ROLE OF COMPUTERS IN E

GOVERNANCE(DIGITAL INDIA)

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BYPROF. NEHA GULATI AMRIT TAYAL RAVPREET SINGH SHRESHTH MALHOTRA MBA(IB-1ST SEM)

TOPICS OF DISCUSSIONS• E-governance introduction

• E-government

• Objectives of digital India

• Types of interactions in e-governance

• Advantages of e-governance

• Cloud Computing

• Governance and Government

• Challenges for implementing e-governance

• E-Governance initiative

• Drishtee Case Study

INTRODUCTION

E-governance can be defined as the use of information &

communication by government to enhance the range, quality of

information & services provided to the citizen in an cost effective

manner.

Thus, e-Governance is basically associated with carrying out the

functions and achieving the results of governance through the

utilization of ICT (Information and Communications Technology).

AS PER WORLD BANK E-Government refers to the

Use of information technologies

That have the ability to transform relations with citizens,

businesses, and other arms of government .

These technologies can serve better delivery of government

services to citizens

E-GOVERNMENT E Government short for electronic government, also known as e gov, digital

government, online government or transformational government.

It is creating a comfortable, transparent and cheap interaction between

government and citizens.

As the era of Digital Economy evolves, the concept of good Governance

assumes a greater significance.

Thus, e-governance will result in improved transparency, speedy information

dissemination, higher administrative efficiency and improved public services in

sectors including transportation, education, power, health, water, security and

the state administration and municipal services.

OBJECTIVES OF DIGITAL INDIA

Reducing Costs

Promoting Economic development

Improving Public Administration

Facilitating an e-Society

Enhancing Transparency and Accountability

TYPE OF INTERACTIONS IN E-GOVERNANCE

G2B – Government to Business In G2B, the government deals with businesses such as suppliers using the

Internet and other ICTs.

G2B includes two two-way interactions and transactions:

Government-to-business.

Business-to-government(B2G).

B2G refers to businesses selling products and services to government. Two

key G2B areas are e-procurement and auctioning of government surpluses.

Government buys large amounts of MROs (Maintenance, Repairs, and

Operations) and other materials directly from suppliers.

G2G-GOVERNMENT TO GOVERNMENT

G2G deals with those activities that take place between different

government organizations/agencies.

Most of the activities are aimed at improving the efficiency and

effectiveness of overall government operations.

Examples in the United States include Intelink (an intranet that carries

classified information shared by different U.S. intelligence agencies),

procurement at GSA (aggregating demand quantity for different units of

the government), federal case registry (locating information about child

support) and procurement marketing and access network (a searchable

database that contracting officers in various government units use to

find products and services sold by small or women-owned businesses).

GOVERNMENT TO CONSTITUTENTS (E-DEMOCRACY)

E-democracy refers to online activities of governments, elected

representatives, political parties and citizens for democratic processes.

This includes political or current affairs discussion and online consultation

between representatives and their constituents.

During the 2004 U.S. presidential elections and 2006 midterm elections,

both major party candidates had their own information portals and also

sent e-mail messages to potential voters.

In South Korea, since web surfers seldom read newspapers or watch TV,

politicians have to rely on the Internet to recruit voters.

Government to Citizens (G2C) G2C deals with the relationship between government and citizens.

It allows citizens to access government information and services instantly,

conveniently, from everywhere, by use of multiple channels.

This model have been designed to facilitate citizen interaction with the

government. The focus of G2C is customer centric and integrated

electronic services where public services can be provided based on a

“one-stop shop” concept.

This implies that citizens can carry out a variety of tasks, especially those

that involve multiple agencies, without needing to initiate contacts with

each individual agency.

Government to Citizens (G2C) (contd.)

While e-Administration initiatives improve internal government

processes, e-Citizens and e-Services deal with improving

communication and quality of service between government and

citizens.

As each domain develops and progresses, e-Government

initiatives may increasingly fall into overlaps.

ADVANTAGES OF E-GOVERNANCE

Speed: Technology makes communication speedier. Internet, Phones, Cell

Phones have reduced the time taken in normal communication.

Cost Reduction: Paper-based communication needs lots of stationary

which calls for continuous heavy expenditure. Internet and Phones makes

communication cheaper saving valuable money for the Government.

Transparency: Use of ICT makes governing process transparent. All the

information of the Government would be available on the internet. The

citizens can see the information whenever they want to see, but this is

only possible when every piece of information of the Government is

uploaded and is available for the public.

ADVANTAGES OF E-GOVERNANCE(contd.)

Accountability: Accountability is answerability of the Government to the

people. It is the answerability for the deeds of the Government. An

accountable Government is a responsible Government.

Improved Customer Service: E-Government allows to redeploy resources

from back-end processing to the front line of customer service.

Increased access to information: E-Government improves the accessibility

of government information to citizens allowing it to become an important

resource in the making the decisions that can help in empowerment of

citizens.

CLOUD COMPUTINGCloud computing is a next generation computing platform that helps the users

to share the resources through communication mediums.

According to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) one of

the most accepted definition of cloud computing is Cloud computing is a model

for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared

pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage,

applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with

minimal management effort or service provider interaction.

So in simple words cloud computing can be defined as a distributed computing

environment that enables the users to access and exchange their resources

(applications and data) remotely.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNACE

The difference between government and governance is often raised.

Governance, according to the New Oxford English dictionary (1991), is

defined as “the action or manner of governing”.

It is the process by which we collectively solve our problems and meet

our society’s needs.

Government is the instrument we use.

e-Governance is a broader topic that deals with the whole spectrum of

the relationship and networks within government regarding the usage

and application of ICTs.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNACE

(contd.) e-Government is actually a narrower discipline dealing with the

development of online services to the citizen.

e-Governance defines and assesses the impacts of technologies on the

practice and administration of governments and the relationships

between public servants and the wider society, such as dealings with the

elected bodies or outside groups such as non profits organizations, NGO’s

or private sector corporate entities.

CHALLENGES OF IMPLIMENTING E GOVERNMENT

The implementation of e-government initiatives face some technological

difficulties such as lack of shared standards and compatible infrastructure among

departments and agencies.

ICT infrastructure is recognized to be one of the main challenges for e-

government. Internet working is required to enable appropriate sharing of

information and open up new channels for communication and delivery of new

services.

Sharma & Gupta (2003) point out that implementation of the whole e-

government framework requires a strong technology infrastructure. In order to

deliver e-government services, government must therefore develop an effective

telecommunication infrastructure.

Security Security of an information system means protection of information and

systems against accidental or intentional disclosure to unauthorized

access, or unauthorized modifications or destruction (Layton, 2007).

It refers to protection of the information architecture including network,

hardware and software assets and the control of access to the information

itself.

Sharma & Gupta, (2003) asserts that, security can be classified into two

elements: network security and documents security. It should include

maintenance and e-infrastructure protection in the form of firewalls and

limits on those who have access to data. Furthermore, the use of security

technology should protect user IDs, passwords or any such data that are

being transmitted over the Internet and stored electronically.

Leaders and Management Support

The literature shows that without support from the top management, an

innovation is less likely to be adopted.

Thus, e-government implementation needs the support from the highest

level of government for successful implementation.

Top management support refers to the commitment from top

management to provide a positive environment that encourages

participation in e-government applications.

Therefore, it plays a significant role in the adoption and implementation of

e-government

E-Governance Initiatives: Computerization of Land Records: In collaboration with NIC, the

landowners get computerized copies of ownership, crop and tenancy and

updated copies of Records of Rights (RoRs) on demand.

Bhoomi Project: Online delivery of Land Records. In Karnataka, Self-

sustainable e-Governance project for the computerized delivery of 20

million rural land records to 6.7 million farmers through 177 Government-

owned kiosks .

Gyandoot: It is an Intranet-based Government to Citizen (G2C) service

delivery initiative. It was initiated in the Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh

in January 2000 with the twin objective of providing relevant information

to the rural population and acting as an interface between the district

administration and the people.

E-office: The Government of India has recognized the need to modernize

the Central Government offices through the introduction of Information

and Communications Technology. e-Office is aimed at increasing the usage

of work flow and rule based file routing, quick search and retrieval of files

and office orders, digital signatures for authentication, forms and

reporting components.

Immigration, Visa and Foreigner’s Registration & Tracking (IVFRT): India

has emerged as a key tourist destination, besides being a major business

and service hub. Immigration Check Post is the first point of contact that

generates public and popular perception about the country, thus

necessitating a state of the art system for prompt and user-friendly

services.

Direct Cash transfer: To facilitate disbursements of Government

entitlements like NREGA, Social Security pension, Handicapped Old Age

Pension etc. of any Central or State Government bodies, using Aadhar

and authentication thereof as supported by UIDAI.

Aadhar Enabled Payment system (AEPS): AEPS is a bank led model which

allows online interoperable financial inclusion transaction through the

Business correspondent of any bank using the Aadhar authentication. The

four Aadhar enabled basic types of banking transactions are as follows:-

1. Balance Enquiry

2. Cash Withdrawal

3. Cash Deposit

4. Aadhar to Aadhar Funds Transfer.

E-Kranti scheme: This is project for linking the internet with remote

villages in the country. This scheme will broaden the reach of internet

services to the rural areas in the country. The fundamental features of this

scheme will be making the records handy to the government with ease. It

also includes Expansion of internet and commencement of IT-based jobs .

It will also boost the use of mobile phones and computers in rural areas.

Mobile Seva: It aims to provide government services to the people

through mobile phones and tablets. It has been developed as the core

infrastructure for enabling the availability of public services through

mobile devices. It enables a government department to integrate both

web and mobile based services seamlessly and enhances the access to

electronic services tremendously leveraging the very high penetration of

mobile phones, especially in rural areas.

Case Study – Drishtee - connecting Indian village by village

Entrepreneurship is a great enabler. Villages in India have traditionally

been very entrepreneurial, with farming being the main driver of the

economy.

Over the course of last 50 years, the RoI (Return on Investment) on land in

villages has decreased rapidly in comparison to the 'job' returns in cities.

This has led to a steady migration from these 'cradles of civilisation'.

With limited support from the Government in the form of plain vanilla

subsidies, entrepreneurship was put to deep sleep and the hunger for risk

and higher return was replaced with the hunt for 2 square meals a day.

Drishtee – The Model

Drishtee is a micro-franchisee platform for providing Information,

services & products to the rural community with the help of ICT

(Information & Communication Technology).

The strength of the model is the rural entrepreneur, owning and

operating a Kiosk in the village, which becomes the interface

between the service providers and the rural community.

ICT and women

ICT is a non capital intensive activity which does not discriminate

between class or gender.

There is no physical labour involved as a result of which there is

gender equity in opportunity.

Involvement of community women in revenue generation and

social development is easier.

Natural advantage of women as good in process, credibility

(repayment of loans), management.

Profile of Drishtee women entrepreneurs

Drishtee women entrepreneurs are between 18 and 45 years old, with

most of them in the age category of 22 to 35 years.

Observations indicate that the younger women are looking upon Drishtee

as a career.

They come from lower middle class families in the rural areas (Rs. 2,000 –

10,000/month income range, $1.5 - $7.5/day).

All of them are literate with at least 5th grade education, while most have

8th grade education.

Most are not familiar with technology and have never had a paying job,

although they may have volunteered.

REFERENCES

Dash S, Pani SK. E-Governance Paradigm Using Cloud

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www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187705091630624X

Palvia SCJ, Sharma SS. E-Gov.

Melorose J, Perroy R, Careas S. No Title No Title. Statew Agric L

Use Baseline 2015. 2015;1:1–16.

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