Who is a leader

All Rights Reserved to Kardan University 2014Kardan.edu.af

Kardan University

Kardan.edu.af

All Rights Reserved to Kardan University 2014Kardan.edu.afKardan.edu.af

Course TitleCourse Title

Advanced Management & LeadershipAdvanced Management & Leadership

Teacher: Inamullah2

Recommended Book

LEADERSHIP:LEADERSHIP:Theory, Application, Skill DevelopmentTheory, Application, Skill Development

4th EditionBy

Robert N. Lussier and Christopher F. Achua

Kardan University


Who is a Leader?

Lecture 02

Kardan University


• For individual career success and organizational performance: the success of individual careers and the fate of organizations are determined by the effectiveness of leaders’ behavior.

• For employee recruitment and retention: the organization’s leaders must foster a leadership mentality throughout the organization.

• The past few years well-publicized corporate failures have pointed to the critical role that leadership plays in the success or failure of organizations.

Why Leadership is Important


Defining Leadership

• No universal definition• Leadership is complex and thus hard to

define• Many different definitions

Leadership is the influencing process of leaders and followers Leadership is the influencing process of leaders and followers to achieve organizational objectives through changeto achieve organizational objectives through change


Key Elements of Leadership

LeadershipLeadership

InfluenceInfluence

OrganizationalOrganizationalObjectivesObjectives

PeoplePeopleChangeChange

Leaders-Leaders-FollowersFollowers


• Is the process of a leader communicating ideas, gaining acceptance of them, and motivating followers to support and implement the ideas through change

• It is the essence of leadership• Managers may influence through coercion• Leaders influence by gaining followers’

commitment and enthusiasm

Influence


• Know when to lead and when to follow• Influence followers to support organizational

interests• Provide direction• Set challenging objectives and lead the

charge to achieve them• Influence change for continual improvement• Enjoy working with people

Effective Leaders


Functions Performed by Managers

All managers perform four major All managers perform four major functions:functions:

• Planning• Organizing• Leading

– Thus, leadership is a part of every manager’s job

• Controlling


Are All Leaders Managers?

• Manager = formal title and authority • Leader = person (manager or non-manager)

with influence• Follower = person influenced by a leader


Are Leaders Born or Made?


• Most researchers say the answer is both.• Some are born with natural ability and

develop it.• Some are developed through effort and

hard work.• All people have potential leadership skills.• Organizations spend millions of dollars

every year to develop leadership skills of their employees.

Are Leaders Born or Made?


Leadership Managerial Roles

• Henry Mintzberg identified ten managerial roles that leaders perform to accomplish organizational objectives.

• The managerial role categories are interpersonal, informational, and decisional.– The interpersonal leadership roles include figurehead,

leader, and liaison.– The informational leadership roles include monitor,

disseminator, and spokesperson.– The decisional leadership roles include entrepreneur,

disturbance-handler, resource- allocator, and negotiator.13


Assignment 01

• Assignment 01 HENRI MINTZBERG'S MANAGERIAL ROLES-Format and Instructions.doc

Class Activity

14


IndividualIndividual

Organizational

Organizational

GroupGroup

Three Levels of Leadership Analysis


Individual Level• This level focuses on the individual leader and

the relationship with individual followers• This can also be called the “dyadic process”• There is Reciprocal Influence at this level



Group Level• This level focuses on the individual leader and

the collective group of followers• This can also be called the “group process”• This level determines how leader contributes

to group effectiveness



Organizational Level• This level focuses on how the top

management influences organizational performance

• Individuals and teams together contribute to this level.

• This can also be called the “organizational process”



Interrelationships among the Levels of Analysis

• Group and organizational performance are based on individual performance

• Organizational performance is also based on group performance

• Both group and organizational performance also affect the performance of the individual


BehavioralBehavioral IntegrativeIntegrative

TraitTrait ContingencyContingency

The 4 Leadership Theory The 4 Leadership Theory Paradigms Include:Paradigms Include:

The 4 Leadership Theory The 4 Leadership Theory Paradigms Include:Paradigms Include:

Leadership Theory Paradigms


Leadership Theory

• A leadership theory is an explanation of some aspect of leadership;

• Theories have practical value because they are used to better understand, predict, and control successful leadership.

• There are four major classifications of leadership theory, also called research approaches, used to explain leadership.


Leadership Paradigm

• A leadership paradigm is a shared mindset that represents a fundamental way of thinking about, perceiving, studying, researching, and understanding leadership.

• The leadership paradigm has changed in the 60 years during which it has been studied.

• The four major classifications of leadership theory all represent a change in leadership paradigm.


Leadership Traits Theories

• Leadership trait theories attempt to explain distinctive characteristics accounting for leadership effectiveness.

• Researchers analyzed physical and psychological traits, or qualities, such as high energy level, appearance, aggressiveness, self-reliance, persuasiveness, and dominance etc.


Behavioral Leadership Theories

• Behavioral leadership theories attempt to explain distinctive styles used by effective leaders, or to define the nature of their work.

• Mintzberg’s ten managerial roles are an example of behavioral leadership theory.

• Behavioral research focuses on finding ways to classify behavior that will facilitate our understanding of leadership


Both the trait and behavioral leadership theories were attempts to find the one best leadership style in all situations;

thus they are called universal theories.


Contingency Leadership Theories

• Contingency leadership theories attempt to explain the appropriate leadership style based on the leader, followers, and situation.

• The contingency theory paradigm emphasizes the importance of situational factors, including the nature of the work performed, the external environment, and the characteristics of followers.


Integrative Leadership Theories

• Integrative leadership theories attempt to combine the trait, behavioral, and contingency theories to explain successful, influencing leader–follower relationships.

Leadership & Management

Who is a leader