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Drug PolicyAdvocacy Group
Myanmar
Addressing drug problems in Myanmar: 5 key interventions that can make a difference
February 2017
Acknowledgements
This publication is the result of a collaborative effort by all member organisations of Drug Policy Advocacy Group - Myanmar: HIV/AIDS Alliance, Myanmar Anti-Narcotics Association (MANA), Transnational Institute (TNI), MΓ©decins du Monde (MdM), Myanmar Opium Farmers Forum (MOFF), Save the Children, Population Services International (PSI) and National Drug Users Network Myanmar (NDNM).
It was compiled by Renaud Cachia (TNI).
Special thanks to the following individuals for providing inputs and guidance and for reviewing the briefing: Nang Pann Ei Kham (DPAG), Dr. Mi Mi Khine Zin (MANA), Kyaw Thu (NDNM), Phone Kyaw (NDNM), Kiira Gustafson (PSI), Ernestien Jensema (TNI), Tom Kramer (TNI), Dr. Hla Htay (Burnet Institute), Matt Grace.
Cover Photo
Sterile syringe for injection and aluminium capsule containing heroin. Credit: Transnational Institute (TNI)
Layout Design
Shadan Seng Raw
Printing
Thiri Khaing Printing Media
About this paper
This policy briefing was drafted by a group of local and international organisations1 with in-depth knowledge and extensive experience of drug-related issues in Myanmar. It is structured around a set of five strategic interventions, each of which comes with concrete recommenda-tions that are adapted to the Myanmar context. It contains reliable, up-to-date information and examples of evidence-based practices from Myanmar and around the world.
Contact
DPAG Coordinator: Nang Pann Ei KhamPh: +95 (0) 9 799 852 080Email: [email protected] Drug Policy Advocacy Group-Myanmar
Contents
Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 2
Key strategic interventions .......................................................................................................... 3
1. Increase access to health, harm reduction and .............................................................................. 3
voluntary drug treatment for people using drugs
2. End the criminalisation of drug users and small-scale farmers .............................................. 6
3. Refocus law enforcement efforts on violent organised crime ................................................. 9
and large-scale drug production and trafficking
4. Promote development projects in opium growing areas ........................................................... 11
5. Include civil society and affected communities in policy reform ........................................... 14
Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 14
Endnotes .............................................................................................................................................. 15
βI believe that drugs have destroyed many lives, but wrong government policies have destroyed many more.β
Kofi Annan,
former Secretary General of the United Nations
Myanmarβs drug policies are out-dated and inadequate to respond to the great challenges posed by problematic drug use and production in the country. The 1993 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law has failed to eliminate - or even reduce - drug use, trafficking and production. Worse, the implementation of harsh policies and penalties has caused immense additional harm to Myanmar people and communities.
Thousands of people have been unnecessarily exposed to the risk of infectious diseases and premature death as a direct result of those policies. Myanmar prisons are filled with drug users serving long-term sentences for mostly non-violent small drug offenses, while major traffickers are left undisturbed. Entire villages of impoverished poppy farmers have been targeted by forced eradication campaigns and pushed further into poverty, without any viable livelihoods alternatives to survive and pay for healthcare and education of their children.
Fortunately, successful interventions have also been conducted in the country. HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs started to decline following the implementation of health and harm reduction services for drug users. The lives of thousands of drug users and their families have hugely improved, thanks to the benefits of methadone programmes initiated by Myanmar Ministry of Health and Sports. Several isolated communities from Eastern Shan State that were included in alternative development
programmes voluntarily abandoned opium cultivation and successfully transitioned towards licit livelihoods strategies.
These domestic experiences add up to a growing body of evidence from all around the world, which indicate that policies grounded in public health, human rights and development, can yield an impressively wide range of benefits. Indeed, such policies not only improve peopleβs health and support livelihoods, they also lower levels of drug related crime and corruption, reduce violence, conflict, and pressure on the criminal justice system, and ultimately result in greater social cohesion.
Existing good practices are no doubt positive steps but are yet to be implemented at scale. Overall, the lack of adequate response by previous Governments has led to great frustration among affected communities and the Myanmar population at large, as drug related problems have continued to mount and have become a key national concern.
Time has come to learn from such failures, embrace a different approach and adopt policies that are based on public health, community safety, human rights and development. Only such policies will deliver on the promise to improve peopleβs lives; only such policies will truly allow Myanmar to reduce the harm caused by problematic drug use, trafficking and production.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
βThe war on drugs has been an utter failure.βBarack Obama
1
Situated within the βGolden Triangleβ,2 Myanmar is the worldβs second largest producer of illicit opium after Afghanistan.3 Poppy cultivation is primarily concentrated in the mountainous areas of Shan and Kachin States, where an estimated 300,000 households are growing opium,4 mostly as a result of poverty.5 Part of the opium produced is consumed locally for traditional and medicinal purposes;6 however, a large share of the production is refined into heroin for the domestic and international markets.7 Myanmar has also become a major producer of amphetamine-type stimulants, more commonly known as βYabaβ or βYamaβ.8
INTRODUCTION
Blooming opium poppies in Shan State
Photo credit: Transnational Institute (TNI)
Although there is no reliable data on the overall number of drug users in the country, the prevalence of problematic drug use is thought
to be high, in particular in Kachin and Northern Shan States.9 The main health consequences of problematic drug use include high rates of HIV and Hepatitis B and C transmission, as well as lethal overdoses, due to unsafe injection practices.10
Beyond the questions of production and use, drug-related problems in Myanmar appear to be complex and deeply interconnected with numerous other issues such as conflict, poverty, food insecurity, lack of development, limited access to land and weak governance or rule of law. Overly simplistic solutions are regularly proposed, the most common of all being to wage another βwar on drugsβ. However, evidence shows that such strategies have failed and have actually caused problems much greater than those they intended to address.11
2
The suffering of individuals and families affected by drug-related problems are real, and as a result deserve drug policies that are pragmatic, effective and grounded in evidence. Myanmarβs drug policies must be based on available scientific and empirical evidence and no longer under the influence of emotions and ideology. Addressing problems linked to drug use, trafficking and production will require long-term, multidimensional approaches that focus on public health, community safety, human rights and development.
βWe must recognise the global drug problem as a set of interlinked health and social challenges to be managed, rather than a war to be won.βThe Global Commission on Drug Policy12
KEY STRATEGIC INTERVENTIONS
1. Increase access to health, harm reduction and voluntary drug treatment for people using drugs
Protecting peopleβs health is the main aim of the international drug control system: it is precisely because of the health problems potentially caused by drug use that Member States have attempted to reduce drugs availability and consumption. The 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs states that its ultimate objective is βto improve the health and welfare of mankind.β But despite the imperative to
protect health, Myanmar has prioritised drug demand and supply reduction strategies based on repression for decades, while little effort has been made, and even fewer domestic resources allocated, to establish evidence-based health and social interventions.13
Devastating HIV and Hepatitis C epidemics continue to rage among drug users.14 The Myanmar Ministry of Health and Sports has long acknowledged that this situation represents the biggest challenge the country is facing to reduce and prevent a further spread of HIV, and has again included harm reduction services for people who inject drugs as a key priority of its new national strategic plan for HIV / AIDS (2016 β 2020).
To respond to this major public health crisis, the Myanmar Ministry of Health and Sports has supported the provision of specific health services for drug users in regions most affected by injecting drug use β Kachin and Shan States, and Mandalay, Sagaing and Yangon divisions. Known as harm reduction, these programmes aim at reducing the harms associated with drug use. Services include needle and syringe exchange programmes, opioid substitution therapy (methadone maintenance therapy in
Did you know?
Nearly 1 in every 3 injecting drug users in Myanmar is living with HIV. This is 48 times higher than the prevalence in the general population.15
In some parts of Kachin State, nearly 1 in every 2 injecting drug users is living with HIV.16
For every 10 new HIV infections in the country, nearly 3 occur among people who inject drugs. The highest number of new HIV infections for the period 2015-2020 is projected to be among people who inject drugs.17
Only 1 in every 7 people who inject drugs currently has access to methadone maintenance therapy.18
Sources: Integrated biological and behavioural survey among people who inject drugs, Myanmar, 2014. HIV Estimates and Projections. Asian Epidemic Model, AEM (2015) Myanmar. National Drug Abuse Control Programme, Ministry of Health, 2015.
3
Health education session at a health centre offering harm reduction services to drug users, Kachin State
Photo credit: MΓ©decins du Monde (MdM)
Myanmarβs context), HIV testing and treatment and overdose prevention and management.
The results are encouraging, as HIV prevalence among young injecting drug users (under 24 of age) fell from 66% in 2000 to 17% in 2014;19 however, coverage is still insufficient. It is therefore urgently required to scale up those services to better protect Myanmar peopleβs health and ensure safer communities.
Needle and syringe distribution and HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs (2003 - 2014)
Source: Global AIDS Response progress report (2015), Myanmar, National AIDS Programme
Harm reduction services have an impressive record of effectiveness, supported by extensive scientific evidence from around the world. In fact, harm reduction services have been proven to:Significantly reduce the transmission of
blood-borne diseases such as HIV and Hepatitis C;20
Improve the uptake of medical, legal and social services and medical treatment for drug dependence;21
Result in reduced criminality.22
In addition, a large body of evidence also shows that harm reduction services:Do not increase drug use;23 Are highly cost-effective. For example,
a study conducted in Australia recently documented how the Australian Government saved as much as 4 USD for every 1 USD invested in harm reduction services.24
Figure 1: The provision of sterile needles and syringes has increased rapidly following the start of harm reduction services. Meanwhile, HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs has started to decrease.
4
βEven if some may disapprove drug use, letβs not forget that drug users are also members of our communities. They are sons and daughters, husbands and wives, fathers and mothersβ¦ Public health is everyoneβs concern. A community that is free from HIV and other blood borne disease is fundamentally a safer communityβ.
Eamonn Murphy, UNAIDS Country Director in Myanmar25
The need for voluntary and evidence-based dug treatment
The United Nations has called on all States to close compulsory drug detention and rehabilitation centres and implement voluntary, evidence-informed and rights-based health and social services in communities.26
5
Methadone dispensing at a Government-run hospital in Kachin State. Access to methadone, a highly effective
treatment for opiates dependent users, is still insufficient and should be further scaled-up.
Photo credit: MΓ©decins du Monde (MdM)
Intervention 1 - Key recommendations
Explicitly recognise the protection of public health and community safety as a central objective of drug policies.
Provide a legal basis, through specific provisions in the Law, for evidence-based prevention, voluntary treatment and harm reduction interventions.
Increase public expenditure for the provision of essential health services, including harm reduction, for drug users. Pro-actively support and facilitate the implementation of health services for drug users by non-state actors (NGOβs, CSOβs etc.) in all affected areas.
Scale up voluntary and evidence-based drug treatment, including methadone programmes, and rehabilitation for drug users. Explicitly ban the use of forced or compulsory treatment as a systematic alternative to incarceration for drug use.
The number of hospitals and specialised facilities currently offering evidence-based drug dependence treatment services in Myanmar is disproportionally low, especially in regions that are severely affected by injecting drug use. In addition, compulsory treatment is still being extensively used despite there being no evidence that it is effective in treating people with drug addiction problems.
Depriving people of their liberty, or forcing them to undertake treatment without their consent, does not create an environment that is conducive to long term recovery, and relapse rates as high as 90% have been reported following release from those centres in China and Cambodia.27 Moreover, compulsory drug treatment necessarily takes place in closed settings, where both human rights and health-related concerns, such as increased vulnerability to HIV and TB infection, often arise.
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2. End the criminalisation of drug users and small-scale farmers
The criminalisation of drug use and poppy cultivation largely relies on the assumption that fear of being arrested and punished will deter people from using drugs and growing illicit crops. Myanmar policies are still based on this principle, and severe punishment for drug-related offences were introduced as early as 1974.28 Sanctions were greatly reinforced in 1983,29 and the current 1993 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law remains one of the harshest drug policies in the world.30
The UN Conventions and the criminalisation of drug use
Prison penalties for drug use are falsely believed to derive from the obligations contracted by Myanmar under the UN Drug Control Conventions. In fact, the UN Conventions do not require Member States to criminalise drug use itself or its possession for personal use.31
Today, evidence clearly indicates that this theory β that harsher punishments will result in lower drug use and availability β is incorrect. Drugs are widely available in Myanmar and high rates of problematic drug use continue to prevail in many regions,32 despite thousands of arrests33 and a significant intensification of poppy eradication campaigns in the past few years.34 This phenomenon is not specific to Myanmar and has also been documented internationally. Several studies conducted around the world show that there is no correlation between the severity - or the intensity - of law enforcement and the prevalence of drug use in a given country.35
Estimated number of drug users in the world (Millions)
Source: World Drug Report 2015, UNODCFigure 2: the overall number of drug users in the world continues to increase despite the intensification of global efforts to reduce drug supply and demand.
Estimated number of People Who Inject Drugs in Myanmar
Source: Myanmar Ministry of HealthFigure 3: there are no estimates for the overall number of drug users in Myanmar. However, estimates for the number of injecting drug users suggest the population is increasing.
In addition to its ineffectiveness to curb drug use and availability, considering drug use as a crime and subsequently punishing drug users has highly negative consequences for public health and community safety: Evidence collected in Myanmar shows that the fear of arrest and detention pushes drug users underground and drives them away from harm reduction and other essential health services.36
7
Punishment hinders access to sterile injection equipment, fuels riskier injecting practices β such as sharing injecting equipment β and subsequently leads to higher transmission of HIV and Hepatitis C.37 Moreover, the regular harassment of drug users for the possession of needles and syringes pushes them to discard used needles in the open,38 thus increasing the risks of needle prick injuries for children or other members of the community.
βCriminalisation is the opposite of a pragmatic, health-centred, harm reduction approach β it is, in effect, a policy of harm maximization.β
The Global Commission on Drug Policy
In contrast, countries that have abolished prison penalties for minor drug offences - such as drug use or possession for personal use β have achieved impressive health and social outcomes, especially when they have simultaneously invested in health and social interventions. 39 The key benefits include:A decrease of blood-borne virus
transmission and lethal overdoses;An increased uptake of drug dependence
treatment;Reduced costs to the criminal justice
system.40
The example of Portugal
Portugal experienced a severe epidemic of heroin use during the 1980s and 1990s. In 2001, the Government decided to experiment a different approach to drug control based on health, human rights and support rather than repression. The new law reclassified drug use and possession for personal use as an administrative offence, as opposed to a criminal offence. It also allocated significantly greater resources to health and social services for people using drugs.
While some groups warned the government that drug use may increase, none of those fears turned out to be justified. Instead, Portugalβs drug policy has been recognised as one of the most successful in the world due to its wide range of benefits: HIV infections dramatically decreased;41
Deaths by overdose plummeted;42
The number of people entering drug dependence treatment programmes increased dramatically;43
The number of drug users and problematic users, especially among adolescents, fell.44
Overcrowding in the criminal justice system reduced;45
Crimes related to drug consumption, especially petty thefts, declined.46
8
Similarly, criminalising small-scale poppy farmers has not led to a reduction in poppy cultivation.47 On the contrary, such policies have often resulted in fuelling corruption with law enforcement and Government officials extorting money from poppy farmers in return for not arresting them or refraining from eradication.48
βAlternative Development requires an appropriate policy-legal framework, one that allows illicit-crop growers to be treated first as candidates for development rather than as criminals.β
Evaluation of Commission on
Narcotic Drugs (CND), 2005
Abolish criminal penalties for minor, non-violent, drug offences β drug use and possession for personal use, and small-scale cultivation. If full decriminalisation is not deemed possible, reclassify low-level drug offences as administrative violations, for which no incarceration is foreseen.
Develop alternatives to prison sentencing for minor drug offences - drug use or possession for personal use - such as drugs confiscation, warnings, fines, referral to health and treatment services, or community service. Explicitly rule out the use of forced treatment as a systematic alternative to incarceration.
Provide a solid legal basis for the provision of harm reduction services, including specific references in the new law to needle and syringe exchange programmes, peer education, opioid substitution therapy and overdose prevention and management.
Abolish the death penalty for drug-related offences.
Intervention 2 - Key recommendations
9
3. Refocus law enforcement efforts on violent organised crime and large-scale drug production and trafficking
Myanmarβs current legal framework categorises all drug offences as criminal offenses that are subject to heavy prison penalties. Law enforcement agencies therefore primarily focus their efforts on low-level violations such as drug use, drug possession for personal use or small-scale poppy cultivation. In fact, drug users, petty dealers or small-scale poppy farmers are simply easier targets than major traffickers, who may benefit from high-level relationships and can use their money and influence to obtain protection.49 In practice, the criminalisation of low-level drug offences today results in the monopolisation of the policeβs limited human and financial resources to deal with minor, mostly non-violent law violations, while only few efforts are being made to fight organised and violent crime and large-scale drug production and trafficking.
βLook at the arrests taking place [in Myanmar]. Itβs the truck drivers, the couriers, the relatively easy [targets]. Myanmar needs to concentrate on those running the businesses β¦ those making all the money.β
Jeremy Douglas, UNODC regional representative for Southeast Asia and the Pacific50
Another seriously negative consequence of Myanmarβs drug policy is the huge strain it puts on the criminal justice system. Thousands of arrests are conducted every year and a large proportion of Myanmarβs nearly 60,000 prisoners are people who were sentenced to long-term jail terms for mostly small drug-related offences.51
Myanmarβs prison population There were 5,740 drug-related arrests
in Myanmar in 2012 alone,52 and 6,414 drug cases brought against 9,188 suspects in 2015.53
In Myitkyina, more than two thirds of all prisoners are incarcerated for minor drug offences.54
Myanmar prisons are currently occupied at 150% of their maximum capacity.55
Drug user held in custody in Kachin State
Photo credit: Transnational Institute (TNI)
10
In contrast, the decriminalisation of low-level, non-violent drug offences β drug use, possession of small quantities for personal use or small-scale cultivation β would allow refocusing law enforcement efforts on more disruptive forms of criminality, such as violent and organised crime, large-scale trafficking, corruption, or money-laundering. This change of focus would greatly alleviate the burden of law enforcement agencies and reinforce their ability to effectively reduce more serious forms of crime. In addition, some of the resources that are currently used for punitive drug control activities - police, justice and prisons βcould be reallocated to far more cost-effective health and social interventions for drug users.
βSince big traffickers are difficult to catch, police officers working on the ground mostly arrest drug users and petty dealers to please their superiors with case numbers. Instead, law enforcement efforts should be focused on big time dealers and traffickers. Of course, this also means having access to more sophisticated intelligence gathering, better equipment and advanced trainings in collaboration with neighbouring countries.β
U Hkam Awng, Retired Police Colonel, former Joint Secretary and Head of Department, Office of CCDAC
The indicators that are used to measure the outcomes of current drug policies are traditionally based on the number of arrests conducted, the quantities of drugs seized, or
the level of crops eradicated. Those are merely quantitative outputs that fail to measure the outcomes or the impact of those policies.
New indicators are urgently needed to better assess the success of drug policies in terms of their harms and benefits for individuals and communities. These criteria could, for instance, include: the level of overdose deaths and the level of HIV or Hepatitis C infection among drug users; the level of corruption generated by drug markets; the level of petty crime committed by dependent users or levels of social and economic development in communities where drug production, selling or consumption are highly prevalent.
Intervention 3 - Key recommendations
Refocus law enforcement efforts and priorities toward the reduction of large-scale drug trafficking and organised and violent crime.
Define new criteria to measure the outcomes of drug policies in terms of harms and benefits for individuals and communities, rather than current quantitative-only outputs.
Reallocate part of the resources that are currently spent on policing efforts and criminal justice for low-level drug offences to health and social interventions.
Dedicate specific resources to fight against corruption, bribery and money laundering at various levels.
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4. Promote development projects in opium growing areas
Myanmarβs current drug policies attempt to reduce drug supply and demand primarily through a punitive approach, without addressing the driving factors of problematic drug use and illicit crops production. Opium poppy cultivation β and to a lesser extent problematic drug use β are, in fact, largely symptomatic of other underlying conditions. Those include,
for instance, poverty, food insecurity, armed conflict, lack of basic infrastructure and access to essential services, limited access to land, absence of viable employment opportunities, weak state institutions or lack of good governance. In Myanmar, the vast majority of people who grow opium are impoverished small-scale farmers from various ethnic minorities living in the remote mountains of Shan and Kachin States who grow opium as a way to survive.56
Villagers collecting poppy seeds in dry opium bulbs
Photo credit: Transnational Institute (TNI)
Cultivation and eradication of opium poppy from 2006 to 2015, Myanmar (Hectares)
Source: GOUM/CCDAC; UNODC (Southeast Asia Opium Survey 2015)
Figure 4: Poppy cultivation almost tripled between 2006 and 2013 despite higher levels of eradication.
Forced eradication in those regions, where most of the above-mentioned underlying conditions still prevail, is a futile effort. In fact, despite the intensification of eradication campaigns in the country in recent years, opium cultivation almost tripled between 2006 and 2013.57
12
Opium harvest in southern Shan State
Photo credit: Transnational Institute (TNI)
Numerous international organisations β Governments, UN Agencies, donors and financial institutions β have acknowledged the failure of forced eradication and recognised that the driving factors of illicit crops cultivation should be addressed in the first place. In November 2015, more than 250 participants from 40 countries, including Major General Aung Soe (Deputy Minister for Home Affairs), reaffirmed at the 2nd International Conference on Alternative Development (ICAD2) in Thailand, that alternative development should be one of the fundamental pillars of international drug control.
The case of Thailand
In 1969, Thailand started implementing a long-term cooperative approach to opium control that encouraged income generation alternatives to opium cultivation - rather than law enforcement. Authorities, under the leadership of the late King Bhumibol Adulyadej, invested substantially in development programmes in poppy growing areas to ensure that ethnic groups living in the north of the country had viable alternatives to opium. By 1985, opium cultivation in Thailand had declined by 78%, from 145 metric tons to 33 metric tons - without forced eradication. Production dropped by another 50% the following year despite the fact that eradication efforts were very limited in scope. As of today, Thailand opium production has reached negligible levels.59
In practice, forced eradication campaigns often target the most vulnerable communities, pushing them further into poverty. Paradoxically, eradication therefore acts as a powerful incentive for farmers to move into more remote areas and increase cultivation the following year in order to compensate for losses and repay debts.58
βThe most wasteful and ineffective programme that I have seen in 40 years.βRichard Holbrooke, former US special representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan, on US-supported poppy eradication in Afghanistan
13
Current support to alternative development projects in Myanmar is extremely limited, as only a few communities have received assistance. Several projects were implemented by UNODC in Southern Shan, and the Mae Fah Luang Foundation supported community-development programmes in Eastern Shan. However, some officials have showed a growing interest in expanding alternative development programmes and adopting a more development-oriented approach to illicit poppy cultivation.60
βThe government should not carry out any forced eradication of our opium fields unless and until they have provided access to sustainable crop substitution programmes and alternative livelihoods to our communities. [β¦] Instead of only eradicating our poppy fields, and demanding bribes and illegal taxation, government officials should provide basic services and long-term support to develop our communities. This should include food security, education and health services, electricity, infrastructure and communication.β
Myanmar Opium Farmers Forum, Loikaw, 9 May 2016
Intervention 4 - Key recommendations
Recognise alternative development as one of the cornerstones of Myanmar drug control strategy. Include alternative development as a high-level priority in national drug policies, with specific references to its key principles (people-centred and long-term approach, non-conditionality and proper sequencing to ensure sustained income).
Invest and implement alternative development projects in impoverished poppy growing areas, and include alternative development within a broader national rural development strategy.
Facilitate access and administrative processes for organisations willing to implement alternative development projects in poppy growing areas.
Rule out the use of forced eradication until people have access to alternative livelihoods opportunities (proper sequencing).
14
5. Include civil society and affected communities in policy reform
The involvement of βaffected communitiesβ in policy design is a key principle of good governance and a commonly accepted practice worldwide. In fact, involving the people most affected by a particular problem in defining the response can lead to much improved long-term outcomes. In addition, it can also help reduce stigma and discrimination. Nevertheless, drug users and poppy farmers, who are by far the most directly affected by drug-related problems, today continue to be marginalised in the drug policy debate in Myanmar, and their voices are still insufficiently heard.
Policy makers and political leaders are often reluctant to adopt a different approach to drug policy, as they assume public opinion is predominantly conservative and in favour of βhard-lineβ strategies. This, however, is not necessarily true for the entire population β even though many have been influenced by years of authoritarian rule and punitive approaches to drug issues. In reality, Myanmar peopleβs apparent support for punitive actions rather derives from the frustration and exasperation that are, in fact, caused by the inefficiency of existing drug policies.
Achieving ambitious reforms always requires political courage, as Myanmarβs recent history and political transition well illustrate. Meaningfully engaging with civil society and communities directly affected by drug-related problems and policies will therefore be a crucially important step to ensure public support and backing for new drug policies.
Intervention 5 - Key recommendations
Involve representatives of drug users and poppy farmers in drug policy design and reform and programme implementation.
Invite civil society organisations to take part in discussions on drug-related policies.
Sensitise and raise awareness among the public on evidence-based drug policies based on public health, human rights and development.
In November 2015, an overwhelming majority of Myanmar people voted for change. Millions of electors granted the National League for Democracy, and its leader Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, unequivocal support to initiate this change: to break from the countryβs authoritarian past and adopt a different approach to politics.
It is time for Myanmar to acknowledge that punitive approaches to drug-related problems have failed to result in any tangible benefits for its people. Instead, the country should refocus efforts on proven and effective policies based on public health, community safety, human rights and development. It is time for Myanmar to become again a democratic, progressive and inclusive society that truly acts to protect its people. It is time for Myanmar to reaffirm its prominence on the international scene, and prove that more humane and effective drug policies are not only possible in distant countries, but also in Myanmar and Southeast Asia.
βItβs time for change.βDaw Aung San Suu Kyi
CONCLUSION
15
Endnotes
1 Myanmar Drug Policy Advocacy Group includes the following organisations: HIV / AIDS Alliance, Myanmar Anti-Narcotics Association (MANA), Transnational Institute (TNI), MΓ©decins du Monde (MdM), Myanmar Opium Farmers Forum, Save the Children, Population Services International (PSI) and National Drug Users Network Myanmar (NDNM).
2 The Golden triangle is a major opium producing area that overlaps the mountains of three countries of Southeast Asia: Myanmar, Laos and Thailand.
3 UNODC, Southeast Asia Opium Survey 2015, Lao PDR, Myanmar.
4 UNODC, Souhteast Asia Opium Survey 2012, Lao PDR, Myanmar.
5 βBouncing back, relapse in the golden triangle.β β TNI - June 2014
6 βFound in the darkβ β The impact of drug law enforcement practices in Myanmar β TNI and National Drug Users Network Myanmar (NDNM) β September 2016
7 Scott Green, ββHappy Hourβ for Heroin in China,β China Digital Times, September 26, 2013, http:// chinadigitaltimes.net/2013/09/china-demand-heroin- outpacing-golden-triangle-supply/.
8 Country Report: Burma, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement A airs, 2015 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, US Department of State. Link: http://www.state.gov/j/inl/ rls/nrcrpt/2015/vol1/238952.html. 9 βSituational analysis on drug use, HIV and the response in Myanmar: looking forward.β UNAIDS, May 2015
10 Global AIDS Progress report Myanmar, 2014, National AIDS Program, MoH
11 Public health and international drug policy, the Lancet Commissions, Vol 387, April 2, 2016. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)00619-X/fulltext
12 The global Commission on Drug Policy is an organisation composed of 23 political leaders and high profile personalities, including 10 former Heads of States.
13 Myanmarβs Government financial contribution to Harm Reduction services in the country is estimated around 12%, while the remaining 88% are funded by International Donor Agencies (UNAIDS β Do No Harm β Health, Human Rights and People Who Use Drugs β 2016). Besides the provision of Methadone services, only few Drug Treatment Centres are fully operational (only 2 for the whole of Kachin State). In addition, most rehabilitation centres under the Ministry of Social Welfare are not functioning due to a lack of funding (National HIV Legal Review β UNAIDS, UNDP, Pyoe Pin β September 2014).
14 HIV prevalence among PWID is estimated to be at 28.3% in 2014 β Source: Integrated Biological and Behavioural Survey among People Who Inject Drugs, Myanmar, 2014.
15 HIV prevalence among PWID: 28.5%; HIV prevalence among general population: 0.6%. Integrated Biological and Behavioural Survey Among People who Inject Drugs, Myanmar, 2014. HIV Estimates and Projections. Asian Epidemiological Model. Myanmar. December 2014.National Drug Abuse Control Programme, Ministry of Health, 2015.
16 HIV prevalence among PWID in Bamaw township: 45%; HIV prevalence among PWID in Waimaw township: 47%; Integrated Biological and Behavioural Survey Among People who Inject Drugs, Myanmar, 2014. HIV Estimates and Projections. Asian Epidemiological Model. Myanmar. December 2014.
17 28% of new HIV infections occur among PWID;Integrated Biological and Behavioural Survey Among People who Inject Drugs, Myanmar, 2014. HIV Estimates and Projections. Asian Epidemiological Model. Myanmar. December 2014.
18 12,488 people were accessing Methadone Maintenance Therapy programs as of December 2016.Methadone program annual review, December 2016, Yangon.
19 HIV Sentinel Surveillance (HSS), National AIDS Program (NAP), 2000 β 2014
20 Evidence for action technical papers. Effectiveness of sterile needle and syringe programming in reducing HIV/AIDS among injecting drug users. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004.Wodak A, Cooney A. Do needle syringe programs reduce HIV infection among injecting drug users: a comprehensive review of the international evidence. Substance Use & Misuse, 2006, 41(6-7):777β813.
21 Evidence for action technical papers. Effectiveness of sterile needle and syringe programming in reducing HIV/AIDS among injecting drug users. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004.World Health Organization, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.Technical guide for countries to set targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care for injecting drug users. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2012 revision.Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations. Geneva, World Health Organization, July 2014.
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22 Breaking the link: The role of drug treatment in tackling crime. London, NSH National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse, 1997.The effectiveness of criminal justice and treatment programmes in reducing drug-related crime: a systematic review. London, UK, Home Office online report. (http://www.crim.cam.ac.uk/people/academic_research/david_farrington/olr2605.pdf)
23 Evidence for action technical papers. Effectiveness of sterile needle and syringe programming in reducing HIV/AIDS among injecting drug users. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004.
24 Kwon JA, Anderson J, Kerr CC, Thein HH, Zhang L, Iversen J et al. Estimating the cost-effectiveness of needleβsyringe programs in Australia. AIDS. 2012;26:2201β10.
25 8th Asian informal drug policy dialogue, co-organised by TNI, GIZ and CCDAC, Nay Pyi Taw, 6 - 8 November 2016
26 For more information see UN joint statement on Compulsory drug detention and rehabilitation centers: http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/sub_landing/files/JC2310_Joint%20Statement6March12FINAL_en.pdf
27 United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime, 2010United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. Evidence from compulsory centres for drug users in East and South East Asia. Background Paper prepared by UNODC RE EAP for the Regional Consultation on Compulsory Centres for Drug Users, 14β16 December, 2010, Bangkok, Thailand, 2010; http://www.unaids.org.cn/pics/20130719153407.pdf. (accessed 04.11.14)Yan et al., 2013Yan, L., Liu, E., McGoogan, J.M., Duan, S., Wu, L.T., Comulada, S. et al. Referring heroin users from compulsory detoxification centers to community methadone maintenance treatment: A comparison of three models. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13: 747DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-747
28 1974 Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Ordinance was Myanmar first Drug law.
29 The 1974 Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Ordinance was amended in 1983. Penalties foreseen for failure to register as a drug user notably increased from 1 to 2 years previously to 3 to 5 years imprisonment, and death penalty was introduced for the most serious drug offences.
30 1993 Narcotic and psychotropic substances Law notably foresees 3 to 5 years prison penalties for failure to register as a drug user; 5 to 10 years imprisonment for the possession of illicit drugs, including for personal use only, 10 to 20 years for drug dealing offences β including relatively minor and non-violent - and the death penalty for the production, sale and trafficking (even though death penalty is currently not enforced).
31 Commentary on the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988, para. 3.95
32 Global AIDS Progress report Myanmar, 2014, National AIDS Program, MoHβSituational analysis on drug use, HIV and the response in Myanmar: looking forward.β UNAIDS, May 2015
33 There were 5,740 drug-related arrests in Myanmar in 2012 alone β Patterns and trends of Amphetamine-Type-Stimulants and other drugs: Global SMART Programme, 2013 Challenges for Asia and the Pacific, UNODC, 2013.
34 South-East Asia Opium Survey 2015 β UNODC
35 Degenhardt, L., Chiu, W.T., Sampson, N., Kessler, R.C., Anthony, J.C. et al. (2008) βToward a Global View of Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis, and Cocaine Use: Findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveysβ, PLoSMedicine, vol. 5, no. 7 www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050141 Accessed 11.07.14European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2011) Looking for a relationship between penalties and cannabis use www.emcdda.europa.eu/online/annual-report/2011/boxes/p45 Accessed 08.07.14Single, E., Christie, P. and Ali, R. (2000) βThe impact of cannabis decriminalisation in Australia and the United Statesβ, Journal of Public Health Policy, vol. 21, no. 21, pp. 157-186 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10881453 Accessed 08.07.14
36 See National HIV legal review report, review of Myanmarβs legal framework and its effect on access to health and HIV services for people living with HIV and Key Affected Populations, September 2014, UNDP / UNAIDS/ Pyoe Pin
37 Global Commission on Drug Policy (2012) The War on Drugs and HIV/AIDS http://globalcommissionondrugs.org/wp-content/themes/gcdp_v1/pdf/GCDP_HIV-AIDS_2012_REFERENCE.pdf and, Global Commission on Drug Policy (2013) The Negative Impact Of The War On Drugs On Public Health: The Hidden Hepatitis C Epidemic www.globalcommissionondrugs.org/hepatitis/gcdp_hepatitis_english.pdf.
38 βFound in the darkβ β The impact of drug law enforcement practices in Myanmar β TNI and National Drug Users Network Myanmar (NDNM) β September 2016
39 Rosmarin A, Eastwood N. A quiet revolution. drug decriminalisation policies in practice across the globe. London: Release; 2012 (http://www.countthecosts.org/sites/default/files/release-quietrevolution-drug-decriminalisation-policies.pdf, accessed 6 April 2016).
40 Ibid.
41 DomosΕawski A. Drug policy in Portugal: the benefits of decriminalizing drug use. Warsaw: Open Society Foundations; 2011 (https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/drug-policy-inportugal-english-20120814.pdf, accessed 6 April 2016).
42 Hughes_and_Stevens,_βA Resounding Success or a Disastrous Failure:_Re-Examining_the_Interpretation_of_Evidence on the Portuguese decriminalization of illicit drugsβ. 107 (Sicad). βRelatorio annual 2013 β a situacao do pais em material de drogas e toxicodependenciasβ 64
17
43 Ibid
44 Hughes and Stevens, βWhat Can We Learn from the Portuguese Decriminalization of Illicit Drugs?,β 999-1022; Mafalda Ferreira, Margarida Gaspar de Matos, and JosΓ© Alves Diniz, βRisk Behaviour: Substance Use among Portuguese Adolescents,β Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 29(2011): 486-92.
45 Ibid
46 See 26, Ibid
47 Poppy cultivation almost tripled in Myanmar between 2007 and 2013 - South East Asia Opium Survey 2015, UNODC
48 Transnational Institute, βBouncing back, relapse in the Golden Triangleβ, released in June 2014
49 βFound in the darkβ β The impact of drug law enforcement practices in Myanmar β TNI β September 2016
50 See interview for the Myanmar Times on the 28th of June 2016
51 Bureau of Democracy and Labor, US Department of State, Country reports for human rights practices, 2014 β Burma Link: http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2014&dlid=236428#wrapper accessed 8/12/2015
52 UNODC β Patterns and trends of Amphetamine-Type-Stimulants and other drugs: global SMART programme β 2013 challenges for Asia and the Pacific
53 Myanmar Times, 19 October 2016. Data disclosed by Major General Aung Soe, deputy minister for home affairs. http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/mandalay-upper-myanmar/23167-four-drug-rehab-centres-to-open-in-december.html
54 September 2014, estimate by an official of the Central Committee for Drug Abuse Control (CCDAC) given to TNI
55 In February 2015 the Myanmar National Human Rights Commission reported that Insein Prison was detaining over 7,876 prisoners while the maximum capacity is 5,000. http://www.mnhrc.org.mm/en/unofficialtranslation-the-press-statement-regarding-the-visit-toinsein-central-prison-by-the-myanmar-national-humanrights-commission-statement-no-3-2015/According to World Prison Brief the occupancy level was 144.3% in 2012, not taking into account labour camps. http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/myanmarformerly-burma, accessed 7/12 β15
56 Transnational Institute, βBouncing back, relapse in the Golden Triangleβ, released in June 2014
57 UNODC β Southeast Asia Opium Survey 2015
58 UNODC, https://www.unodc.org/southeastasiaandpacific/en/myanmar/2012/05/food-distribution/story.html
59 Opium cultivation in the Golden Triangle, Lao PDR, Myanmar Thailand β Thailand Opium Survey β 2006 β UNODC
60 The current State of Counternarcotics in Myanmar β TNI
Financial contribution
This publication has been made possible with financial support from the Open Society Foundations.The content of this publication is the sole responsibility of DPAG and should in no way be taken to reflect the views of the Open Society Foundations.
ContactDPAG Coordinator: Nang Pann Ei KhamPh: +95 (0) 9 799 852 080Email: [email protected] Drug Policy Advocacy Group-Myanmar
The Drug Policy Advocacy Group is a discussion platform composed of a wide range of stakeholders with an interest in drug-related policies and practices. Members include representatives from the drug usersβ and opium farmersβ communities, civil society organisations, international and local NGOβs. The groupβs main objective is to advocate for the adoption of drug policies and practices based on public health, human rights and development.
Member organisations include: HIV/AIDS Alliance, Myanmar Anti-Narcotics Association (MANA), Transnational Institute (TNI), MΓ©decins du Monde (MdM), Myanmar Opium Farmers Forum (MOFF), Save the Children, Population Services International (PSI) and National Drug Users Network Myanmar (NDNM).
Drug PolicyAdvocacy Group
Myanmar
Drug PolicyAdvocacy Group
Myanmar
α»αααα¬αααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα»ααα¬αα¬αΈα ααααΌαα±α»ααααΈα»αααΈ - α‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘αα»ααααα α‘α±ααΈαα±αα¬αααΌααααα α‘αααααααα (α ) α
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α€α α¬α±α α¬αααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααα«αα±α»αα¬ααΈαα»αααΈ α±αα¬ααα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈα±ααΈα‘ααΌα (α»αααα¬) (DPAG) α‘ααΌαααα‘α¬αΈααΈα α‘ααα±ααΈαααα¬αΈα»αα α±αα«ααΈα ααΈα»αα ααα«ααα αα½αΌααααα α‘ααΌααααα¬αΈαα¬ α»αααα¬αααααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈααΌααα (NDNM)α α»αααα¬ααααααΈα αα±αα¬αααα¬αΈααα¬αα α»αααα¬αααααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαααααα±ααΈα‘αααΈ (MANA)α HIV/AIDS Allianceα MΓ©decins du Monde (MdM)α Population Services International (PSI)α Save the Childrenα Transnational Institute (TNI) ααα»αα αα«ααα
α α¬α±α α¬αααα»αα α±α»αα¬αα±ααΈα‘ααΌα α α±αα¬ααΈα±ααΈαα¬αΈααα¬ Renaud Cachia (TNI) α»αα αα«ααα
α α¬α±α α¬αααα»αα α±α»αα¬αα±ααΈα‘ααΌα α‘αα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααΈααααααα¬αΈαα α‘ααα»αααΈαααααα¬αΈα±ααΈαα±αα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα’ααα¬αΈα α‘ααΈα±ααΈααΈ ααααα«ααα ααααα¬ αααΈαααΈα‘αααΈ (DPAG)α α±αα«ααα¬αααααα (MANA)α α±αα¬α (NDNM)α αααΈα±αα¬ (NDNM)α Kiira Gustafson (PSI)α Ernestien Jensema (TNI)α Tom Kramer (TNI)α α±αα«ααα¬αα±ααΈ (Burnet Institute)α Matt Grace ααα»αα αα«ααα
αααα¬ααΈαα¬ααααΈαα α±ααΈα‘α±αΎαα¬αααΈαα¬ααΌα α‘ααΈα»ααα ααααααΈα±αα¬ α±ααΈααΈα‘ααα αααΈα»ααα«α±αα¬ α‘ααααα±ααΈα±αα¬ααααααΈ - Transnational Institute (TNI)
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ααααΌαααDPAG ααααααΈα±ααΈαα¬ααα - αααΈαααΈα‘αααΈαααΈ - +αα (α) α ααα αα α αααα‘αΈα±ααΈα - [email protected]
Drug Policy Advocacy Group-Myanmar
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αααααα’ α‘α±ααΌα±ααΌα‘ααΌααΈα±ααΈααΈααα±αα¬ααΈ
α»αααα¬αααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα±ααΈαα¬ ααα«ααα¬αΈααα±αα α‘α±α»αα‘α±ααα αααα»αααΈααα±αα¬αα»αα αααα‘ααΌααΈαα»ααα¬ αα±αα¬ ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαααα ααααααααα±αΎαα¬α α»αα α±αααα¬ααα αα±αααααα¬αΈα ααααΌαα±α»ααααΈαα α±αα¬ααααα»ααα»αααΈααα±αα¬α±αα αααα ααα β ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαα α ααα±α»αα¬ααΈαα±α ααα±αα¬α±ααΈαα«αΈαα¬αΈαααα¬α₯αα±αβ αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα ααααΈαααα ααααααααα αα±αα¬αααΌα¬αΈα±α α»αααΈ ααααα α±αα¬αα±ααΈααα»αααΈαααααα±αα α‘ααΈααΈα‘α±αα»αα α»αααΈααααααα«ααα¬αΈαα α»αα αααα¬αΈα α ααΈαΎααα±αα¬α±αα¬αα»αααΈα»αα α»αααα¬ααααααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα ααααααΈα α¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααααΈααΌα¬αΈα»αααΈαααα α±αα¬αααααΌα±ααΈα‘ααα¬αααα¬ α±ααα±αα«ααα¬α±α ααα α‘ααα«ααα«ααα¬αΈα αααααααααα‘α±αα»αα αα±αα¬αα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬αα ααΈα ααααα α±αα¬αα«αα¬αΈαα α‘ααΌααααααα±αααΈααααα ααα‘αα ααα±ααΌααα α¬αΈααααααα α»αααα¬α‘αα₯αΈα±αα¬ααα¬αΈααΌα α‘αΎαααΈααα»αααΈααα±αα¬ α‘α±ααΈα α¬αΈααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα»αα αααα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α α±αα¬ααααα αα αααααα¬αΈααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈα»αα α»αααααααα±αα¬αααΈ α‘αααΈα α¬αΈααααΈααα¬αΈαα¬α α‘α±αα¬αα‘αααααα ααΌαα±α»αα¬ααααααα αααΈαααΌααΈαα«αΈαα αααΈα αα±αα¬αααα¬αΈ α±ααααααα±αα¬ α±ααΈααΌα¬αα¬αΈαα¬ (αααααα«α α±ααΈααΌα¬αα αααΈαα¬) α‘αααΈα‘αααα‘α¬αΈα±ααΈα±αα¬αααΌααα ααααα±ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈα αα αααα¬αΈααα αα±αααΏααΈαααα‘α¬αΈ αααΈαααΌααΈααααααααα±α‘α¬α ααΌααΈαααααααα ααααα±ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈ αα»αααα αααα¬αΈα αα¬αΈ α‘ααααααααααα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα αα¬αΈαααΈαα¬αΈα ααα¬α±ααΈα α±αα¬ααα±ααΈααααα‘ααΌα ααα±ααΌαααα α‘α α¬αΈααΈα‘ααα±ααΌαΈαααΈα±αα¬ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈαααΈα±ααΈα»αααΈ ααα±αα αα±αα¬ααΈααα‘αααα¬ α±α‘α¬αα»αααα α‘α±ααΈαα±αα¬αααΌααααα¬αΈα αααα‘ααΌααΈα α±αα¬α±αα¬ααααΈαΏααΈα»αα ααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα α‘ααα¬αα±αα¬αα±ααΈ (harm reduction) ααα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈα α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬αα»αααΈα±αΎαα¬α ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα‘α±αΎαα¬α ααΈααΌααΈααα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααα‘αααΌ (HIV)ααΈα αααααααααααΈ ααααΈαα¬αααα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα α‘α¬αΈαα α¬αΈαααααΈαα¬αα α ααα±αα¬α±αα¬αααα αααααΈα±ααΈααα±ααΈα‘α α‘α α₯ (methadone program) α α‘ααΈα±ααΈααΈα±αΎαα¬α α±αα¬αα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬α±αα¬ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈαα αααα¬αΈα αααα¬αΈα αααα¬αΈαααα¬αααα¬αΈα αΌα¬ ααΈααα±αα¬ααΈααΌααα¬α±α αααα α»αααααα¬α»αα
α‘ααα‘ααΌαααα«αΈα±αα¬ αααΈα»ααααα‘α±αααααΈα ααααΌα¬ααα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬α α±α»αα¬ααΈαααΌααΏααΈααΈααα±ααΈα‘α α‘α α₯αα¬αΈααΌα (alternative development programs) αα«ααα±α α»αααΈα»αα αααα α‘ααα±ααΌαΈαααΈα±αα¬ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈααα¬αΈα»αα ααΈαα»αα α±αα¬ αααΈα αα»αααΈα ααα¬αΈααααα¬ααα¬αα¬αΈ α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬α±αα¬αααΌαα»αααΈαα α±α‘α¬αα»ααα αΌα¬α‘ααΌαααΈα±α»αα¬ααΈαααααα α€αααα±αα¬ αααααΌααΈα α‘α±ααΌαα‘αααα¬αΈα‘α α»αααααααΈαα¬α±ααΈα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα ααΌααΏααΈααΈααα±ααΈααα‘α±αα α‘α±α»ααααα¬αΈαα ααα«ααα¬αΈα ααα»αααα»ααα αα α‘αααα α‘ααΈα±ααΈααΈαα¬αΈα ααα±α ααα±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααα¬α»αα ααα¬αΈα α‘ααα‘αα¬ ααα±αα»αααααα α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα ααα±αα¬ααΈα‘α¬αΈα»ααα±ααΈαααααα α‘αααααααΌα α‘ααα«ααα«ααα¬αΈαα ααα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈα ααΈααα±αα¬ααΈααΌααα¬α±α αΏααΈ α‘ααα±ααΌαΈαααΈα±αα¬ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈα α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα»αα±α ααα αααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααααα αα±ααα αα¬ααααααα α‘ααααα»αα α¬αΈαααα¬αΈα α‘αΎαααΈααααα ααααα‘α»αα ααααα α±αα¬αα±α ααα αα‘α»αα α»αα ααα±αΎαα¬ααΈαααα¬ ααα¬αΈα ααα±ααΈα αα α‘α±αα ααα±αα¬αααααα αα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈααα« α±αα¬αα±ααΈαΏααΈ α‘ααΈα ααααα»ααααα αααα±ααΈα±αα«ααΈα ααΈαααΌααααααα ααΌαα±αααα¬α±α ααα ααααΈα αΌα‘α±αα‘αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα α‘α»ααα±αα¬αααα α±α»ααααΈαα¬αΈα»αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ αααα»αα α αα¬ ααα±αα¬αααΈ ααααα»αααα»αααααααα±αα¬α±αα¬ααα αα‘αα±ααα»αα ααα α»ααααα±αα¬ α±ααα‘ααααα‘α αΈααα¬αΈα α‘α¬αΈαααΈαα α‘α±ααΈαα±αα¬αααΌααααα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαααα¬ α»ααα¬αααα¬αΈ αααααααΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬αΏααΈ αααα‘ααΌα α αΈααααΌααα¬ α‘αααα α₯αααα αα»αα ααα»αα αααααΌαα±αα¬ ααααααΈα α¬αΈαα¬αΈααα»αααα¬ααααααααα¬αΈαα ααααΈα‘ααΌα α αα‘α¬αΈαα α»αα α±α αααα αααααΈαααα¬αΈα αααααΈα α¬ααα ααααΌα»αα¬αΈαααα₯αΈααααα±αα¬αααα‘α¬αΈα»αα α»αααααααΈαα¬α±ααΈα ααααΌα¬αα α±ααΈαααΈαα»α α±ααΈα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα ααΌααΏα αΈααΈααα±ααΈααα‘α±αα α‘α±α»ααααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα«ααα¬αΈα α±ααΈααΌααααΈαααα‘ααα α‘ααα‘αα«α±αα¬ααΈ α±αα¬αααα¬αΏαα»αα ααα αααΈααα«ααα¬αΈααα¬αα α‘αααα±αα¬α‘α αΈαα ααα»ααα¬αΈααα‘αααΈ αααααα¬αΈ ααΈααα±αα¬ααΈααΌααα¬α±α αα α±αα¬αααΌαααααα»αα αΏααΈ α»αααα¬αααααΌα α»αα α±ααα±αα±αα¬ α»ααα¬ααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα ααααΈαααα ααααααα α‘ααα¬ααα¬αΈα±αα¬αα±α ααα»αα ααα
αΏααααΈαααα
βααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα α ααΌαα¬ ααΈααααΈααΌα¬αΈα ααααΌαα ααα«ααβαα¬ααα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ
α
βα±αααααβα ααα±α»αα‘ααΌααΈ αααα±ααα α»αααα¬ααααα α‘α¬ααααα α₯αααΏααΈαα ααα¬αΈααααααΈα αααΈ αααααα αααα±α»αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈααΈααααα αα»αα αααα α‘ααα‘α¬αΈα»αα αααΈα»αααααα αααα»αααααα¬αΈα α±αα¬ααααΈα±αα¬ααααΈααααα ααα±α»αα±αααα¬αΈα αααΈα αααΈαα αααααααΏααΈ ααααααΈα±α»αα‘α¬αΈα»αα αααΈα αααΈαα α‘αα±αα¬αα α±αα«ααΈ ααα,ααα αααααΏααΈα α‘αα¬αΈα αα αααΈαααΌααΈαα«αΈααΌααΈαα»αα α αααΈαΎαααα¬αΈα»αα αΎααααα α αααΈαααααααα αααΈα‘ααα ααΈαα¬α‘α α₯α‘αα¬αα α±ααΈαα«αΈα‘α»αα α±ααααΌααΈα α»ααααα α¬αΈααΈαΎαα±αα¬αααΈα ααα¬αα‘αα¬αΈα α α»ααααΌααΈαα αααααα¬α±α αΈααΌααα¬αΈαα α»αααα»ααΈα±αα¬ααΈααα αααΈα»αα‘α»αα α»αααααααααΎααααα α»αααα¬ααααα βαα¬αβ ααααα βαα¬αβ α α‘ααα¬αΈαα α‘ααααααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα ααΎααΌα±ααΈα»αα¬αΈ (ATS) α‘αα¬αΈααΈ αααααα ααααα ααααααΈ α»αα αα¬ααααα
αααΈα»ααααα‘ααΌααΈ α‘αΏαααΈα‘αααΈααΈααΌαα±ααΎααα αααΈαααΈαα¬αΈ
ααααΈ - Transnational Institute (TNI)
αααα‘ααΌααΈα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌα α‘α±αα‘ααΌααα α ααα₯αΈα ααΎααα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈαα±αα¬ααα αααΈααααΈα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈαααααα α¬αΈ α»ααα¬αα±αα¬ ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααααααΈαα α‘ααΈαα»αα αααα»αααααα αααΈα»ααααα±α»αα¬ααααΈα±αααα¬αΈα α‘α±α»αα¬αα‘α»αα¬αΈαααα ααααααΈααααα α»ααα¬αα±αα¬ ααΈαα
α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαα (ααΏαα ααααααα±αα¬ α±ααΈααΈα»αααΈα‘α±αα‘ααα¬αΈ)α±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±αα¬ αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαααα¬ α‘ααα±αα¬αααααΌααΈααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ ααΈα αααααΈα»αααα¬αΈαα α‘ααα‘αααΌαα α‘αααΈα±αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈαα«αααα (Hepatitis B&C) ααα»αα ααα αααΈααΈαα¬αΈααΌα α±ααΈααΌαα±αααΈαααα¬αΈαααΈ αα«ααααααα
α»αααα¬αααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαααα¬ α»ααα¬αα¬αΈαα αααααααα ααΈα αΌαααα α₯αα αααααααααααα±ααΌαΈααααΏααΈ ααααα‘α αααΈαααΌααΈαα«αΈααα α α¬αΈααααα‘α¬αααααα ααΌααΏααΈααα±αα¬ααα»αααΈα α±α»ααα¬αααααΈαααΈα αΌαααα αααΈαα«αΈα»αααΈαα α‘α¬αΈαααΈαα α‘αααα αα±ααΈ ααααα ααα¬αΈα₯αα±αα αΈααΈααα‘α¬αΈαααΈα»αααΈ αααα±αα¬ α‘α»αα¬αΈαα α₯ααα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬αα ααααααααααΌα αααααααααα α‘ααΌαααΌαααα±αα¬αααααα α±α»ααααΈα±ααΈαααΈαααΈα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬α α‘αα»αααΎααα¬α α‘αα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααααΈα±ααΈαΎααααα¬ βααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα α ααΌαα¬αΈβ ααααααα»αα ααα ααα±αα¬αααΈ α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα ααααα±αα¬ ααα¬ααα¬αα¬αΈ α±α‘α¬αα»ααααααα±αΎαα¬ααΈαα ααααΌαα±α»ααααΈαα ααααΌααα α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘αα¬αα αααααΈαα¬αΈαα α»ααα¬αα¬αΈααα¬ α±ααααΌααα¬α±α α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α»αααααααααα
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαααα¬ α»ααα¬αα¬αΈα ααααααααα αα ααΈααα’ααα¬αΈαα ααα¬αΈα αα¬αΈ α‘ααααα ααααα α¬αΈαααααα αααααΎααα»αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααα±ααΌααα αααα±αα¬αα‘ααΈααΏααΈ α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈα‘α±αα α‘α±α»αααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααα«ααα¬αΈαα‘αα±ααΏαα»αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α»αααα¬αααααα α»αααα¬αααα
α
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ ααα«ααα¬αΈα‘α±αα»αα α ααα α¬αΈαααα¬αΈααααα»αααααααα¬αΈα ααααΈααΈααα±α‘α¬αααααΈααΌαα ααααα αααΈαααΈα ααα±ααΌαα αΈα ααΈα±ααα¬αα¬αΈαα α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘α±αα α‘α±α»ααααα αα»αα αα±ααα‘αα±ααΏαα»αα ααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα ααααΈαααα αααααααααα¬ α»ααα¬αααα¬αΈα ααααΌαα±α»ααααΈαα¬α α»αααααααΈαα¬α±ααΈα α‘αα¬αΈα»αααα±ααΈαααΈαα»αα±ααΈα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα ααΌααΏααΈααΈααα±ααΈα α‘αα¬αΈα±ααΈαα ααα±αα¬αα±αα«ααΈα α αα¬ααααα₯αΈααα±αα¬αααΌααααα¬αΈ αα‘ααα¬ααα»αα ααα
βαα½αΌααααα‘α±αα»αα ααα¬α»αααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα±ααΈαα¬ α»ααα¬α α‘ααααααα α α ααΌαα αα‘α»αα ααα»ααα»αααΈαα α ααααααΌαα αα‘αααααΏααΈ α‘α»ααα‘αα ααααΌαααααααααα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα αααα±ααΈαααα¬ α αα±αααααα¬αΈα‘α»αα α‘αα‘ααα»ααΎαααααβ
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα±ααΈαα¬ ααα«ααααα¬ ααα¬α»αα±αα¬ααααα
α‘ααΌαααα«ααΈ
α‘ααααα ααα¬ααα¬α±α»αα¬α α‘α±ααΈαα±αα¬αααΌααααα¬αΈ
αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈα α‘ααα¬αα±αα¬αα±ααΈαα ααααα΅α‘α±αα¬α ααααααα±ααΈ ααα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈα αααααΈα ααα±ααΈ α»αααααα»αααΈα
αααααΈαα¬α±ααΈα αα¬ααΌαα±α α¬αα±αα¬αα»αααΈαα αααααα¬ ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ αααΈααα±ααΈα αα α α‘ααα‘αααΈα±αα¬ααααΌααααα αα»αα ααα α‘α±αα‘αα¬αααα αααααα’α‘ααΌαααααααα¬αΈα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ ααΈα αΌααα±αΎαα¬α α»αα α±αααα¬αααα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαααα¬ α»ααα¬αα¬αΈα αα¬αΈααΈαα ααααΌαα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ αααααααα ααΈα αΌαααα±αα¬ααα αααΈαααΈα‘α¬αΈαααααααα αααα ααα αααααα’ ααΈαα α±α ααα±αα¬α±ααΈαα«αΈαα¬αΈαααα¬ αααααααΈ (1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs)αα‘αααααααΈαααα βααα±αα¬αα±αα¬αα α±αα¬ααΈααΈαααΈαα¬αα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈ ααΈααα±αα¬ααΈααΌααα¬α±α‘α¬α α±αα¬αααΌαααβ α»αα
ααα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα ααα±αα¬αααΈ α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα«αα ααααααΈαα¬α±ααΈα αα¬ααΌαα±α α¬αα±αα¬ααααα‘α α¬αΈ αααααα»αααααα‘α±α»αααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαααα ααααααα±αα¬αα±ααΈ ααα¬ααα¬αα¬αΈα α»αααα¬αααααΌα ααα αα α±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬ α₯αΈα α¬αΈα±ααΈα±αα¬α±αα¬ααααα α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈα‘α±α»αα»α αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα αααα±ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈα ααΌαα ααΈαα±αα¬αααα‘ααΌαα αααα¬αααα¬ααα±αα¬αα αα±α»αα¬αα±αα¬αα±αα¬ α»ααααΌααΈα‘αααΈα‘α»αα ααα¬αααα¬ ααΌα±αααα¬αΈαααααα
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈα α±αα«αααααΈααααΈααααα α‘ααα‘αααΌαα α‘αααΈα±αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈαα«α ααΈ ααΈα αααααΌα¬αΈααααααΈαα¬ ααα±αα¬αα«α‘ααΌα ααααα»αα ααΌα¬αΈαααααααα α»αααα¬ααα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα α‘α¬αΈαα α¬αΈαααααΈαα¬αα α€α‘α±α»αα‘α±ααα¬ α‘ααα‘αααΌ ααΈα αααααΌα¬αΈααα α±αα¬ααα¬ααΌααα¬α αααα‘α±αα»αα ααααααααα±αα¬ α‘αααΈαα¬αΈααΈα αα±αααααα ααα»αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ αααα‘αα‘ααα»ααααα¬ α‘αααΎαα¬ααΏαα»αα ααα ααα±αΎαα¬α α‘ααα‘αααΌ/α±α‘α‘ααα‘αα αααα¬ α‘ααΈαα¬αΈααα¬α αα¬α αααα‘αα (αααα-αααα) α α‘ααα₯αΈα α¬αΈα±ααΈ α±αα¬αααΌααααα ααα‘α±αα»ααααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ α‘α±αΎαα¬αααΈααΌααΈααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘ααα¬αα±αα¬αα±ααΈααα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈα α»ααααααααΌααΈ α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬αααα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαααΈαα α€αααααΈαα¬α±ααΈαααα¬ α‘ααα‘αααΈα ααααα±α»ααααΈααα‘ααΌα α»αααα¬ααα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα α‘α¬αΈαα α¬αΈαααααΈαα¬ααα αααα»ααααα αααΈα»ααααα ααα±ααΈα α α αααΈαα αααααααΈα±αααααΈαααα±αα¬ ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα‘α±αΎαα¬αααΈααΌααΈα‘ααΈα»ααα ααααααααα±αααα α±αααα¬αΈα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααΈααααααΈαα¬α±ααΈ ααα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈα±αα¬αααΌαα±ααΈα‘αααα αααΈαααααααα βα‘ααα¬αα±αα¬αα±ααΈβαα‘ααα¬αΈαα α€αααα±αα¬ α‘α α‘α α₯αα¬αΈαα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα±αΎαα¬α ααα αααΌαα±αααα¬αα α‘ααα¬ααα¬αΈα α±αα¬αα±ααΈαα ααααΌαα»αααΈα»αα ααα ααα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈα α±ααΈααΈα»ααΌααα α±ααΈααΈα‘ααααα±ααΈαα α‘α α‘α α₯αα¬αΈα αααΈα‘α±α»αα α±ααΈαα«αΈαα¬αΈα»αα α‘α α¬αΈααΈαααα (α»αααα¬αααα α‘αααΈα‘αααΈα αααααΈα±ααΈαααΈαααα)α α‘ααα‘αααΌ α α α±ααΈα±ααΈαα ααα±ααΈα‘α»αα
ααααα«ααα¬αΈα
α»αααα¬αααα‘ααΌααΈα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα‘α±αΎαα¬αααΈααΌααΈα ααΈα₯αΈαα αα α₯αΈαα α‘ααα‘αααΌ ααΈα αααα¬αΈαα
α»αα ααα αα¬ααα»ααααα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈααΈα αααααΌα¬αΈααααααΈ αα αα% ααα ααα»αααα¬αΈαααααααα
αααα»ααααα‘ααΌααΈα α‘ααα±αα¬ααα±α»ααα¬αΈα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα‘α±αΎαα¬α ααΈααΌααΈα αα α₯αΈαα αα α₯αΈααΈαα«αΈ α‘ααα‘αααΌαα α±ααααααααααα
αααα‘ααΌααΈα α‘ααα‘αααΌααΈ α‘αα ααΈα αααα αα α₯αΈ αααΈα ααΈα₯αΈααααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ α‘α±αΎαα¬α ααΈααΌααΈααα¬αΈα»αα αΎαααα αααα -αααα ααα α‘αΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααα‘αααΌααΈ α‘αα ααΈα αααααααΈαα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ α‘α±αΎαα¬αααΈααΌααΈ α‘ααΈα»αααα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈα α‘α»αα
ααΈα»αα ααααα ααααααΈαα¬αΈαΎαααααα
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα‘α±αΎαα¬α ααΈααΌααΈα (α) α₯αΈααΌα αα α₯αΈαα¬αα αααααΈ α±ααΈαααΈααααα αααααΈαααααααααα
αααΈα»αα αα¬αΈ - αααα ααα α»αααα¬ααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα‘α±αΎαα¬α ααΈααΌααΈα‘ααΈα»αααα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈ ααα±αααααα¬αα α‘αα‘αααααΈαααα¬ ααα α α αααΈα±αα¬ααααα α‘ααα‘αααΌ αααΈαααΈα ααα ααΌα¬αΈααααααΈαα ααααααααααΈααΌαααααα α‘α¬ααα‘ααΌααΈ ααΈα αααααΌα¬αΈαααα (αααα ααα α»αααα¬ααα AEM)α α‘ααΈαα¬αΈ ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα‘ααΌααΈαα αα¬ααΌαα±ααΈαα αααΈααα±ααΈ α αααα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαααααΈαα¬αα αααα ααα α
α
αααα»αααααααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈα α‘ααα¬αα±αα¬αα±ααΈ ααα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈ α±ααΈα±αα±αα¬ αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα¬αααΌα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈααα¬α±ααΈα±ααα
ααααΈ - MΓ©decins du Monde (MdM)
α±ααΈααΌαααα αα¬ααΌααα¬αΈααΈα»αααΈαα α ααααααΌα»αααΈαα αα«αααα αααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα‘α±αΎαα¬α ααΈααΌααΈα‘ααΈα»ααα α‘αα αα αα α±α‘α¬αααααα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααα‘αααΌ ααΈα ααααααααα αααα ααα α αα % ααα¬α αααααα ααα α‘α±αα¬αααΌα αα % α‘α ααααΈααΌα¬αΈααα»αα α±αααα‘α¬αΈαααΌααα¬ ααααα¬αΈαααα±αα¬αααΈ ααα±αα¬αααααααΈα»αα»αααΈ α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα ααα«αΈα±ααα»αα ααα ααα»αα α α»αααα¬ααααααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈα αααααααα¬ααΌαα±ααΈαααααα α±ααΈαααΈαα»ααα ααα‘ααα‘αααΈαα¬αΈ ααα±αα¬αααα‘ααΌα α€αααα±αα¬ ααα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈα α‘α±ααΈααααΈααΈααα±αα¬α±αα¬ααα αα‘ααααααα
α±ααΈααΈα‘α/α±ααΈααΈα»ααΌα α»αααα»ααΈα»αααΈαα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ α‘α±αΎαα¬αααΈααΌααΈ α‘ααΈα»αααα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααα‘αααΌ ααΈα αααααΌα¬αΈαα (αααα-αααα)
αααΈα»αα αα¬αΈ - ααα¬α»ααΈαααα¬ α±α‘α‘ααα‘αα αααααΈααΈαααα α‘α αααα α¬ (αααα )α α»αααα¬ααα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈ ααα‘α¬αΈα/αα¬ααα¬αΈααααα±ααΈα‘α α‘α α₯
ααα¬α»α‘ααα ααα»αααα»ααα αα α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘α α‘ααα¬αα±αα¬αα±ααΈααα±αα¬ααα αααααΈαα¬αΈαα αααΎααααα±αα¬αα±α‘α¬α αα±αα¬αα‘ααΈαα±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααα±αα¬ααααααααα ααα±ααΌαααΌα α‘ααα¬αα±αα¬αα±ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈαα α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα ααα±αα»ααααααα α‘ααα‘αααΌ αα α‘αααΈα±αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈαα«α ααΈαααα±αα¬ α±ααΌαΈα αα ααααΈα ααααα α±αα¬αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα α»αααααΌα¬αΈααα αα αα¬αα¬α±αα¬αα±ααΈα»αααΈααα
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ αα±αα¬αααα±ααα α αΌαααΈαααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαααα¬α α₯αα±ααααΈαααα¬α αααα±ααΈαααα¬ ααα±αα¬ααα αα¬αΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααααααα ααΈααα±αα¬ααΈααΌααα¬α±α α»αααΈααα
α»αα ααα±α»αα¬ααα αααααα¬αΈ α±αα¬ααα¬α±α α»αααΈααα
αα α¬ (α) ααΈαααα¬αΈαα α±ααΈααΈα‘ααα α±ααΈααΈα»ααΌα α»αααα»ααΈα±αα¬αααααα α‘ααα¬αα±αα¬αα±ααΈ ααα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈα ααααΏααΈα±αα¬ααααΈ αα ααααΈααα»ααααα¬αααα αααα‘ααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ α‘α±αΎαα¬αααΈααΌααΈα‘ααΈα»αααα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααα‘αααΌ ααΈα αααααΌα¬αΈααααααΈ α ααααααΈαα¬αΏαα»αα ααα
α
βαα‘α±αα¬αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈαα¬α αααααααΎαα±ααα α‘αααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαα±ααΌαα¬αααΈ αααααααΌα¬αα¬αΈα±ααΌα»αα ααααα¬α αα±ααααΎααα«ααα ααααα¬αααΈ αα α±αα¬αα±αα¬ααα αα¬αΈαααΈα αααΈα ααααΌααΈαα ααα»αα α±ααα±ααΌαα«α α»αααα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈααα¬ α‘α¬αΈααΈαα αααααα«ααα α‘ααα‘αααΌαα α±ααΌαΈαα±αααα ααΈα αα»αααααΌα¬αΈααα α‘α»αα¬αΈα±αα¬αα«α±ααΌααα ααααΌα¬αα ααα¬ α‘α±α»ααα‘α¬αΈα»αα α±ααΈαααΈαα»αα ααα±αα¬αα‘ααα‘αααΈαα αα»αα αα«αααβαα
α±α‘ααΌααα¬αα UNAIDS α»αααα¬ αα¬α±αααααΎαα¬αΈα±ααΈααΈ
ααα‘α»αα α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α±αα¬αααα»αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα α‘ααα¬αα±αα¬αα±ααΈ ααα±αα¬ααααααααΈαα¬αΈαα - ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα α»αααααα¬α±α α»αααΈαααα«ααα
α‘ααΌαα‘ααΈαααΈαααα«αα α‘α α‘α α₯α»αα ααα α₯ααα¬ αΎαα α±αΎααΈαα αααα±αα¬ α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬α αα α±ααα¬αααΈα α ααα‘α αΎαα α±αΎααΈαα‘α αΈα α‘α±αα»αα α‘ααα¬αα±αα¬αα±ααΈ ααα±αα¬ααααααααΈαα¬αΈα αα α±αααα¬ αααΈααΈα»αααααααααΈ α±ααΈα±αααα¬ααα‘αα α±αα½αΌαα¬αα¬ α±αα¬αα±αΎαα¬ααΈ αααααΈαααααααααα
α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈα‘α±αα α‘α±α»αα»αα ααα αα±αα¬ααα΅α‘α±αα¬α αααααααααα‘ααα
α‘ααΌαααααααα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈ ααααααααΌα¬αα¬αΈα α‘αααΈα‘αααααΈαααΈα±ααΈα»ααα±ααΈαααα¬ααα¬αΈαα α»αααααα±αα¬αα±ααΈα αααΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈα αααααΈα ααααα΅α‘α±αα¬α ααααααααα±αα¬ α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈ α‘α±α»αα»αα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈααα±αα¬αα αα₯αΈαααα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα αααα±ααΈααα±αα¬ααα αααααΈαα¬αΈα α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬αααααααα’αα±αα¬ααΈααα¬αΈααααα
α
αααα»ααααα α‘α αΈααααΌααα αα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±ααΈαα αααααΈα±ααΈ ααα±αα½αΌαΈα±αα α₯α αααΈα‘α±α»ααα±ααΈαα«αΈαα¬αΈα‘α±ααααΌα ααα±αα±αα¬ ααΈαα α±ααΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈα
ααααα‘ααΌα α‘ααΌααα±αα¬ααα αααααΈα±ααΈαααααααα¬ αα±αα¬ααα ααα»αααΈα±αΎαα¬α αααααΈααα±αα¬α±αα¬αααααα
ααααΈ - MΓ©decins du Monde (MdM)
α‘αααΈ α - α‘ααα‘ααα»αα±αα¬αααααα¬αΈ
α»αααααααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα ααααΌα¬ααα±ααΈαααΈαα»αα±α αα αα¬ααΌαα±α α¬αα±αα¬αα»αααΈα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα±ααΈαα¬ ααα«ααα¬αΈα αααααααΌααααα ααα‘α±αα»αα α‘αα‘αααααΌααΈ α‘αα‘ααα»αααααα
α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈα‘α±α»αα»α αααααα¬ααΌαα±ααΈα ααα΅α‘α±αα¬αααααααα±ααΈαα α‘ααα¬αα±αα¬αα±ααΈ αααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α₯αα±αα‘ααΌααΈα ααΈα»αα¬αΈα»ααα¬ααΈαααα¬αΈ ααααΌααΈα»ααααα»αααΈα»αα α₯αα±αα‘α α±αα¬α±αα¬αα±αα¬ααα»αααααα
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘ααα¬αα±αα¬αα±ααΈα‘αα«α‘αα αα‘ααα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈ
ααα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈ α±αα¬ααα±ααΈα‘αααα‘ααΌα α»ααααααα¬α±ααΌα‘ααΈα ααα ααΈα»αααα±ααΈααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαααα ααα±α»αα±αααα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘α αΈαααααα α‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα¬αΈα (NGOsα CSOs α ααα»αα) α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬ α±αα¬αααΌαααααα
αααΈαα¬α±ααΈααα±αα¬ααααααααΈαα¬αΈα αααααΎααΌαΎααΌ α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα»αα αααΈααααααα
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈα‘α±ααα‘α±α»αα»αα ααααα΅α‘α±αα¬α
α±ααΈαα«αΈααααααα»αααΈαα α»αααααα±αα¬αα±ααΈ αααααΈαα¬αΈα ααΈααα±αα¬α±αα¬αααααα
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ ααΈα αΌααα‘ααΌα α»αα ααα»αα αα α±αα¬αααΌααΈα‘αα₯αΈαα»αααΈα‘α α¬αΈ α‘α»αα¬αΈαααΈαααΈαα ααα»αα α±αα¬ α‘αααΈα‘αα ααααα α‘αα‘α¬αΈααΈα α±ααΈα»ααα»αααΈα ααΈααααααα¬αΈα»αα ααααα
α»αααα¬αααααΌα (α‘ααΈαα»αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ α‘α±αΎαα¬α ααΈααΌααΈα‘ααΈα»αααα±αΎαα¬α ααααα αα¬ααα‘αααΈα‘ααααα±ααΌαα±αααα α‘ααα±αααα¬αΈα) α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈα‘α±α»αα»α ααΈαα α±ααΈα αΌααα»αααΈ ααα±αα¬αααα±ααΈααα±αα¬ α±ααΈαα±ααΈαααΈαα¬αΈαα α‘ααΈα»ααα¬ααα¬αΈ α‘α±αα‘ααΌααα¬ α‘αααα αααΈαα«αΈα±ααα»αα ααα ααα‘α»αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ α αΌαααΈαα α»ααα¬αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα αααα¬α αα±αα¬ααααα±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααΈαα‘α±αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈαααα α‘αααΈα‘αααααΈαααΈα α±ααΈα»ααα±ααΈααα ααΌαααΌαααααα‘ααΈα»αα±ααΎααα»αα ααα ααα α₯αΈα ααΌαααααα αααααααα»ααα»αααΈ ααααα ααααα±αα¬ααα΅ααα«α α‘αααΈα‘ααα±ααΈαα«αΈαααααααα ααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈα±ααΈα»αααΈαα α±αααααα±ααΈα‘ααΌα α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα»ααα αααααΈααααΈα ααααΈααα»αααΈααα±αα αααααααα αα±αα¬α»ααΈαα¬αΈααααα¬αΈα α‘αα¬αΈααα¬ααα¬αΈααΌα αααααααΏααΈα±αα¬α α±ααΈα»ααααααΈα αΌααααααΈαα αα % αααα‘αα»αααα¬αΈαααα±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααα±αα»ααααααααα
ααααααααα±αα¬ α‘αααΈα‘ααα±ααΈα»ααα±ααΈα»αααΈα ααα±αα¬ααα¬α‘αααα¬αΈααΌα α»αααα±αααα»αα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈααΈα±αα¬ααααα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαααα¬ α»ααα¬αα¬αΈα»αα α±αα¬ α‘ααα‘αααΌαα ααα±αα¬αα«αα¬αΈ α»αα ααΌα¬αΈαα α‘αα¬αΈα‘αα¬ α»αααα¬αΈαα¬α±α ααα
α
αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈαα αα αααα αα α αααΈαα α‘α±ααΈα α¬αΈα±αα¬αααα¬αΈα
α»αα ααα±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘α α‘α±ααΈαααα α‘ααΈααα»αααΈα
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαααα αααΈα αα αΈααα α»αα ααα±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘α α‘α±ααΈαα»αα ααα±ααΈα»αααΈαα αααΈααΈα»αα ααα±ααΈαααα«α ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαααα αα¬αΈα»αα ααΈααααα¬αΈ α αααΈαα α±αΎαα¬αααΌααα¬ααααα ααα»ααααααα‘α±αα αα¬αΈα αΌα¬α‘α±α»αααααααα α»αααα¬αααα ααα«ααα¬αΈαα α€αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα‘α±αα α‘α±α»αα»ααα¬αΈαα»αα αΏααΈ ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαααα¬ α»αα αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααΈααΌα¬αΈα»αααΈααα αΌα¬ α»αα ααα±ααΈααα αααα ααα α‘α±α α¬αααΈα α ααααααααααΈα ααααα αααααααα»αααααα¬αΈα αααα ααα ααΌα ααα±αα¬ααΈαααΈααΈααααΏααΈαα αααααααΈααααα αααα ααα βααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαα α ααα±α»αα¬ααΈαα±α ααα±αα¬ α±ααΈαα«αΈαα¬αΈαααα¬α₯αα±αβ
αααααα’αα±αα¬αα α¬αααα¬αΈαα
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα α»αα ααα±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘α α‘α±ααΈααα
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα‘ααΌα α±αα¬ααΈααΌααΈα‘αα₯αΈαα»αααΈ α»αα αααα¬αΈα α»αααα¬αααα‘α αΈαα αα±αα¬αααααα±ααΈααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααααα’ ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαααΈααα±ααΈ αα±αα¬αα α¬αααα¬αΈααΌα αα«ααααα¬αααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααΈαααα¬αααα αα¬αΈααΌααΈα αΌα¬αααααΎαα αα¬αΈαΎαααα α‘ααααααααΈα αααααα’αα±αα¬αα α¬αααα¬αΈα‘α α‘ααΌαααααααα¬αΈα‘α±αα»αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαα ααααα αα ααα±αααΈα‘ααΌα αααααα¬αΈαααααα α»αα ααα±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘α α‘α±ααΈααα αα‘αα»αααΈααα±αααα
αα ααα¬α»αα‘α»αααΈααααΈ ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα₯αα±ααα¬αΈα αααααα«ααα±ααα»αα ααααα
ααα±αα¬αα±αα α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α»αααΈαααα α»αα αααα¬αΈαααα»αααΈα±αΎαα¬α ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαααα ααααααα±αα¬ααα¬ααααα αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα¬ αα¬αΈααΌααΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααα±αα»ααααααα α»αααα¬αααα‘ααΌααΈ ααααΌαααααα αα¬αΈααα αααΈααΈαααΈαααΈαααα α±αα¬αα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬α»αααααΏααΈ αααΈααααα±ααΈααααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈα α‘α»αααΈα‘ααα»αααααΎαα±αα¬αααΈ ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαα¬αΈ ααΌαααααααα±ααα»αα αα»αα α±ααα¬α±ααα‘αα¬αΈα‘α»αα¬αΈααα α»ααα¬ααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααααααΈ ααααα»αααααα¬ααα α€αααα±αα¬ α»αα ααααΈα α»αααα¬ααααα ααααααΈαα¬ ααα±ααΌαα±αααααααα ααα¬α»ααααα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬ααααΈ α‘αα¬αΈαα»αα αααααααα ααα¬α»αα ααα¬αΈ α»αααααα α±ααα¬αααΈα α ααα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬α ααααα αα‘ααΌααΈα αα¬αΈααΈαααααΈα±ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈα α»αααΈαααα (ααααα ααα αΈα αΈα±αα¬αααΌααα) ααααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαα αααααα¬α»αααΈααα‘αΎαα¬αΈ ααα αααααα±αΎαα¬ααΈ α»αααααααααα
ααα¬α»αα ααα¬αΈα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαα₯αΈα±αα α α±αα«ααΈ (αααΈα±αα«ααΈ)
αααΈα»αα - αααα ααα ααα¬α»αααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα‘α αααα α¬α UNODC
αα α¬ α - ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ αααα‘α¬αΈαα α±αα¬ααΈαα‘α¬αΈα α±αα¬ααααα αα ααα¬α»ααΈ α‘α»αααΈα‘αααααΈα α¬αΈα±ααααα α¬αΈ ααα¬α»αα ααα¬αΈα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαα₯αΈα±ααα α±αααα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααααα»ααααα±ααα»αα ααα
α»αααα¬αααα‘ααΌααΈα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα‘α±αΎαα¬αααΈααΌααΈαα₯αΈα±αααααααΈα±α»αα α α±αα«ααΈ
αααΈα»αα - α»αααα¬ααα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα α‘α¬αΈαα α¬αΈαααααΈαα¬α
αα α¬ α- α»αααα¬αααα‘ααΌααΈα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαα₯αΈα±α α α α±αα«ααΈααααα±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααααΈα»αααΌααααα¬αΈαα αααΈααααΈα‘ααα‘ααααα±αα ααα±αα¬αααΈ ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα‘α±αΎαα¬α ααΈααΌααΈα‘ααΈα»αα α‘α±αα‘ααΌα ααααα»ααααα±ααα»αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααΈαααααα
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα αα¬αααααα‘α»αα α α₯αΈα α¬αΈααΈααα α±αα¬αααααΌα‘α±αα»αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈα α»αα ααα±ααΈα»αααΈαα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαααα ααααααα αααΈαααα¬ααα±αα¬αα»αααΈααα±αα ααα‘α»αα α»αα ααα±ααΈα»αααΈαα αααααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα ααααΌα¬ααΌααΈ α±ααΈαααΈαα»αα±ααΈα‘α±αα α‘ααΌαααΈααΌα¬αΈαα α±αα¬αααααΌααΈααΈαα¬αΈααα±αα¬αα±α ααα α»αααα¬αααα‘ααΌααΈ α±αα¬αααααα ααααΈα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈα‘α αααΈααΈαααΈαααΈαααααα αΈααα±αΎαα¬αααΌαα»αααΈα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈα αα»ααααΌααα¬α‘αααα ααΌαα±α»ααΈαααΈα±αα¬αα±α αΏααΈ α‘ααα¬αα±αα¬αα±ααΈαα α‘α»αα¬αΈα‘α±ααΈαα«αα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈααα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈα α±ααΈααΌα¬ααΌα¬αΈα±α α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α»αααααααααα α»αα ααα±ααΈα»αααΈα ααΈαααα¬αΈαα α±ααΈααΈαααα¬αα¬αΈα αααααΈαααααααααα»αααΈα α±ααΈααΈαααα¬ αα±α
αα ,ααα
αα,ααα
α
ααΈα αΌαααααα±αα¬ ααα‘ααα¬ααα¬αΈαα ααΈααΌααΈααα‘α±αα‘ααα¬αΈα»ααααα»αααΈα α€α‘α±αα‘αα α±αα¬αααααΌαααα±αΎαα¬α α‘ααα‘αααΌαα α‘αααΈα±αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈαα«α ααΈ ααΈα αα»αααααΌα¬αΈαα ααα»αααα¬αΈαα¬α±α α»αααΈααα α»αα α±α ααααα ααααααααα±αα¬ α±ααΈααΈα‘ααα α±ααΈααΈα»ααΌααααααα¬αΈαα»αααΈα±αΎαα¬α ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈαα¬α‘αΏααααΈαα ααα«αΈα±αα¬αααα»αααΈαα±ααΎααααα αααΈαα‘ααΈα»ααΏααΈαα¬αΈα±ααΈααΈα‘ααα α±ααΈααΈα»ααΌααα¬αΈα α‘αα¬αΈα»αααααΌα¬αΈαα¬αα α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα α αΌαααα α±α αα ααΌααΈαααααΏααΈαα αα±ααΈααααα¬αΈ ααααα α‘α»αα¬αΈααααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα‘αα αΈααααα α‘ααα¬ααααα±αα¬αα±α ααα
βα»αα ααα±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘α α‘α±ααΈαα»αααΈαα ααα±ααΌααα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαααα»ααα α‘ααα¬αα±αα¬αα±ααΈ αα₯αΈααααα±αα¬ααααα αααααααααΏααΈ α‘αααααα‘α¬αΈα»αα α‘ααα¬αααααΈαα¬α±α‘α¬α ααΈα±αααΈα±ααΈαα ααα«ααααααα»αα αααβ
ααα¬α»αααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααα«αα±ααΈαα¬α±αα¬ααα
αααααααα‘α±αα»αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαα ααα αα±αα¬ α‘α±ααΈα α¬αΈα»αα αααα¬αΈα»αα αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαα ααααα αα ααα±αααΈα‘ααΌα αααααα¬αΈαααααα α±αα¬αααΌααΈα‘αα₯αΈαα»αααΈ α»αα αααα¬αΈαααααΈααα ααααα¬αΈααΌα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα αααα±ααΈαααα¬ αααα¬αΈααΌα αααα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈ αααα¬ααΎαααα α‘ααΈαα»αα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα αααα±ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈααΌα αα αΏαααααααΈαααΈααΈα»αααααα ααααα¬αΈα α€αααα α±ααΌααααααα α‘αααααα α‘ααΈα±ααΈααΈαα¬αΈαα¬
α±ααΌαΈααα αα ααΈα ααααα α±αα¬αα«ααΈα»αααααΌα¬αΈαααα α±ααΈααΌαα±αααΈαααα¬αΈ α±αα¬ααα¬α»αααΈα
α±ααΈαα«αΈαααααααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα‘α±αα ααα αΌαααΈα±αααα¬αΈ ααΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬α»αααΈα
α»αα αααααα¬ ααα¬αΈα ααα±ααΈα αα α αααα αααα¬αΈα α±αα¬αα±ααΈαα α‘ααΈα±ααΈααΈαα¬αΈ αα«ααααααα
α±αααααα¬αα
α±ααααααααα αααα α»αααα ααΌαα αααα ααα α±αα¬ααΈαααΈαα¬αα‘α αααΈα»αααΈα αΌαα ααΈααΌα¬αΈα αΌα¬ ααΌαααααααααα α±ααΌαααααααα αααα ααα ααΌα α±ααααα‘α αΈααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαααΈααα±ααΈα αααααα»ααααααα α¬αα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα αααΈααα±ααΈααα‘α±ααα‘α±α»ααα ααααα ααα±αα¬αα αα₯αΈαααΎαααα ααΈα»αααααα α₯αα±αα‘αα αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαααα αα ααα±αααΈα‘ααΌα αααααα¬αΈαααα αα¬αααααα±α»αα¬ααα α»αα ααα‘α»αα αααααα α‘αααα αα±ααΈαααα¬ α‘ααα‘α»αα α±α»αα¬ααΈααααααααα ααα‘α»αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα αααα±ααΈααα±αα¬ααααααααΈαα¬αΈ α±αα¬α±αα¬αα±ααΈαα α‘αααΈα‘α»αα ααα¬αα‘α±α»αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈ ααΌα±αααα¬αΈαααα
α‘ααα±αα¬αα αα¬αΈα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαα ααααΌααααα¬ααα±αΎαα¬ααΈ α‘α αΈαα ααα±ααΈα αΎαα±αα¬αααΈ αααα αΈαααα αα α₯αααα ααα α±αα ααα±ααΌαα»αα α±αααα¬αα»αααΈααα±αα αααΈα‘α α¬αΈ ααα»ααααα α‘ααΈα±ααΈααΈα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬α ααα±α ααα»αα α±ααααααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ α±ααΈαα¬ααα«ααα ααα¬α»αα ααα¬αΈα α‘α±α‘α¬αα»ααααΈα±αα¬ ααα«ααα ααα‘α»αα α‘αα‘ααα»ααα αααα
α‘ααα‘αααΌ ααΈα αα»αααααΌα¬αΈαα αα ααααΈ ααααΈααΌα¬αΈαααααα
α±ααΈααΌαα±αααΈααα‘α±αα‘ααΌα ααΈαααΈααΌα¬αΈαααααα
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα‘α±αα ααα αΌαααΈααα ααα±ααΈαα α‘α α‘α α₯αα¬αΈαα ααα±αα¬ααα¬α±αα¬ αα₯αΈα±α αααα ααΈα»αααααα¬αααααα
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα α»ααα¬ααα ααΈα αΌα α‘α±αα‘ααΌα α‘ααΈαα»αα ααα±αα¬αα ααααα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈ αααα¬αα¬ααααΈααΌα¬αΈαααααα α»αα ααα±αΎαα¬ααΈαααα¬ ααα¬αΈα±ααΈα αα α‘ααΌααΈ α α»ααα ααα α‘ααα‘α±αα‘ααΌα α±αα¬αααΌα¬αΈαααααα
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαααα ααα ααα αα¬ααααααα¬αΈ α‘ααΈαα»αα α‘α±ααΈα‘ααΌααΈαααα¬αΈ ααααΈααΌα¬αΈαααααα
α
α‘αα¬αΈααα α‘α±ααΈα α¬αΈαααΈα αα±αα¬αααα¬αΈα α»αα ααα±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘α α‘α±ααΈαα»αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα αααΈα αααΈ ααααααααααΈαα¬ααααααα«ααα αααααααα‘α±αα»αα ααααα±αα¬ ααα«ααα¬αΈααα‘αα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα αα¬αΈααΈαααααΈα±ααΈαα α‘α αΈαα‘αα¬ααα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈ αααΈα αα±αα¬αααα¬αΈα αααΈααΈα»αααΈ ααααα αααΈαααΈααααΈαααα±αα¬αααΌααα«α ααα±ααΌααααα±ααΈαααα αααΈα αα±αα¬αααα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ αΏαααΈα±α»αα¬αα±ααΌααα αα α‘ααααα»αα α¬αΈααααα¬ α‘α¬αΈα±αα¬ααΈαα¬α±α αααααα
βα±α»αα¬ααΈαααΌααΏααΈααΈααα±ααΈα‘ααΌα αα¬αΈα»αα ααΈαα αααΈααα¬αΈα αα¬ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘α»αα ααα»ααα»αααΈαα ααΌααΏααΈααΈαααα αα‘αααααα ααα α¬αΈααα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα‘α»αα α₯αΈα αΌα¬αα±αα¬αα¬αΈααα ααΌαα»αα±ααΈαα ααα±αα¬α±αα¬ α₯αα±ααα±αα¬ααα ααααα αα‘αααα β
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα±ααΈαα¬ α±αα¬αααα
ααΈααα‘αα»ααααα¬ (CND) αααα
α‘αααΈ α - α‘ααα‘ααα»αα±αα¬αααααα¬αΈ
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα αα ααα±αααΈα‘ααΌα αααααα¬αΈααααα α‘α±ααΈα α¬αΈα αααΈαααααα±αα¬ α‘αΎαααΈααα»αααΈααα«αα α‘α±ααΈα‘ααΌααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ
α»αα αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αα¬αααα±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘α α»αα αααα¬αΈαααα»αααΈα ααααααααα α»αα ααα±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘α α‘α±ααΈααα ααΈαα±α»αα±αα¬α±ααΈαα α»αα ααα±α»ααααα«α α‘α±ααΈα‘ααΌααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα»αα αααα¬αΈα α±αα¬αααΌααΈα»αα αααα»αααΈαα α‘αααα αα±ααΈαααα¬ α ααΈαα₯αΈα ααΈαααΈααΈα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈα‘α»αα α±α»αα¬ααΈαααααααααα
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαα ααααα αα ααα±αααΈα‘ααΌα αααααα¬αΈααα αααα±αα¬ α‘α±ααΈα‘ααΌααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα»αα αααα¬αΈ
α‘ααΌα α±αα¬αααα‘α α¬αΈ ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ αααΈαααΈα»αααΈα ααα±ααΈα»αααΈα
ααα±ααΌα±ααΈα±αα¬αα±α α»αααΈα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα ααα±ααΈααα±αα¬ααααααααΈαα¬αΈααα
ααα±α»αα¬ααΈα±ααΈα»αααΈ ααααα ααα±ααΈααΌα¬α±ααΈ ααα±αα¬ααααααααΈαα¬αΈ αααα±αα¬ α‘α α¬αΈααΈα»αα αααα¬αΈα α±αα¬ααα±αα¬αααΌα ααααα α±αα¬αααΌααΈα»αα ααα±ααΈα»αααΈα α αα ααα‘α α¬αΈααΈαα αααΈαααΈα»αα α±αα¬ α‘αααΈα‘ααα±ααΈα»ααα±ααΈα»αααΈα ααΈαααααααααα
α₯αα±ααα α‘ααΌααΈ α±ααΈααΈα‘ααα α±ααΈααΈα»ααΌααααα±ααΈαα α‘α α‘α α₯αα¬αΈα ααααΌα¬αΈααα¬α±ααΈα»αααΈα αααΈα‘α±α»ααα±ααΈαα«αΈαα¬αΈα»αα α‘α α¬αΈααΈααα»αααΈαα α±ααΈααΌαααα αα¬ααΌααα¬αΈααΈα α ααααααΌααααα
α‘αα‘αααααΌααΈα»ααα¬ααΈαααααα«ααα±αα¬ α‘ααα¬αα±αα¬αα±ααΈ ααα±αα¬ααααααααΈαα¬αΈ α±αα¬ααα±ααΈα‘αααα α₯αα±αα‘α α‘ααα‘αα¬
α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα»αααααα
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαααα¬ α»αα αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α±αααα±ααΈα»αααΈα ααααααααα
α
αα α αα ααα α α₯ααΈααΌααα α‘αΎαααΈαααα¬ααααααα¬αΈα α‘αααΈα α¬αΈααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ αααααααα ααααΈαααα¬αΈα α₯αΈαααα αααα¬αΈαα αα¬αΈααΈαααααΈα±ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈα α»ααααα‘α¬αα αα»αααΈα
α»αααα¬αααα αααα₯αα±ααα±αα¬ααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα»αα αααα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈα αααΈα±ααΈαα α±αα¬αααααααααα αα¬ααααααα¬αΈα‘α»αα αααααα¬αΈααα αααα«α±αα¬α±αΎαα¬α αα¬αΈααΈαααααΈα±ααΈα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα¬αΈα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα αα ααα±αααΈα‘ααΌα αααααα¬αΈααααα αα αααα αααααΈα αααΈαααααα±αα¬ α‘α±ααΈα‘ααΌα αΈα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈααα¬ α‘ααα₯αΈαααα ααα‘α»αα α‘α¬αα ααα¬αΎαααα α‘αααΈα α¬αΈα±αα¬ααααααΈααα¬αΈαα¬α α‘ααα»ααα‘α¬αα¬αααα¬αΈαα α‘ααα‘ααΌαααααα ααααα α±ααΌα±αΎααΈαΎααα¬α α‘ααΈα»ααα‘αα¬α‘ααΌαααααα±αα¬α±αΎαα¬α αα ααα‘α»αα αα¬αΈαααααα ααααα ααααααΈα ααα±αα¬αα±ααααΌα α»αα ααα±αααα‘α±ααΈα‘ααΌααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ α‘αααα¬αΈα α»αα ααα±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘α α‘α±ααΈαα»αα ααα±ααΈα»αααΈαα αα‘α¬αΈαα α±ααΌα±αΎααΈα‘αααΈα‘α»αα αα¬αΈαα«αΈα±αα¬ αααααΌαα α₯αΈααααα α‘αΎαααΈααα»αααΈαααα α‘α±ααΈα α¬αΈα₯αα±αααΈα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈααα¬ ααααα±α»ααααΈαα αααα«αΈαααΈα‘α α»αααΈααΈαα αα¬αα α±αα¬αα±α ααα α αα ααααΈααΌααα α‘αΎαααΈαααα¬ααααααα¬αΈα α‘αααΈα α¬αΈααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ αααααααα α±αα¬ααααααΈαααα¬αΈα αααααα¬ααΌαα ααα α±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈαααααΈαααΈααααα¬ α»αααααΎαααα
βα»αααα¬ααααα αααΈααΈαααΈαααΈααα±ααΌα αΎαααα«α αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ααΈαα±ααΌα αα αααααα±αα¬αα±ααΈαα±ααΌαααΈ ααΌααααα ααα±ααΌα»αα α±αααα α»αααα¬αααα‘α±ααα αααα‘αααΈα‘ααα αΈααΌα¬αΈα±ααΈααα±ααα±ααΌα ααααα±ααα±ααΌα α‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈαΏααΈαΎαααα αα‘αα±ααΏααβ
α±αα±αα α±αα«ααααα α UNODC α‘α±ααα±αα¬αα‘α¬ααα αα ααα±αα αα¬α±αααα α¬αΈααα α
α»αααα¬ααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααα«αα α»αααΈαααα ααΈααΈααα±αα¬ααα α‘α»αα¬αΈαα ααα¬ α»αα ααα±αΎαα¬ααΈαααα¬ααα¬αΈα±ααΈα αα α‘α±αα α‘ααΌαα‘αααΈ α‘α¬αΈα αααα»αααΈα»αα ααα αα α α₯α±αα¬αα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬α±αα¬ αααΈααΈαααΈαααΈαααα¬αΈα α»αααααααΏααΈ α»αααα¬ααααα‘αα₯αΈαα¬αΈα₯αΈα±αα αααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ααα¬αα»αα αα αα±αα«ααΈ ααααα ααααα α‘α±ααΈα‘ααΌααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα»αα αααα¬αΈα»αα αα ααα±αα¬ααααααα»αααΈ ααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈα»αα αααα α
α»αααα¬αααα α‘αα₯αΈαα¬αΈα₯αΈα±α
α»αααα¬αααα‘ααΌααΈ αααα ααα αα αα αααΈα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααα»αα αααΈααΈαααΈαααΈα»αααΈ αααα±αα«ααΈ α ααα α₯αΈαααΏααΈα α αααα ααα α‘ααΌααΈ αααααα±αα«ααΈ αααα α₯αΈα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ α»αα ααα±αα«ααΈ αααα αα
ααΌαα±αααα¬ααααα α
α»αα αααΈαα¬αΈα‘αα₯αΈα±αα¬αα αα₯αΈα±αα±αα«ααΈ ααΈααα α ααααα α‘α±ααΈα‘ααΌααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ α»αα αααα¬αΈα»αα αα ααα‘αα₯αΈαα±αααα¬αΈα»αα αααα α
α»αααα¬ααα α‘αα₯αΈα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα αααα‘ααα αααα α‘α¬αα¬ααααααααα ααα±αα¬ααΌαα
αα α % α»αααααααααα α
αααα»ααααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαα ααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα
ααααΈ - Transnational Institute (TNI)
αα
α‘α»αα¬αΈαα₯αΈααααα αα‘α±αα»αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα αα ααα±αααΈα‘ααΌα αααααα¬αΈααα ααααα αα αααα ααα αααΈαααααααααα±αα¬ α‘αΎαααΈαααααααα α‘α±ααΈα‘ααΌααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα‘αααα¬αΈα α»αα ααα±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘α α‘α±ααΈααα α±α»αα±αα¬α±ααΈααααα α€ααα»αααα»αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα αα¬αΈααΈαααααΈα±ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈα α‘αα‘α¬αΈα α‘αΎαααΈααααα α αα ααααΈααΌααα αα¬αααααα α‘αααΈα α¬αΈααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααααΈααα α‘ααααα»αα α¬αΈαα ααααα α±ααΌα±αΎααΈααα«ααααααα±αα¬ αααααααα»αα α±α αα αα¬ααααααα¬αΈα±ααααΌαα»αααα α‘α¬αα ααα¬α±α ααα»αα ααα αααα α±α»αα¬ααΈαα‘α¬αα αα»αααΈα»αα αα¬αΈααΈαααααΈα±ααΈ α‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα¬αΈαααΈαα¬αΈααα ααααααααΈα αααα¬αα¬α±αα«αα«αΈααΌα¬αΈα±α αΏααΈ ααααΈααΌα¬αΈα»αααΈαααα α»αα ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬α α±αα¬ααααα ααααα α αΌααΈα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈα α‘α»ααα‘αα»ααααα‘ααΈααα¬ααααα»αα ααα ααα‘α»αα α»αα ααα±ααΈαα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαααΈααα±ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈ (αααααΌαα ααα¬αΈα ααα±ααΈαα α‘αα₯αΈα±αα¬ααα¬αΈ)ααΌααααα‘ααΈα»αα±αααα α‘αααΈα‘α»αα αα ααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈαααααΈαααα±αα¬ α‘ααΈαααΈαααα«αα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα αααα±ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈ α±αα¬α±αα¬ααα¬α α»ααααααΌα±αααα¬αΈαα¬ααααα»αα ααα
βα‘αααΈα‘ααααααΈαα±ααΌα αααΈααΈααα¬ ααααα¬α±αΎαα¬α α±α‘α¬αα±α»ααα¬αααα‘αα¬αα±ααΌαα¬ α‘αα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈαα±ααΌαα α‘α±ααΈα‘ααΌα±αα¬ααΈαααα±ααΌααααΈααΈα±ααααα ααααα α‘ααααααΈα±ααΌ ααα¬αΈα α‘ααα‘α±αα‘ααΌα α»ααααααααΈ αα«ααα α‘αα ααααα‘α α¬αΈ αα¬αΈααΈαααααΈα±ααΈαααααΈα±ααΌα‘α±ααα α‘αααΈα‘ααα±αα¬ααααααΈαΏααΈ α±αα¬ααΈααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα±ααα±ααΌα α±α»αα¬ααΈαΏααΈα‘α¬αα αααααα αα«α±ααΌαααααααα α‘ααα»ααα α ααΈα±αα¬ααααΈα±ααΈ αααΈα αα α±ααΌα αα±αα¬ααΈα αααααααα¬α±ααΌα αα½αΌααΈααα±ααααααΎαα¬αΈα±ααΈ α‘α α‘α α₯α±ααΌα α‘αααΈαααΈαααα±ααΌαα ααΈα±αα«ααΈαΏααΈα±αα¬αααΌαααΌα¬αΈαααα‘ααααβ
α‘αΏαααΈα α¬αΈαααΈαααΈα ααΌααα‘ααΌααΈα±ααΈααΈαα αα¬αα‘αααΈα‘αα±αα¬ααΈα CCDAC ααΈ
αααααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα±ααΈαα¬ ααα«ααα¬αΈα α‘ααΈααααα¬αΈααααΈαα¬αα¬ααΌα α‘ααΈα»ααα ααααΈαααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ αααΈααΈαααΈαααΈααα α‘ααα‘α±αα‘ααΌαα αααΈαααΈαααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααα¬α
ααααα ααααΈαα ααα αααΈαααΈα§αα α α±αα«ααΈαα±αα¬ αααΈααααΈαα¬αΈα‘α±ααα ααα¬αΈααΈαα‘αααΈ α‘α±α»ααααα¬αΈα»αααΈα»αα ααα α‘ααα« α‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈαα α‘α±αα‘ααΌαααα¬αα»α ααααα¬αΈαα¬α»αα αα»αα ααα«ααα¬αΈαααα±αα¬ααα ααααα α‘ααΈααααα¬αΈα αααΈαα¬ααα»αααΈααα±αα ααα«ααα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬αα»ααααα αααΈαα¬αα¬ααΌα αααα±αΎαα¬αααα α₯αΈαααΈα αα αααα ααααΈα‘α±αα ααα±αα¬αα±α α±αα¬ α‘ααΈα±ααΈααΈαα α‘ααα¬ααα¬αΈα αα±αα¬αα αΌα¬ α±ααα¬ααΈαααα ααααααΈαααΈα‘αα αα¬αΈ α‘α±ααΈααααΈαα‘αα±ααΏαα»αα ααα αααΈα ααααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ α₯ααα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈα±ααΈααΌαα±αααΈαααα α‘ααα‘αααΌ ααααα α‘αααΈα±αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈαα«α ααΈ ααΈα αα»αααααΌα¬αΈααα‘αααΈα‘αα¬α ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα±α αΈααΌαα±αΎαα¬α α±ααααΌααα¬αα α‘ααααα»αα α¬αΈααα‘αααΈα‘αα¬α ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα‘α±ααααα αΌαααΈααα¬αΈ ααΈααΌααα α‘α±ααΈα‘ααΌα»αα ααα‘αααΈα‘αα¬α ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααααααα α±αα¬ααΈααα ααααα ααΈα αΌααααααααα»αααα»ααα αα±ααα ααααΌα¬α‘ααα‘αααΈαα¬αΈα αααα±ααΈαα α αΈααΌα¬αΈα±ααΈααΌααΏααΈααΈαααα α‘αααΈα‘αα¬α ααααα»αα αα«ααα
α‘αααΈ α - α‘ααα‘ααα»αα±αα¬αααααα¬αΈ
αα¬αΈααΈαααααΈα±ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈα α‘α¬αΈα αα»αααΈαα α₯αΈα α¬αΈα±ααΈαααααα¬αΈα α‘αααΈα α¬αΈααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ
ααααΈαααα α αα ααααΈααΌααα α‘αΎαααΈαα αα¬αααααααααΈα±ααΈαααα ααα‘α¬αα αααααα
αααααααΈα±αα±αα¬ α‘α±αα‘ααΌα ααα¬αα»αααααα¬αΈα‘α α¬αΈ αα α₯αΈαααΈα αα ααααΌα¬α‘ααα‘αααΈ αα ααααΈα‘α±αα ααα±αα¬ααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααα«ααα¬αΈα α‘ααΈα±ααΈααΈαα α‘ααα¬ααα¬αΈα αααΈαα¬αα α ααααΈαα αα¬αΈ α±ααΈααΌα»ααααααααα
α‘α±ααΈα‘ααΌααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ α»αα αααα¬αΈαααααααα ααααααΈαα¬αΈαα α»αα ααα±αΎαα¬ααΈαααα¬ ααα¬αΈα ααα±ααΈα‘ααΌα αααα‘ααΈα»αα±ααα α‘αααΈα‘α»αα αα α ααα α±ααα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα αααα±ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈααα α»ααααα αααΌα±αααα¬αΈααααα
α‘ααα¬α‘ααΈααΈα α‘ααααα»αα α¬αΈααα α‘ααααα α¬αΈαααα α±ααΌα±αΎααΈααα«αααααα
ααααααα‘ααΌα ααΈαααα‘αααΈα‘α»αα αα¬αΈα α»αααααα¬αΈαααααα
αα
αα αααΈα αααΈα±αα¬ α‘ααα±αααα¬αΈααΌα ααΌααΏααΈα±ααΈα ααααΈαα¬αΈ α±αα¬αααΌααααα α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα»αα»αααααα»αααΈα
α»αααα¬αααααΌα αααααααΈαααα±αα¬ ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα±ααΈαα¬ααα«ααα¬αΈαα α»ααα¬ααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαααα αα¬αΈα»αα ααΈαα αααΈααααααα α±αα¬αααΌαα α±αα¬ααΈααα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα αα±α»ααααΈα α»αα ααα±ααΈα»αααΈα»αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ αααα‘α¬αΈαα α±αα¬ααΈαα‘α¬αΈα α±αα¬ααααααΈαααΈα±αα»αααΈα»αα ααα α‘αααααααααΈα αααΈαααααααα α»ααα¬ααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαααααα α±αα¬αααΌαα ααααΈαααααα‘α»αα¬αΈ α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈαααΈαα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬αα‘αααααα¬αα ααα‘αα¬αα¬αΈαα¬α»αα ααα αα¬αα
α‘α¬αΈα»αα αααΈαααα¬ αααΈαααΌα±αααα α α¬αΈααααα‘α¬αααααα ααααααααααα‘α α‘α±α»ααα‘α±αα¬αα‘α‘αα αα»αα αα±ααα‘ααα ααα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈα αααααΈααα ααΈα αΌααααααα»αααΈα α±α»ααα¬αα‘αααα‘ααα»αααα¬ ααααΈα αΌααα»αααΈα αααα¬αα α‘ααα‘αα α‘ααΌαα‘αααΈαα¬αΈααα»αααΈα α‘α¬αΈαααΈαα α‘α αΈαα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα¬αΈ ααααα α±αα¬ααΈααΌααα α‘αααα αα±ααΈ ααα»αααΈαααα±αα¬ α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈαααΈαα¬αΈαα«αααααααα α»αααα¬αααα αααΈα αααΈαα‘αα¬αΈα αα αααα»αααααααααΈα»ααααα α±ααΈαα±αα«ααα¬αΈ α±αα¬ααααΈαα¬αΈα±ααα α±ααααΎααααααΈαααΌααΈαα«αΈα±αα¬ αααΈαααΈαα¬αΈααΈααΌαα α‘α±ααΈα α¬αΈα±αα¬ααααα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬α»αα αΎαααα αααα α‘ααααααααα±ααΈ α‘ααΌα αααΈαα αααΈαΎαα»αααΈα»αα αααα α
α±α»αα¬αα±ααΌαα±ααα αααΈααΈαα αααΈα±α αα¬αΈα α α±αα¬ααΈα±ααα ααΌα¬αααΌα¬αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ
ααααΈ - Transnational Institute (TNI)
α»αααα¬αααα‘ααΌααΈ αααα ααα α αααα ααα α‘α αααΈαααΈααααα±ααΈαα α αααΈα±ααΈ (αααα¬α»αα)
αααΈα»αα - GOUM/CCDACα UNODC (αααα ααα α‘α±ααα±αα¬αα‘α¬α αααΈα α αααΈ)
αα α¬ (α) αααΈααααα±ααΈ α‘ααα‘ααα»αααα¬αΈαα¬α±αα¬αααΈ αααα ααα αα α αααΈα αααΈαααα αα±αα¬ααα α»αααααα¬αααα
α‘ααααΌαα±αα¬α»ααΏααΈαα α‘α±α»ααα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈαααΈα‘ααΈααΈαα±αα±αα¬α±αααα¬αΈααΌα ααααα±ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈα α‘αααΈα‘αΎαα α±αα¬αααΌαα»αααΈαα α‘αααΈα¬αα α‘αα‘α¬αΈα»αααΈααΈα»αααΈ αααααα¬α»αα ααα α€αα αα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈ αααΈααααα±ααΈααααααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈα α‘ααα‘ααα»ααα α±αα¬α±αα¬αααααα α¬αΈ αααα ααα αα αααα ααα α‘αΎαα¬αΈ αααΈα αααΈαααααα αα αααα α»ααααααΌα¬αΈααααα α
αα
αααΈα»ααααα±αα¬αα ααΈα αααΈα»αα ααααααΈαα
ααααΈ - Transnational Institute (TNI)
αααααα¬α‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘α αΈααα¬αΈα αααααα’α‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααααα¬αΈαα α±ααΌα±αΎααΈαααα¬ α‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈα±αα«ααΈ α±α»αα¬ααα¬αΈα αΌα¬αα α‘αααΈα‘αα α‘αα‘α¬αΈααΈααα»αααΈα ααααΈααααααα‘αα‘ααα»αα αα¬αΈα»αα ααΈαα αααΈα±ααΈ α±αα¬αααΌααα±αα¬ααΈααα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα α₯αΈα αΌα¬ααααΌαα±α»ααααΈαα αα‘αα±αΎαα¬ααΈ αα»αααα¬αααα αααΈαααα αααα ααα ααααα¬αα‘ααΌααΈ αααΈαααΏααΈ ααααα±α‘α¬αα αΈ (α»αααα±ααΈαααααΈαα¬αα α-αααααΈ) α‘αα«α‘αα αααα±αα«ααΈ αα α±αα¬α αα±αα«ααΈ αα α α±αα¬ααα±αα¬αααααααα‘αααα±α»αα¬α α±α»αα¬ααΈαααΌααΏααΈααΈααα±ααΈαααα¬ αααααα¬ααα¬α (ICAD2) αα±α»αα¬ααΈαααΌααΏααΈααΈααα±ααΈαα αααααα¬ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαααΈααα±ααΈ α‘α±α»ααα±αα«ααααα¬αΈα αα αα‘αα«α‘ααα»αα αααα ααα±αα¬ααΈα‘ααα»αααΎαααα
αααΈαα¬αα
αααΈααααα αααα ααα αα α αα¬αΈααΈαααααΈα±ααΈαααααΈα αααΈααααααα ααα±ααΌα α‘α α¬αΈααΈααααα±α αα α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα»ααα α±αααααΈα±αα«ααΈα±αα¬αααΌαα±ααΈαααΈαααΈα»αα αααΈα αααΈααααααα αααΈααααα ααα±αα¬αααΌααααα ααααΌα¬α ααΌα¬αΈααΏαα»αα αα αααΈααα ααα±αα¬α‘ααα¬α±ααΈαα₯αΈα±αα¬αααα±α‘α¬ααα‘α¬αα¬αααα¬αΈαα αααα±α»αα¬ααααΈα±ααα α±αααααααα αααΈαααΈαα¬αΈααΈααΌαα αα¬αΈ αααΈα‘α α¬αΈααΈ αααα¬ααα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈααα±α α»αααΈα»αα αααΈα αααΈαα ααα±α»αα±αααα ααα¬αΈα ααΌααΏααΈααΈααα±ααΈα‘α α‘α α₯αα¬αΈα αααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬ αααΈααΈα»ααααααα α‘αα‘α¬αΈααΈα α‘αααΈα‘ααααααα»αααΈααα±αα¬αααΈ αααα ααα α‘α±αα¬αααΌα αααΈαααα‘ααΌααΈ αααΈα αααΈαααααααα ααα ααααα ααα αα ααααα ααα‘α αα% ααααΈααΌα¬αΈαααα ααα α±αα¬αα±αα¬ ααα¬αααααα¬ αααααα±αα¬αααΈ α±αα¬ααααΈαα ααΌα α±αα¬ααα α α% ααα αααααααΈααΌα¬αΈαααα αα±αααααΈαααα αααΈα αααΈαααααα α±α»αα¬αα±αα¬αα±α‘α¬αααα±αα¬αα»αα α₯α±ααα‘α¬α»α αα¬αΈαααα α‘α±α»αα‘α±α ααα±αα¬αααΌα¬αΈααΏαα»αα αααα α
ααα±ααΌαααΌα αααΈααααα±ααΈ ααααααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαα α‘αα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα αααααα‘ααΌααααΈα»αα αα ααααααΈα α¬αΈαα¬αΈααα¬ αα αααα¬αΈα±αααα»αα αααα αααααΈαααΌααΈαα ααΌα¬αΈα±α αααααα αα±αα¬αα‘α±αα»αα αααΈααααα±ααΈαα α±αα¬αααα¬αΈα αααααΈαααΈαα αα¬αααα α‘αααΈα‘ααΈαα¬αΈα»αααααα¬α±ααΈαααα α‘α±αΎααΌαΈααααα‘ααΌα α±αα¬ααα¬αααα ααΌα ααα±ααΈα α±αα«ααα¬αΈαα α‘ααα±αααα¬αΈαα α±αααα±α»αα¬ααΈα αααΈα»ααα αααΈαα α‘αααΈα‘ααα‘α¬αΈα±ααΈααααα»αα α±ααααα α
βαα α±αα«ααΈα±ααΈααα‘ααΌααΈ αα±αα¬α»ααααΈααααα¬ α»αααΈααΈααα‘αα¬αΈααΈαα αα±αα¬αααα‘αααΈααΈ α‘α α‘α α₯αα ααα«ααβ
α‘α¬ααααα α₯ααα α‘α±ααααα α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα»αα α±αα¬α±αα¬ααα αααΈααααα±ααΈαααααΈα‘α±αα α‘α¬ααααα α₯αααα αα«αα α₯αααααα¬ α‘α±ααααα‘ααΈααα α¬αΈααα±αα¬ααΈαα α₯αΈα»αα αα αα ααααΈααααΌαα ααΈααααα
αα
αααα»αααα¬αααα‘ααΌααΈ α±α»αα¬ααΈαααΌααΏααΈααΈααα±ααΈ α ααααΈαα¬αΈα α±αα¬αααααα α‘ααΌααααΈαα«αΈαα»αα ααααΌα¬α‘αααΈα‘αα₯αΈααααα¬ α‘αα‘αααααααΎαααα α ααααΈα‘α±α»αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈα UNODC αα‘αα‘αα»αα αααΈα»ααααα±αα¬ααααΈα±ααα α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬ααΏααΈ αααΈα»ααααα‘α±αααααΈααΌα αααα¬αα±αα¬αα±ααΈαααΈ(Mae Fah Luang Foundation) αααααΌα¬ααΌααΏααΈααΈααα±ααΈ α‘α α‘α α₯αα¬αΈα»αα α±αα¬ααααα±ααΈαααα αααααα±α αα¬α α‘ααα±αα¬α‘αα¬ααα¬αΈαα α±α»αα¬ααΈαααΌααΏααΈααΈααα±ααΈα ααΈααα±αα¬α±αα¬ααααα ααα¬αΈααα αααΈα αααΈααα‘ααΌα ααΌααΏααΈα±ααΈα α‘αα¬αΈα±ααΈαααααΈαααΈα»αα αα₯αΈααα±αα¬αααΌααα ααα αααα α¬αΈαα¬α±αΎαα¬ααΈα±αα¬α»αααΎαααααα
βα‘α αΈαα‘α±ααα α±αααααααααΏαα ααΈαα‘α α¬αΈααΈα‘α α‘α α₯α±ααΌαα α‘α α¬αΈααΈα‘ααα±ααΌαΈαααΈα±αα¬ααΈαααααΈα±ααΌα αα±αα¬ααααΌα¬α±ααΌ αααααΈαααα±α‘α¬α αααα±ααΈα β¦. αααα±ααΈαααα αα±αα¬αααα αααΈαααΈα±ααΌα α‘αα‘α¬αΈααΈαΏααΈ α‘αααΈα‘ααααααΈαα¬ααΈα±ααΌ αααααααΈα α‘α αΈαα‘αα¬αα±ααΌα‘α±ααα αα±αα¬αααα αααΈαααΈα±ααΌα ααααααΈαΏααΈ ααα¬αΈαααα‘ααΌααα αα¬αα±ααΈαα ααα±αα¬ααΈα±αααα‘α α¬αΈ αα±αα¬ααααΌα¬α±ααΌ α±αααααΌααΏααΈααΈαααα¬ααα±α‘α¬α ααα±ααΈαΏααΈ αα‘αα α‘α±α»ααααα±αα¬αααα±ααΌααα¬α±α‘α¬α α»αααααΈα±ααΈααααα α‘αααα¬ α α¬αΈααααα‘α¬ααα±ααΈα ααα¬α±ααΈαα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈααα±αα¬αααα±ααΌα ααα α ααΈα α‘α±α»ααα‘α±αα¬αα‘α‘αα ααααΌαα±ααΈα±ααΌαααΈαα«ααααα α‘α αΈαα‘α±ααα αααΈα αα±αα¬ααα±ααΌ α‘α»αα¬αΈαα αααΈαααΈαα α‘ααα±ααΌαΈαααΈα±αα¬ααΈαα»ααααα α‘αααα¬ααα αα‘α ααα¬αΈαααααΈα ααααα±α‘α¬α ααΌαα»αα±ααΈαααααβ
α»αααα¬ααα αααΈα αα±αα¬αααα¬αΈααα¬αα ααΌαα±αα¬α αααα ααα α±αα α ααα±αα
α‘αααΈ α - α‘ααα‘ααα»αα±αα¬αααααα¬αΈ
α±α»αα¬ααΈαααΌααΏααΈααΈααα±ααΈα α»αααα¬ααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαααΈααα±ααΈ ααα¬ααα¬α α‘α±α»ααα‘αα»αα αα αα‘α»αα αααα‘αα‘ααα»αααααα αααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααα«ααα¬αΈααΌα α±α»αα¬ααΈαααΌααΏααΈααΈααα±ααΈ
αααα¬ α‘ααα‘α±α»ααααα¬αΈα (ααα‘α±α»αα»αα α±ααααα₯αΈααα±αα¬αααΌαααα αααααααα ααα±ααΌααα±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±ααα¬α±α αα α»ααΌααΈααααα¬αΈα α αα ααα‘α α‘α α₯α±ααΈααΌαα¬αΈααα)
α‘αα‘αααααααΈα»ααα¬ααΈα α‘α»ααααΈα₯αΈα α¬αΈα±ααΈα‘α±αα»αα ααααΌααΈαα¬αΈαααααα
αααΈαααΌααΈαα«αΈαα αααΈα αααα±α»ααα¬αΈα α±α»αα¬ααΈαααΌααΏααΈααΈααα±ααΈ α ααααΈαα¬αΈα αααΈααΈα»ααααα α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬αααα ααααα»ααααα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈα‘αα α±ααΈααα±ααααΌααΏααΈααΈααα±ααΈ ααα¬ααα¬α‘ααΌααΈ α±α»αα¬ααΈαααΌααΏααΈααΈααα±ααΈα ααααΌααΈαα¬αΈαα±ααΈααααα
αααΈα αααΈαα ααα±α»αα±αααα¬αΈα α±α»αα¬ααΈαααΌααΏααΈααΈααα±ααΈ α ααααΈαα¬αΈα α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬αα α αααα΅αα±ααα α‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αααααΈααααααα α‘αααα±ααΈαααα¬ αααααΈα α₯αα¬αΈ α‘ααα±α»αα±αα¬α±ααΌαα±α‘α¬α αααΈααααααα
α‘α α‘αααα±αα¬ α‘α α¬αΈααΈα‘ααα±ααΌαΈαααΈα±αα¬ααΈ α‘ααΌαα‘αααΈαα¬αΈα αααΈα αα±αα¬αααα¬αΈ ααα‘ααΈααααααααα α‘αα‘α¬αΈααΈα α‘αααΈα‘αααααΈααααααα αααααΈααααααααα
αα
α α ααα«αα»αα»ααα±α»αα¬ααΈαα±ααΈαα¬αΈ α±αα¬αααΌααα¬ααΌα α‘αααααααα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα ααααα α¬αΈααΌαα±αα¬
ααααααΈα α¬αΈαα¬αΈαα«ααα±α α»αααΈα
ααα«αα±ααΈααΌα»αααααα¬α βααααα α¬αΈααΌαα±αα¬ ααααααΈα α¬αα¬αΈβα ααααΌααΈαα«ααα±α α»αααΈαα α±αα¬ααΈααΌαααα‘αααα±ααΈα α±αα¬ααα‘α±α»ααααα ααα»αα αΏααΈ ααα¬α»αα ααα¬αΈ ααααα»αααα»αααααααα¬αΈαα α‘α±αα‘ααα αα»αα ααα ααααααΈ αααα»ααα‘α±ααΈα α±αα¬αααΌααααα¬αΈα α±ααΈααΌα»αααααα¬α α»ααα¬αα αα α‘ααΈααΈααα±αα¬αααα ααα±ααΌααα α¬αΈααααααα‘αα ααα«ααα±αα¬αααΌαα±α α»αααΈαα ααααΈααα±αα¬ααΈααΌααα α±ααα α‘ααΈα±ααΈααΈαα¬αΈα αααα¬α±α ααααα ααα‘α»αα αααα»αα αααααα ααΌα»αα¬αΈααααααα¬αΈα α±αα¬ααα¬ααααΈ αα¬αΈα αΌα¬α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα»αααααα αααααα±α αα¬α ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαααα¬ α»ααα¬αα¬αΈα ααααααα±αα¬αααα α‘αα¬αΈααΈ ααααα α¬αΈαααααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ ααΈα αΌααα¬αΈαα αααΈα αα±αα¬αααα¬αΈαα α»αααα¬αααααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα±ααΈαα¬ ααα«αα αα¬αΈαααΈαα¬αΈα αααααααΎαα₯αα±αααα»αα αΏααΈ ααααα‘ααα¬αΈαααΈ ααα»αααα±αα¬αααΌαα±ααα»αα ααα ααα«ααααααα¬αΈαα αααα±ααΈα±αα«ααΈα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα ααα‘α±αα»αα α‘ααΌαα±ααΈααΈα αΌααα βααα¬αΈα±αβ αααααα¬αΈαα ααα¬ααα¬ααΈα ααα¬αΈαα αα±αα¬αα¬αΈαααα αααΎααα»αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα±ααΈαα¬ ααα«αα ααα±αα¬αα‘αα α αα₯αΈααα±αα¬αααΌαααααΌαααααααααα αα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα±ααΈαα¬ αα α₯αααα¬αΈαα αααααα¬αα«α α‘α¬αα¬ααααααα‘αααα±ααΈαα α»αα ααα±ααΈα»αααΈα αα α±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬ α±ααΌααααα α¬αΈααα±αα¬αααΈ α€α‘α»αααα αααα ααααΈα‘ααΌα ααααααααα«ααααα ααααααΈα α»αααα¬ααααααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α»αα ααα±ααΈα‘α±ααΈααααα¬αΈα α±αα¬αααααα αααααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα±ααΈαα¬ ααα«ααα¬αΈα αα±αα¬αα‘ααΈαααα α‘α¬αΈααα‘α¬αΈααα»αα α αααα±αα«αααΌααα¬α αααΈααα±αα«αααΌα¬αΈαα¬α»αααΈα»αα ααα α»αααα¬αααα αααα±αα¬ααααΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈαα αααα±ααΈα»αα»ααα±α»αα¬ααΈαααα»αα α α₯α ααΌαααΌαααΌααΈααΌααΈαααααααααα‘αααΈ αααααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈαα α»αα»ααα±α»αα¬ααΈαα±ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬αα»ααααα‘ααΌα αααα±ααΈα‘α ααααααααααααα αα»αα αα±ααα‘αααα ααα»αα α ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαααα¬ α»ααα¬αα¬αΈα ααα«ααα¬αΈα ααααααααα αααααα α¬αΈα±ααα±αα¬ ααααααΈα α¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘αα«α‘αα α‘αααααααα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘αααΈα¬αα»αααα αΌα¬αα«ααα±αα¬αααΌαα»αααΈαα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα±ααΈαα¬ ααα«ααα αα¬αΈα‘α±ααα‘αα¬αΈα»αααα α±αα¬αααααα α±αα¬α±αα¬αα±αα¬ααα»ααααα±αΎαα¬ααΈα±ααα¬α±α αα»αα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα«αα α±α»ααααΈαα ααα»αα ααα
α‘αααΈ α - α‘ααα‘ααα»αα±αα¬αααααα¬αΈ
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα±ααΈαα¬ ααα«αα±ααΈααΌα»ααααααα
α»αα»ααα±α»αα¬ααΈααααα α ααααΈα‘α±αα¬αα‘αα α±αα¬ααα‘ααΌααΈ ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈαα αααΈα αα±αα¬ααααα α¬αΈαααα¬αΈα
ααααΌααΈαα«ααα±α ααααα
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαα ααα ααα ααα«αα±ααΈαα¬ α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈααΌαα¬αΈα α‘αααααααα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα¬αΈα αααΎαα¬αΈααααα
αααααΈαα¬α±ααΈα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα ααΌααΏααΈα±ααΈα±αα α‘α±α»αααα α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈα‘α±α»αα»α ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα±ααΈαα¬ααα«ααα¬αΈαα ααααα α‘αα¬αΈα»ααα ααΈαΎαα¬αΈααααα¬α±α‘α¬α α‘αα‘α»ααααΌαα±ααΈααααα
αααα ααα ααααα¬αα‘ααΌααΈ α»αααα¬ααααααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘αα‘ααΌα α±αα¬αα»ααααΈαΏααα±ααΈααΎαααα αααΈα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬α±αα¬ αααα΅ααα»ααααα¬αΈα αααα α‘ααα‘α¬αα¬ααα αα αααΈααα αααα±ααΈα‘αααΈα‘αααΈα‘αα α α±α»αα¬ααΈαααααΈαα ααα₯αΈα‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘αα‘ααΌα α±ααα±α‘α¬ααααΈα αΎαα α₯αΈα±αα¬ααα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈαααα±αα α‘ααΌαααα α‘α»ααα‘αα αα±ααΈα±αα¬ααααΎαααα ααα‘αααα α»αααα¬αααα‘ααΌα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαααα¬ α»ααα¬αα¬αΈα α»αα ααα±ααΈαα αααΈαααΈα»αα α±α»ααααΈα»αααΈαα ααα‘ααΌα α»αααα¬αα ααααα‘ααΈα±ααΈααΈαα αααα±α α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α‘αα‘ααα»ααααα‘ααα»αα ααα α‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘αα‘α±αα»ααα»αααα¬ααααα α»αααααααΈαα¬α±ααΈα ααααΌα¬α±ααΈαααΈαα»αα±ααΈα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα ααΌααΏααΈα±ααΈα‘α±αα α‘α±α»αααα α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈαααα¬ααα±αα¬αα‘ααΈααα ααα«ααα¬αΈα ααα‘α¬αΈα αα α‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αα αααααα ααα‘αααα αααα‘αα¬α‘ααΌαα±ααΈα α‘αααααα‘αααααα¬ αααα±αα αααΈαααΈααα»αα α‘α¬αΈααΈαα«ααααααα α α₯αααα»ααααΌααΏααΈααΈααα±αα¬ ααα±αα¬αα‘ααα‘αααΈαα ααα‘α»αα α»ααααααααααα α‘ααα‘αα«α±αα¬ααΈα»αα ααα α»αααα¬αααα‘α±αα»αα ααααα¬αΈααα αα±αα¬αα‘ααΈααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα±ααΈαα¬ ααα«ααα¬αΈαα α±ααΈααΌα¬ααα ααα¬α»αααααα¬αΈααα¬α»αα αααααααα α»αααα¬αα α‘α±ααα±αα¬αα‘α¬αα±ααααααΈ α±ααΈααΌα‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬ααα±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααα±αα»αα»αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα αααααα¬α‘ααα α»ααααα₯αΈα±αα¬ααα±αα¬ααα α‘ααα‘αα«α±αα¬ααΈα»αα ααα
βα±α»αα¬ααΈααααααΏαβα±ααα±α‘α¬ααααΈα αΎαα
αααΈααααΈαααα
αα
α‘ααΈαααααααα¬αΈ
α ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααα«αα±α»αα¬ααΈαα»αααΈ α±αα¬ααα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈα±ααΈ α‘ααΌα(α»αααα¬) (DPAG) ααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα« α‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα¬αΈ αα«ααααα α»αααα¬αααααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈααΌααα (NDNM)α α»αααα¬ααααααΈα αα±αα¬αααα¬αΈααα¬αα α»αααα¬ααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαααααα±ααΈα‘αααΈ (MANA)α HIV / AIDS Allianceα MΓ©decins du Monde (MdM)α Population Services International (PSI)α Save the Children αα Transnational Institute (TNI) ααα»αα αα«ααα
α α±αααααααα±α»ααα α»αααα¬α αα¬α‘αα αααΈαααααα α‘α±ααα±αα¬αα‘α¬ααααααΈαααα α±αα¬ααααΈαα¬αΈαα±ααΏααΈ αααΈα αααΈααααααα‘αα¬αΈααΈ ααα±α»αα±αααα αα»αα ααα
α UNODC, Southeast Asia Opium Survey 2015, Lao PDR, Myanmar.
α UNODC, Souhteast Asia Opium Survey 2012, Lao PDR, Myanmar.
α βBouncing back, relapse in the golden triangle.β β TNI - June 2014
α βFound in the darkβ β The impact of drug law enforcement practices in Myanmar β TNI and National Drug Users Network Myanmar (NDNM) β September 2016
α Scott Green, ββHappy Hourβ for Heroin in China,β China Digital Times, September 26, 2013, http:// chinadigitaltimes.net/2013/09/china-demand-heroin- outpacing-golden-triangle-supply/.
α Country Report: Burma, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement A airs, 2015 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, US Department of State. Link: http://www.state.gov/j/inl/ rls/nrcrpt/2015/vol1/238952.html. α βSituational analysis on drug use, HIV and the response in Myanmar: looking forward.β UNAIDS, May 2015
αα Global AIDS Progress report Myanmar, 2014, National AIDS Program, MoH
αα Public health and international drug policy, the Lancet Commissions, Vol 387, April 2, 2016. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)00619-X/fulltext
αα ααα¬α»αααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααα«αα±ααΈαα¬α±αα¬ααααα αααα±αα«ααΈα±αα¬αα±αα¬ααΈ ααα₯αΈα‘αα«α‘αα αααα±ααΈα±αα«ααΈα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα αα ααααΈα±αα¬α±α α¬αα ααα’α αα α₯αΈα»αα ααΌαα ααΈαα¬αΈαα α‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα αα»αα ααα
αα α»αααα¬αααα‘ααΌααΈα α‘ααα¬αα±αα¬αα±ααΈ ααα±αα¬ααααααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘α αΈαα α±ααΌα±αΎααΈαααααααα αα% ααααα¬ααΏααΈ αα αα% αα αααααα¬α‘ααααα¬αΈα (UNAIDS-Do No Harm-Health, Human Rights and People Who Use Drugs - 2016) α±αα¬ααα±ααΈαα αααα±ααΌαα¬αΈα»αα ααα αααααΈααα±αα½αΌαΈααααα ααα±αα¬ααααααααΈαα¬αΈαααΌα ααααΈαα α±ααΈ α»ααα αααΈα‘αααΈα‘αα₯αΈααααα¬(αααα»αααααα αααΈα α ααα¬α) α‘α»ααα‘ααααααααααα ααα‘α»αα ααααααααΈ α₯αΈα αΈαα¬αα±α‘α¬αα α»αααααα±αα¬αα±ααΈα αααΈα‘αα¬αΈα αα αααα±ααΌα»ααααααα±αΎαα¬α ααααααααα»αααΈααα±αα¬α±αα (National HIV Legal Review β UNAIDS, UNDP, Pyoe Pin β September 2014).
αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα‘α±αΎαα¬α ααΈααΌααΈααα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααα‘αααΌ ααΈα αααααααααααΈαα αααα ααα α‘ααΌααΈ αα.α% αααααααα β αααΈα»αα - Integrated biological and behavioural survey among people who inject drugs, Myanmar, 2014.
αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα‘α±αΎαα¬α ααΈααΌααΈααα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααα‘αααΌ ααΈα αααααααααααΈαα αα.α % αααααΏααΈ αα¬ααααα‘αΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααα‘αααΌ ααΈα αααααααααααΈαα α.α% αααα Integrated Biological and Behavioural Survey Among People who Inject Drugs, Myanmar, 2014. HIV Estimates and Projections. Asian Epidemiological Model. Myanmar. December 2014.National Drug Abuse Control Programme, Ministry of Health, 2015.
αα αααΈα±αα¬αΏααααα‘ααΌααΈα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα‘α±αΎαα¬α ααΈααΌααΈααα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααα‘αααΌ ααΈα αααααααααααΈ αα %α αααΈα±αα¬αΏααααα‘ααΌααΈα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα‘α±αΎαα¬α ααΈααΌααΈααα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααα‘αααΌ ααΈ α αααααααααααΈ αα%α Integrated Biological and Behavioural Survey Among People who Inject Drugs, Myanmar, 2014. HIV Estimates and Projections. Asian Epidemiological Model. Myanmar. December 2014.
αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα‘α±αΎαα¬α ααΈααΌααΈααα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααα‘αααΌ αααααΈα ααααααααΈαα 28% ααααααα Integrated Biological and Behavioural Survey Among People who Inject Drugs, Myanmar, 2014. HIV Estimates and Projections. Asian Epidemiological Model. Myanmar. December 2014.
αα 12,488 people were accessing Methadone Maintenance Therapy programs as of December 2016.Methadone program annual review, December 2016, Yangon.
αα HIV Sentinel Surveillance (HSS), National AIDS Program (NAP), 2000 β 2014
αα Evidence for action technical papers. Effectiveness of sterile needle and syringe programming in reducing HIV/AIDS among injecting drug users. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004.Wodak A, Cooney A. Do needle syringe programs reduce HIV infection among injecting drug users: a comprehensive review of the international evidence. Substance Use & Misuse, 2006, 41(6-7):777β813.
αα
αα Evidence for action technical papers. Effectiveness of sterile needle and syringe programming in reducing HIV/AIDS among injecting drug users. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004.World Health Organization, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.Technical guide for countries to set targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care for injecting drug users. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2012 revision.Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention,diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations. Geneva, World Health Organization, July 2014.
αα Breaking the link: The role of drug treatment in tackling crime. London, NSH National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse, 1997.The effectiveness of criminal justice and treatment programmes in reducing drug-related crime: a systematic review. London, UK, Home Office online report. (http://www.crim.cam.ac.uk/people/academic_research/david_farrington/olr2605.pdf)
αα Evidence for action technical papers. Effectiveness of sterile needle and syringe programming in reducing HIV/AIDS among injecting drug users. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004.
αα Kwon JA, Anderson J, Kerr CC, Thein HH, Zhang L, Iversen J et al. Estimating the cost-effectiveness of needleβsyringe programs in Australia. AIDS. 2012;26:2201β10.
αα 8th Asian informal drug policy dialogue, co-organised by TNI, GIZ and CCDAC, Nay Pyi Taw, 6 - 8 November 2016
αα For more information see UN joint statement on Compulsory drug detention and rehabilitation centers: http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/sub_landing/files/JC2310_Joint%20Statement6March12FINAL_en.pdf
αα United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime, 2010United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. Evidence from compulsory centres for drug users in East and South East Asia. Background Paper prepared by UNODC RE EAP for the Regional Consultation on Compulsory Centres for Drug Users, 14β16 December, 2010, Bangkok, Thailand, ; 2010http://www.unaids.org.cn/pics/20130719153407.pdf. (accessed 04.11.14)Yan et al., 2013Yan, L., Liu, E., McGoogan, J.M., Duan, S., Wu, L.T., Comulada, S. et al. Referring heroin users from compulsory detoxification centers to community methadone maintenance treatment: A comparison of three models. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13: 747DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-747
αα 1974 Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Ordinance was Myanmar first Drug law.
αα αααα ααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαα α‘ααα¬ααα±αα¬ α±ααΈαα«αΈαα¬αΈαααα¬α₯αα±αα αααα ααα ααΌα α»ααααα»αααααααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαα‘α»αα ααααααα ααααΌαααα‘ααΌα ααααα»αα ααα‘α»αα α±αα¬ααα α αα α α αα αααα¬α α αα α α αα αα ααΈα»ααααΏααΈ α‘ααΈααΌα¬αΈααΈααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα»αα αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α±αααα±ααΈααα α ααααααΈαααα this number should be 29
αα αααα ααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαα α ααα±α»αα¬ααΈαα±α ααα±αα¬α±ααΈαα«αΈαα¬αΈαααα¬ α₯αα±αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌαα‘α»αα ααααααααα ααΌαααα‘ααΌα α»αα ααα‘α»αα α±αα¬ααα α αα α α αα αα αα ααα±αααΈα‘ααΌααα¬αΈαααα‘αα«α‘αα ααα¬αΈαααααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈ ααααα±ααΌααααα‘ααΌα α»αα ααα‘α»αα α αα α αα αα α‘αα α‘αΎαααΈαααααααα α‘α±ααΈα‘ααΌα±αα¬ααΈααααα‘αα«α‘αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα±αα¬ααΈααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈααα‘ααΌα α»αα ααα‘α»αα αα αα α αα αα α‘α α±αα¬αααααααααΏααΈ ααααααα α»αααα»ααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αααα ααααΈααα‘ααΌα α±αααα»αα ααααααααα( αααααΌα α±αααα±ααΈα»αααΈ ααα±αα¬αααα α¬αΈ)α this number should be 30
αα Commentary on the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988, para. 3.95
αα Global AIDS Progress report Myanmar, 2014, National AIDS Program, MoHβSituational analysis on drug use, HIV and the response in Myanmar: looking forward.β UNAIDS, May 2015
αα α»αααα¬αααα‘ααΌααΈ αααα ααα αα αα αααΈα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαα ααα ααα αααΈααΈαααΈαααΈααα±αα«ααΈ α ααα αααα β Patterns and trends of Amphetamine-Type-Stimulants and other drugs: Global SMART Programme, 2013 Challenges for Asia and the Pacific, UNODC, 2013. Need to check number
αα South-East Asia Opium Survey 2015 β UNODC
αα Degenhardt, L., Chiu, W.T., Sampson, N., Kessler, R.C., Anthony, J.C. et al. (2008) βToward a Global View of Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis, and Cocaine Use: Findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveysβ, PLoSMedicine, vol. 5, no. 7 www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050141 Accessed 11.07.14European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2011) Looking for a relationship between penalties and cannabis use www.emcdda.europa.eu/online/annual-report/2011/boxes/p45 Accessed 08.07.14Single, E., Christie, P. and Ali, R. (2000) βThe impact of cannabis decriminalisation in Australia and the United Statesβ, Journal of Public Health Policy, vol. 21, no. 21, pp. 157-186 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10881453 Accessed 08.07.14
αα See National HIV legal review report, review of Myanmarβs legal framework and its effect on access to health and HIV services for people living with HIV and Key Affected Populations, September 2014, UNDP / UNAIDS/ Pyoe Pin
αα Global Commission on Drug Policy (2012) The War on Drugs and HIV/AIDS http://globalcommissionondrugs.org/wp-content/themes/gcdp_v1/pdf/GCDP_HIV-AIDS_2012_REFERENCE.pdf and, Global Commission on Drug Policy (2013) The Negative Impact Of The War On Drugs On Public Health: The Hidden Hepatitis C Epidemic www.globalcommissionondrugs.org/hepatitis/gcdp_hepatitis_english.pdf.
αα
αα βFound in the darkβ β The impact of drug law enforcement practices in Myanmar β TNI and National Drug Users Network Myanmar (NDNM) β September 2016
αα Rosmarin A, Eastwood N. A quiet revolution. drug decriminalisation policies in practice across the globe. London: Release; 2012 (http://www.countthecosts.org/sites/default/files/release-quietrevolution-drug-decriminalisation-policies.pdf, accessed 6 April 2016).
αα Ibid.
αα DomosΕawski A. Drug policy in Portugal: the benefits of decriminalizing drug use. Warsaw: Open Society Foundations; 2011 (https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/drug-policy-inportugal-english-20120814.pdf, accessed 6 April 2016).
αα Hughes_and_Stevens,_βA Resounding Success or a Disastrous Failure:_Re-Examining_the_Interpretation_of_Evidence on the Portuguese decriminalization of illicit drugsβ. 107 (Sicad). βRelatorio annual 2013 β a situacao do pais em material de drogas e toxicodependenciasβ 64
αα Ibid
αα Hughes and Stevens, βWhat Can We Learn from the Portuguese Decriminalization of Illicit Drugs?,β 999-1022; Mafalda Ferreira, Margarida Gaspar de Matos, and JosΓ© Alves Diniz, βRisk Behaviour: Substance Use among Portuguese Adolescents,β Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 29(2011): 486-92.
αα Ibid
αα See 26, Ibid
αα α»αααα¬αααα‘ααΌααΈ αααΈα αααΈαααααααα αααα ααα α αααα ααα α‘αΎαα¬αΈ ααΈααααα»ααααααΌα¬αΈααα - South East Asia Opium Survey 2015, UNODC need to check number
αα Transnational Institute, βBouncing back, relapse in the Golden Triangleβ, released in June 2014
αα βFound in the darkβ β The impact of drug law enforcement practices in Myanmar β TNI β September 2016
α α See interview for the Myanmar Times on the 28th of June 2016
α α Bureau of Democracy and Labor, US Department of State, Country reports for human rights practices, 2014 β Burma Link: http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2014&dlid=236428#wrapper accessed 8/12/2015
α α UNODC β Patterns and trends of Amphetamine-Type-Stimulants and other drugs: global SMART programme β 2013 challenges for Asia and the Pacific
α α Myanmar Times, 19 October 2016. Data disclosed by Major General Aung Soe, deputy minister for home affairs. http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/mandalay-upper-myanmar/23167-four-drug-rehab-centres-to-open-in-december.html
α α September 2014, estimate by an official of the Central Committee for Drug Abuse Control (CCDAC) given to TNI
α α αααα ααα α±αα±αα¬αα«ααα‘ααΌααΈ α‘ααΈα αα‘αα₯αΈα±αα¬ααα α‘αα¬αΈααΈααααααα α‘αα₯αΈαα¬αΈα₯αΈα±α α ααα ααα±αα¬ ααΌαα α‘αα₯αΈαα¬αΈα₯αΈα±α αααα α‘α αααΈαααΈαα¬αΈαα±αΎαα¬ααΈ α»αααα¬αααα‘ααΈαα¬αΈααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα±αα¬αααα ααα»αααααα http://www.mnhrc.org.mm/en/unofficialtranslation-the-press-statement-regarding-the-visit-toinsein-central-prison-by-the-myanmar-national-humanrights-commission-statement-no-3-2015/According to World Prison Brief the occupancy level was 144.3% in 2012, not taking into account labour camps. http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/myanmarformerly-burma, accessed 7/12 β15
α α Transnational Institute, βBouncing back, relapse in the Golden Triangleβ, released in June 2014
α α UNODC β Southeast Asia Opium Survey 2015
α α UNODC, https://www.unodc.org/southeastasiaandpacific/en/myanmar/2012/05/food-distribution/story.html
α α Opium cultivation in the Golden Triangle, Lao PDR, Myanmar Thailand β Thailand Opium Survey β 2006 β UNODC
αα The current State of Counternarcotics in Myanmar β TNI
α±ααΌα±αΎααΈα±αα¬αααα
α€ααααααααΈα Open Society Foundations α α±ααΌα±αΎααΈα±αα¬ααααα»αα ααα±αα»αααΈα»αα ααα
ααααααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α±αα¬α»ααα«ααα α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈαα DPAG αααα¬αααααΏααΈ Open Society
Foundations α α‘α»αααα±αα¬αα¬αΈα‘α»αα ααααααα»αα±α ααα«α
ααααΌααα
DPAG ααααααΈα±ααΈαα¬ααα - αααΈαααΈα‘αααΈαααΈ - +αα (α) α ααα αα α αααα‘αΈα±ααΈα - [email protected]
Drug Policy Advocacy Group-Myanmar
ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααα«αα±α»αα¬ααΈαα»αααΈ α±αα¬ααα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈα±ααΈ α‘ααΌα(α»αααα¬) (DPAG) αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαααα¬ ααα«ααα¬αΈαα α‘α±αα‘ααα¬αΈα‘α±αα α αααα α¬αΈααααα α‘ααΈαααααα±αα«ααΈααΈα α»αα ααΌαα ααΈαα¬αΈαα α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈα‘α±α»ααα¬α±ααΈα αΎαα€ααα αα»αα ααα α‘ααΌααααα¬αΈα‘α»αα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈαα αααΈα αα±αα¬ααα‘ααα‘αααΈαα¬αΈα α‘αααααααα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα¬αΈα αααααα¬αα α»ααααΌααΈα‘α±α»αα α NGOs αα¬αΈα ααα α¬αΈαααα¬αΈ αα«ααααα α‘ααΌαα α‘ααααααΌαααααα»αααααααΈαα¬α±ααΈα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα ααΌααΏα αΈα±ααΈα‘α±ααα‘α±α»αα»ααα ααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈα±ααΈαα¬ ααα«ααα¬αΈαα α‘α±αα‘ααα¬αΈ α±ααΈααΌααααΈααα‘ααΌα ααα«αα±α»αα¬ααΈαα±ααΈ α±αα¬ααα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈααα»αα ααα
αα½αΌααααα α‘ααΌααααα¬αΈαα¬ α»αααα¬αααααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈααΈα αΌααα¬αΈααΌααα (NDNM)α α»αααα¬ααααααΈα αα±αα¬αααα¬αΈααα¬αα α»αααα¬αααααΈαα α±ααΈαα«αΈαααααα±ααΈα‘αααΈ (MANA)α HIV/AIDS Allianceα MΓ©decins du Monde (MdM)α Population Services International (PSI)α Save the Childrenα Transnational Institute (TNI) ααα»αα αα«ααα
Drug PolicyAdvocacy Group
Myanmar
