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ANTHROPOLOGICAL |
EXAMINING IDEOLOGICAL
BASES OF CULTURE
AND SOCIETY
VIEWS OF JAPAN |
OCTOBER 2014 – MAX DARLINGTON
PRECAUTIONS
• Attitude makes the difference
• Always Be Critical
• Maintain perspective
ANTHROPOLOGY• “The study of human races, origins, societies, and cultures”
• “A central concern…[of anthropology] is the application of knowledge to the solution of human problems”
–Merriam-Webster online
–American Anthropological Assoc.
SUBDIVISIONS• Cultural
• Comparative study of the manifold ways people understand their world
• Lived Ethnography
• Physical
• Study non-cultural aspects of humans
• Archaeology
• Recovering pre-history of societies
• Linguistic
• Comparative study of ways
language influences social life
SOCIOCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
• Social Aspect
• “Attempt to isolate a particular system of social relations”
• Cultural Aspect
• “Aim to provide a rounded view of the knowledge, customs, and institutions of a people”
CULTURE
CULTURAL CYCLE
• Individuals
• Interactions
• Institutions
• Ideas• Individuals are actors of
cultural ideas, but can only affect them through institutions
BENNETT SCALE
MINIMIZATION
• Essentialism
• Reducing a foreign culture to symbolsto fulfill an image or agenda
• “Paris Syndrome”
CULTURE SHOCK• Coincides with the ‘Acceptance’ stage
• Adaptation expressed as rejection, assimilation, or cosmopolitanism
MIDDLE OF THE PRESENTATION
CONTEXT
• Low-context cultures
• Linear, individualistic, logical
• Over-familiar, impudent
• High-context cultures
• Relational, collectivist, intuitive
• Reserved, roundabout
• Cues
• The “hidden cultural grammar” or “code” that cultural members rely on
SOCIETAL STRUCTURE
• Collectivist
• Emphasizes cooperation and context
• Ontological security dependent upon group identity
• Individualist
• Emphasizes independence and clarity
• Inclined towards personal, narrow interpretations
SOCIETY
SHAME & GUILT
NIHONJINRON {日本人論}
• Theories on Japanese identity
• Race, Geography, Language, Psychology, and Society
• National identity construction (often in contrast to external identities)
• Intellectual Hegemony
• Concept of hierarchy underlying cultural practices
AMAE {甘え}• Interdependent indulgence system
• Intimate social relations function as amaekasu
• Provide outlet for stress from ganbaru {頑張る}
PUBLIC & PRIVATE SELF
• Public
• Identity which can be comfortably displayed for public interpretation
• Private
• Identity which can not be shared with unfamiliar people
SOCIAL SPACE
• Uchi {内} – ‘in-group’
• Most intimate group of relationships
• Safe space for private self
• Soto {外} / Seken {世間}
• Acquaintances most sensitive to public appearances and behavior
• Origin of shame from society
• Yoso {ヨソ} – ‘out-group’
• Strangers with no prior connection
GAIJIN COMPLEX• Anxiety from encountering someone both unaware of the
sociocultural system and seen as beyond the out-group
KEJIME {けじめ}
• Index
• Behavioral Relativism –Delineates how much amae, as opposed to what specific behavior, is appropriate
• Situationalism
• Meta-knowledge of the shifting nature of in-group and out-group distinctions within interactions
FORM & CONTENT• Omote {表}
• Public appearance that is presented
• Ura {裏}
• Private content that underlies the situation
• Inversely related
PUBLIC BEHAVIOR• Honne {本音}
• Sincere, private feelings present in uraand only expressed to in-groups
• Tatemae {建前}
• Politeness which is maintained as public, omote behavior
CIVIL ACTIONS• Giri {義理}
• Public actions for both in-group or out-group benefit originating from amaekasu and tatemae
• Ninjo {人情}
• Private interests similar to honne expressible to in-group
IN CONCLUSION• “[Humans] really are amazing creatures.
You can learn all there is to know about their ways in a month and yet,
after a hundred years, they can still surprise you.”
Dr. Gandalf the Grey
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• Unknown. “Amae.” Image. Web. Tofugu.
• Yoko. “率直に言うと.” Image. Web. Ilbono.com. 東京外国語大学校.
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