Personality

What is Personality?

• Latin word ‘Persona’ or ‘Personnaire’

Meaning – Mask

• Personality is a persons charm, a positive attitude towards life, a smiling face, stylish or a happiest and friendliest behaviour.

• an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

• Personal characteristics that lead to consistent patterns of behavior.

• A collection of emotional, thought and behavioral patterns unique to a person that is consistent over time.

What is Personality?

Determinants of Personality

Determinants of personality

Biological factorsFamily &

Social factorsCultural factors Situational factors

1. Heredity

2. Brain

3. Physical features

1.Socialisation process(Behaviour from family & social group)

2. Identification process ( Selecting ideal person)

3. Home environment(Brought up)

4.Social Group.

1. Independence- Australia

2. Aggression- North Korea

3. Competition- India

4. Co-operation- Japan

1.Positive behaviour

2.Negative behaviour

Personality Attributes/Traits/Characteristics

Basic tendencies

Genetics

Physical characteristics

Cognitive capacities

Physiological drives

Focal vulnerabilities

Personality traits (5 factors)

Characteristic adaptations

Acquired competencies

Attitudes, beliefs, and goals

Learned behaviors

Interpersonal adaptations

A trait is a temporally stable, cross-situationalindividual difference.

Personality Attributes/Traits/Characteristics

Self-conceptImplicit & explicit views of selfSelf-esteemIdentityLife story, personal myth

Objective biographyOvert behaviorStream of of consciousnessLife course

External influencesDevelopmental influencesMacro environmentMicro environment

Personality Traits

UNSTABLE

STABLE

cholericmelancholic

phlegmatic sanguineINTROVERTED EXTRAVERTED

MoodyAnxious

RigidSober

PessimisticReserved

Unsociable

Quiet

SociableOutgoing

TalkativeResponsive

EasygoingLively

CarefreeLeadership

PassiveCareful

Thoughtful

Peaceful

ControlledReliable

Even-temperedCalm

TouchyRestless

AggressiveExcitableChangeable

ImpulsiveOptimistic

Active

Personality Traits Relevant to Organizations

Assess your personality…with the major personality attributes influencing OB

• Locus of control: internal…………………………….external

• Machiavellianism low……………………………………high

• Self-Esteem: low…………………………………….high

• Self-Monitoring low…………………………………….high

• Risk Taking low……………………………………..high

• Type A Personality “B”………………………………………”A”

Locus of Control

Externals – who believe that their lives is due to luck, chance or fate.

Internals – who believe that they are masters of their own fate.

Machiavellianism

• They are the people who are comfortable with getting more than they deserve and they believe that deceit is a natural way to achieve this goal.

Self-esteem: People differ in the degree to which they like or dislike themselves is called self-esteem.

High self-esteem Low self-esteem

a. Believe their ability to succeed and would take more risky jobs.

b. They take unpopular decisions.

a. They are susceptible to external influence.

b. They seek approval from others whom they respect and take decisions to please them.

Self-Monitoring: It refers to an individual’s level of sensitivity to the expressive behaviour of others.

Note: High self-monitors is capable of putting on different “FACES” for different audiences.

High self-monitors Low self-monitors

a. Can adjust their behavior quite easily to the situation.

b. They are good at social networking, interpersonal conversations and leading people.

a. Reveal more of their moods and personality characters. It is easy to predict their behaviour.

b. They are no good in these aspects.

Risk taking

High risk takers would take decisions on less/ lack of information whereas low risk takers seek complete information both quantitative and qualitative.

Type A and B

Type A Personality

•Always moving, walking, and eating rapidly.

•Feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place.

•Strive to think or do two or more things at once.•Cannot cope with leisure time.

•Are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire.

Type B Personality

•Never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience.

•Feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or accomplishments unless such exposure is demanded by the situation.

•Play for fun & relaxation, instead of exhibit their superiority at any cost.

Can relax without guilt.

Assessing Personality

Personality Perspectives

Four major perspectives on Personality

Psychoanalytic - unconscious

motivations

Trait - specific dimensions of personality

Humanistic - inner capacity for growth

Social-Cognitive - influence of

environment

Freud’s theory proposes that unconscious motivations influence personality

Freud’s theory - The Psychoanalytic Perspective psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the

unconscious Unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories.

person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Freud’s idea of the mind’s structure

Id

Superego

Ego Conscious mind

Unconscious mind

Id

Latin for “I am” contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic

energy strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive

drives operates on the pleasure principle, demanding

immediate gratification

Superego

the part of personality that presents internalized ideals

provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations

Ego

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality

mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality

operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

Holland’s Personality Type

• Six personality types (RIASEC)– Realistic– Investigative– Artistic– Social– Enterprising– Conventional

• Related to career interests and vocational choices• Can match people and jobs on these types

Investigative

A

I

S

C

E

RRealis

tic

Artistic

Soci

al

Enterprising

Co

nve

nti

on

al

Occupational Personality TypesOccupational Personality Types

Holland’s Personality Type 1. Realistic – (Practical, Shy, Materialistic, Stable) Does what they thinks is right without affecting others.

2. Investigative – (Analytic, introverted, Curious, Precise, Independent) Always thinks and takes decision.

3. Social – (Sociable, Outgoing, Conscientious, Need for affiliation) Very friendly and accepts others decisions.

4. Conventional – (Dependable, Disciplined, Orderly, Efficient) Does what rules says [Doesn’t relaxes the rules for any purpose].

5. Enterprising – (Confident, Assertive, Energetic, Need for power) People having need for power and who can entertain others.

6. Artistic – (Creative, Impulsive, idealistic, Intuitive, Emotional) Creative always does some thing different.

Holland’s Personality-Job Fit Theory Type Personality Occupations

Realistic

Investigative

Social

Conventional

Enterprising

Artistic

Shy, Stable, Practical

Analytical, Independent

Sociable, Cooperative

Practical, Efficient

Ambitious, Energetic

Imaginative, Idealistic

Mechanic, Farmer,Assembly-Line Worker

Biologist, Economist,Mathematician

Social Worker,Teacher, Counselor

Accountant, ManagerBank Teller

Lawyer, Salesperson

Painter, Writer,Musician

Big 5 Personality Traits

- Goldberg, John and Wiggins)

Extraversion (Positive Affectivity)

• Personality trait that predisposes individuals to experience positive emotional states and feel good about themselves and the world around them

• Sociable or retiring? Fun loving or sober? Affectionate or reserved?

Extraverts Introverts

Neuroticism (Negative Affectivity)

• Personality trait that reflects people’s tendency to experience negative emotional states, feel distressed, and generally view themselves and the world around them negatively

• calm or anxious? Secure or insecure? Self-satisfied or self-pitying?

High LowEmotional stability

Agreeableness

• Personality trait that captures the distinction between individuals who get along well with other people and those who do not

• Soft hearted or ruthless? Trusting or suspicious? Helpful or uncooperative?

High Low

Conscientiousness

• Personality trait that describes the extent to which an individual is careful, scrupulous, and persevering

• Organized or disorganized? Careful or careless Disciplined or impulsive?

High Low

Openness to Experience• Personality trait that captures the extent to

which an individual is – original, – open to a wide variety of stimuli, – has broad interests, and is – willing to take risks as opposed to being

narrow-minded and cautious

• Imaginative or practical? Prefer variety or routine? Independent or conforming?

Big 5 in Short…

Personality Factors Characters

1. Conscientiousness

2. Agreeableness

3. Neuroticism

4. Openness

5. Extroversion

Careful, dependable and

self disciplined

Courteous, good natured, empathic and caring.

Poised, secure and calm.

Sensitive, flexible, creative and curious.

Outgoing and cautious.

MBTI

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung developed a theory early in the 20th century to describe basic individual preferences and explain similarities and differences between people

Main postulate of the theory: ‘People have inborn behavioral tendencies and preferences’

Isabel Myers and Katherine Briggs (mother-daughter team) expanded on Jung’s work

an indicator of personality type (i.e. innate preferences)

Innate Preferences

• Exercise:– Write your name

Overview

1. Self-Report Instrument

2. Nonjudgmental Instrument

3. Preference Indicator

4. Well Researched Instrument

5. Based on Jung’s Theory

6. Built for the “normal” population

MBTI

MBTI

Four Dimensions of Personality Type

• How we interact with the world and where we direct our energy

• The kind of information we naturally notice• How we make decisions• Whether we prefer to live in a more structured way or

a more spontaneous way

- Self Assessment Instrument

Extraversion IntroversionInterest Orientation

E IOuter world of

actions, objects, and people

Inner world of

ideas and concepts

E – I Dichotomy: Source of Energy• Most people who prefer

Extraversion– Prefer action over reflection

• May act quickly w/out thinking

– Are attuned to external environments

– Prefer to communicate by talking

– Learn best through doing or discussing

– Are sociable and expressive– Enjoy working in groups

• Most people who prefer Introversion

– Prefer reflection over action• May not take action at all

– Are attuned to inner world– Prefer to communicate in

writing– Learn best through thorough

mental practice and reflection

– Are private and contained– Enjoy working alone or in

pairs

Sensing iNtuitionPerception

S NImmediate reality and

direct experience

Inferred meanings

and relationships

S – N Dichotomy: Take in Information

• Most people who prefer Sensing

– Emphasize the pragmatic– Prefer facts & details/

specific information– Are oriented to present

realities– Value realism– Observe and remember

specifics through 5 senses– Build carefully and

thoroughly to conclusions– Trust experience

• Most people who prefer Intuition

– Emphasize the theoretical– Prefer general concepts/

high-level plans– Are oriented to future

possibilities– Value imagination– See trends and patterns in

specific data– Use a “sixth” sense– Move quickly to conclusions,

follow hunches– Trust inspiration

Thinking FeelingJudgment

T FReliability of logical order – cause and

effect

Priorities based on personal

importance and values

T – F Dichotomy: Decision Making• Most people who prefer

Thinking– Are analytical– Use cause-and-effect

reasoning – Solve problems with logic– Strive for objective standard

of truth– Described as reasonable– Search for flaws in an

argument– Fair – want everyone treated

equally

• Most people who prefer Feeling

– Empathetic– Guided by personal values– Assess impact of decisions

on people– Strive for harmony and

positive interactions– Described as compassionate– Search for point of

agreement in an argument– Fair – want everyone treated

as an individual

Judgment PerceptionEnvironment Orientation

J PJudging attitude – Control of

events and systematic planning

Spontaneity – Curious, awaiting

events and adapting to

them

J – P Dichotomy: Lifestyle• Most people who prefer

Judging– Are scheduled/organized– Strive to finish one

project before starting another

– Like to have things decided

• May decide things too quickly

– Try to avoid last-minute stresses; finish tasks well before deadline

– Try to limit surprises– See routines as effective

• Most people who prefer Perceiving– Are spontaneous/flexible– Start many projects but

may have trouble finishing them

– Like things loose and open to change

• May decide things too slowly

– Feel energized by last-minute pressures; finish tasks at the deadline

– Enjoy surprises– See routines as limiting

What’s your Type ???

Popular Myers-Briggs Type Indicator-16 types

ESTJ ISFJ ESFJ ISTP

ESTP ESFP ISFP ENTJ

INTJ ENTP INTP ENFJ

INFJ ENFP INFP ISTJ

Occupational Trends by Type

 

ISTJManagement

AdministrationLaw enforcement

Accounting

 

ISFJEducation

Health careReligious settings

 

INFJReligion

CounselingTeaching

Arts

INTJScientific or technical

fieldsComputers

Law

 

ISTPSkilled trades

Technical fieldsAgriculture

Law EnforcementMilitary

ISFPHealth care

BusinessLaw enforcement

 

INFPCounseling

WritingArts

 

INTPScientific or technical

fields

ESTPMarketing

Skilled tradesBusiness

Law enforcementApplied technology

 

ESFPHealth care

TeachingCoaching

Childcare workerSkilled trades

ENFPCounselingTeachingReligion

Arts

 

ENTPScience

ManagementTechnology

Arts

 

ESTJManagement

AdministrationLaw enforcement

 

ESFJEducation

Health careReligion

ENFJReligion

ArtsTeaching

 

ENTJManagementLeadership

The Humanistic Perspective

- - Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Maslow’s Self-Actualizing PersonPerson

Social-Cognitive Perspective

Behavior learned throughconditioning & observation

What we think about our situationaffects our behavior

Interaction ofEnvironment & Intellect

Ifthikar

• The maestro who created this

presentation on Personality