: Development
Heartworm positive does not mean HW Disease!
Progressed StageHeart cannot circulate
fluids efficiently due to arterial congestion.
Heartworms: Testing
Snap Tests Antigen test Only the female heartworm
has the antigen. Positive is positive!
Strong or Weak is irrelevantBlood Smear
Circulating microfilaria
Heartworms: Treatment
Two options: 1) Adulticidal Ivermectin therapy.
Administer heartgard once weekly or every two weeks
Could require up to 36 months Lower risk of complications Dissolves protective coating and destroys
tissue Down side: heart damage2) Immiticide• Arsenic based compound• Series of scheduled injections to
completely eradicate adult heartworms in a short period of time.
Treatment Complications: Immiticide
PTE or Pulmonary Thromboembolism A clot may be thrown to one or both
lungs Elevated blood pressure due to
exercise Dyspnea or shortness of breath
due to severe inflammationMuscle soreness at injection site.
This treatment must be injected in the muscle along the spine because it is the largest muscle in the body.
If injected too close to the spinal cord inflammation could cause a temporary state of paralysis
Heartworms: Wolbachia
Dirofilarial Wolbachia Rickettsial bacteria that lives within
heartworms. Released upon death of the adult
heartworm Spreads to the lungs resulting in severe
inflammation and coughing or dyspneaDoxycycline
Prevents the spread of the bacteria and resulting inflammation.
Heartworms: Prevention
The best treatment is prevention Administer year round
in warmer climates Because different
preventatives kill at different points of the heartworm lifecycle, not all are safe without prior testing
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CANINE AND FELINE HEALTH AND HANDLING
Module # 202Part Two
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Potential health concerns while caring for someone
else’s pet
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Dentistry - What to watch out for
Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive
Lesions
(FORL)
Feline Stomatitis
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Potential problems: Large Breeds:
Joint dysplasia Elbow or hip Long bone does not fully
enter joint socket Pre-mature arthritis
Small Breeds Luxating Patella
Trochlear groove is too shallow
Allows patella to “pop out” Over time tendon becomes
strained
Skeletal - What to watch out for
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Skeletal- What to watch out for
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Skeletal - What to watch out for
Arthritis
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Obesity
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Obesity
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Dermatology - What to watch out for
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Hypersensitivity disorders Abnormally severe inflammatory responses mediated
by the immune system Caused by Antigens Some reactions can happen within minutes of exposure Can be exposed via
direct contact inhalation ingestion insect bites/stings Injection
Flea and food allergy most common
Dermatology
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Flea Allergy Dermatitis (FAD) Most common skin disease of dogs and cats Antigen (allergen)
Specific proteins found in saliva of flea Clinical signs
Self inflicted trauma Secondary bacterial infection
Food Allergy Dermatitis Repeated exposure to food or food additive Non-seasonal itchiness Self trauma Secondary bacterial infection
Dermatology
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Bacterial Skin infections Overgrowth of naturally occurring bacteria Potential causes:
Poor nutrition Lack of immunocompetence Hypersensitivity Self Trauma
Pyoderma Pus in the skin May involve the follicle
Dermatology
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Bacterial Skin infections Skin Fold dermatitis
Dogs with excessive skin folds Areas are dark/ chronically moist Make perfect medium for growing bacteria Facial folds of brachycephalic breeds Corkscrew tail folds Large lip flaps Other body folds
Dermatology
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Yeast Skin infections (Malasseziasis) Yeast normally found in low numbers around the
mouth, anus, and skin folds Disease occurs:
Hypersensitivity Continuous overgrowth
Dermatology
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Fungal Skin diseases (ringworm)
Dermatology
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Dermatology
1. Acral Lick Granuloma, Also called acral lick dermatitis, this is a frustrating skin condition caused by compulsive, relentless licking of a single area - most often on the front of the lower leg.
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The Skin – What to watch for
1. Hot Spots, also called Focal traumatic pyoderma, are small areas that appear red, irritated, and inflamed. They are most commonly found on the tail head
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The Skin – What to watch for
Alopecia- Hair loss
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Seborrhea- Dull dry and lusterless with excessive scaling and oily/greasy patches occompanied by a foul odor.
The Skin – What to watch for
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Nodules- masses caused by inflammation or neoplasia(cancer)
The Skin – What to watch for
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The Skin – What to watch for
1. Dry Flaky Skin can be an indication of many things, allergies, mange and other disorders
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The Skin - Things to watch for
1. Changes in skin color can indicate chronicity or other problem
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The Skin – What to watch for
1. Immune Disorders - in rare cases, skin lesions or infections that won’t heal can indicate an immune disorder
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Reservoir for secretions produced by anal glands
“If it’s not broke, don’t fix it”
Impaction Scooting, licking or biting
around the rear end. See a Vet!
Manual expression is risky
Anal Sacs – What to watch for
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The Skin – What to watch for
Refer You Clients to a Veterinarian if you notice any skin problems or suspect the anal glands need cleaning
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THERE ARE MANY DISEASES AND
PARASITES THAT CAN BE SPREAD
FROM THE FAMILY PET TO HUMANS.
Zoonotic Diseases
Zoonotic diseases
Rabies can be transmitted in saliva either by direct contact or residue left on surface
Leptospirosis can be transmitted by any contact with urine from an infected animal.
Lyme disease can be transmitted to humans from ticks.
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Zoonotic diseases
Parasites Hookworms
Creeping eruptions
Roundworms Ocular migrans
You cannot get parasites from your dog’s saliva—strictly from feces or contaminated soil.
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Zoonotic Diseases
Giardia Giardia lamblia is the
most commonly diagnosed intestinal parasite in public health laboratories in the United States, and is diagnosed by finding cysts or trophozoites in the feces of humans or animals.
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Zoonotic Diseases
Coccidia Transmitted similar to
Giardia via contaminated food or water
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Zoonotic Diseases
Pasteurella Carried in dog/cat mouths Results in cellulitis progression to septicemia
possible Septic Arthritis may develop if
bitten on a knuckle of the hand
50% of infections of the hand result in permanent damage
Get to a Dr. ASAP!
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Zoonotic Diseases
Bartonella or “Cat Scratch Fever” May result from a scratch Results in “flu” like symptoms
with enlarged lymph nodes Usually self-limiting
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Animal Handling
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Handling & Dog and Cat for Medical Aid
Much of animal restraint is choosing the appropriate method based upon the different behaviors and anatomies of different animals.
Restraint may be as simple as holding the animal while you give it some medications.
You may also need to restrain an animal while you muzzle it or administer first aid in an emergency.
There are two kinds of animal restraint, manual restraint and chemical restraint.
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Animal Handling
One of the safest ways to pick up a grown cat or a kitten, is to approach the animal from the side. Take one hand and isolate the scapula (see video). Then place your other hand palm down, along the back around the neck and shoulder area.
This way you can quickly scruff if necessary.
Hold the whole cat close to your body. This gives the cat support and provides security.
To carry, place hindquarters under arm and isolate the scapula while Placing other hand on back of neck.
Video 1
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Removing a Cat From Cage
If in an enclosed area: Open the door and allow the cat
a few minutes to walk out on their own
If not in an enclosed space or if the cat will not come out: It is best to take the crate apart
and slowly remove the top while gently grabbing the scruff. Move Slow!
Restraining a Cat using Gloves
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Catching A Cat
An escaped cat can be a formidable opponent. Cats can squeeze into small spaces and may attack when approached.
You’ll usually need a net or blanket to retrieve a cat from its hiding place.
Live traps can also be used to catch catsNEVER put a slip leash on a cat!
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Animal Handling
To pick up a dog, put one arm in front of the of the animals chest and the other either behind the rear legs, at the level of the stifles or under the abdomen and lift in a "scooping" motion. May require more than one person if it’s a large dog.
To restrain place arms in “forklift” position with one arm under the neck and along abdomen in front of rear legs.
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Removing A Dog From A Cage
Partially open the cage door and put a slip leash around the dog’s neck. The leash prevents the dog from escaping once the cage door is fully opened and it also permits some control should the dog become aggressive.
To slide a slip leash over the dog’s neck without fully opening the cage door, wait at the front of the cage and let the dog approach you.
Slowly place the slip leash around the neck while the dog is waiting to be let out. If the dog is small but aggressive, place a blanket or towel around it before lifting.
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The Muzzle
A muzzle is a form of restraint, some dogs will need to wear a muzzle if they are having their nails trimmed, for safety during some behavior change programs, or in an emergency situation.
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Administering Medications
Administering Medications- Cats
Tablets Many cats respond better to minimal
restraint . hold the cat's head in the palm of your
hand and gently tilt the cat's head back. Most cats reflexively relax their jaw and the mouth will open slightly.
In the opposite hand hold the pill between the thumb and index finger.
With your middle or ring finger, gentle lever the jaw open and then place the tablet onto the back of the tongue. Push the tablet over the back of the tongue with a finger.
Quickly close the mouth. Blowing on the nose may induce swallowing.
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Administering Medications- Cats
LIQUIDS Hold the cat's head this time holding
both top and bottom jaw. Using an eye dropper or syringe
slowly place the medication into your cat's mouth. The tip of the dropper can be inserted just behind the canine (fang or eye) tooth where the jaw does not completely close.
Unless the dose is small give the medication slowly allowing your cat to swallow and to lick the medication from its mouth before giving more.
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Administering Medications- Dogs
Liquids If a large dog, put them into a sit. You
may need to stand behind them to prohibit backing up.
Place on hand along the upper muzzle to limit movement of the head and lift the upper lip- be sure to keep your fingers clear of the teeth.
Place the syringe just behind the canines and slowly administer the medication.
Be sure that the dog is swallowing as you administer to prevent accidental aspiration or waste of the medication.
Administering Medications- Dogs
Tablets Use easiest methods first! Try
inserting the tablet into pill pockets, peanut butter or cream cheese.
If necessary to manually administer: Place on hand along the upper
muzzle to limit movement of the head and lift the upper lip- be sure to keep your fingers clear of the teeth.
Have the pill between your thumb and forefinger of the other hand and use the middle finger against the incisors to open the bottom jaw.
Toss the pill in the back of the throat and quickly close the mouth and blow into the nose to induce swallowing- DO NOT place your hand into the dog’s mouth.
When the dog licks it’s nose you know the pill has been swallowed.
Administering Medications- Aural
The ear canal: Very different in dogs than
humans Travels down the head (vertical
canal) and then in to the ear drum (horizontal canal)
Medication: Apply a few drops into the ear and
massage the ear canal to distribute
Administering Medications- Aural
Ears may need to be flushed prior to medicating While holding up on the pinna or ear flap, apply
the flush solution into the ear canal One of the best solutions is actually homemade-
50% white vinegar, 50% water, and one cap full of alcohol
Gently massage the ear canal to break up and flush out any debris You should hear a “squishing” sound
Using a cotton ball, remove debris from the pinna DO NOT USE Q-TIPS!!!
Administering medications: Ocular
With the dog in a sitting position, stand behind them
With one hand, hold the eye open while holding the head against you to restrict movement
Apply either sterile saline eye flush or medication
Use cotton ball to swab excess discharge
Be careful not to touch the surface of the eye with applicator
Administering medications: Sub Q injections/fluids
ONLY if directed by a Veterinarian!May be required to administer Insulin
to a diabetic animal or Sub Q fluidsSee video for single injectionsTo administer SQ fluids:
Needle will be attached to a line The bag has measurements marked- each number
represents 100 mls- note the amount in the bag before you start
Insert needle under the skin in the same method as injection
Open the valve and check the drip chamber to be sure the fluids are running
Watch the level in the bag to administer the proper amount
Turn off the valve and remove the needle May need to hold pressure on the site for a few
seconds as the fluid may seep back out.
Fluid bag with measurements
Drip Chamber
Fluid Valve
Needle
Valves
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Administering Sub Q Injections
Video 2
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The Nail Anatomy
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The Correct Tools
Cut at a right angle to the nailYou will need scissor type cutters for long nails
that curve
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Trimming Nails & Nail Safety
Light colored nails are easier to trim as you can see the nail quick
Cut the nail to within 2 mm of the quick
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Nail Trimming – Dark Nails
Cut dark colored nails a little amount at a time. You cannot see the quick – TAKE CARE
As you cut off small pieces of the nail, look at the cut edge of the nail. The light tissue (1) is the curved bottom part of the nail. The mottled light and dark tissue (2) is the top part of the nail.
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Nail Trimming – Dark Nails
As you cut the nail deeper, you will see a homogeneous gray to pink oval (3) starting to appear at the top of the cut surface of the nail. Stop cutting the nail at this point as additional cutting will cut into the quick
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Nail Trimming – Long Nails
Trim a little bit at a timeOn the first cut you cannot cut
too short as the quick is longAs you trim nails, over a period
of time the quick recedesThis allows you each time to
cut the nails a little bit shorterYou will need to communicate
this to clients who’s dogs have very long nails as they may expect a shorter result when finished
Metric Abbreviations
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Conversion chart
1 cup= 8 fl. ounces= 237ml1 tablespoon= 15ml= 3 teaspoons1 teaspoon= 5ml1 ounce= 30mlNote: 1cc is the same as 1ml
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DogNostics Career College
Experts in Providing Education for Pet Industry Professionals
Affordable, Effective, Professional & Fun Education
Achieving pet industry professional certificates and diplomas inform your clients and the professional community that you have enrolled in and passed a formal educational program. Pet industry credentials are the sign of a serious professional. Ongoing learning and teaching are integral to the growth and development of our industry.
DogNostics Career College ensures our students receive leading-edge academic and technical training as well as skill-building programs and practical experiences
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