Genetic Manipulation for Higher Productivity in Animal

Presented By-Devendra Kumar

M.Sc.(Biotechnology)Enrolment No. 1386/14

Introduction Genetic manipulation in animal for higher productivity is

also called genetic engineering, refers to the alteration of the genes of an organism.

It involves manually adding new DNA to an organism to add new traits. Examples of genetically engineered organisms include plants that are resistant to certain insects, plants that tolerate herbicides and crops with altered oil content

Genetic engineering is the name of a group of techniques used to identify, replicate, modify and transfer the genetic material of cells, tissues or complete organisms.

The objective of this technology is to increase disease resistance, productivity and product quality in economically important animals by adding information of DNA markers to phenotypes and genealogies for selection decisions

Animals containing of a foreign gene are termed as transgenic animal, used for various purpose of producing

What is a genetically manipulated animal?A genetically engineered or “transgenic” animal is an animal that

carries a known sequence of recombinant DNA in its cells, and which passes that DNA onto its offspring.

Recombinant DNA refers to DNA fragments that have been joined together in a laboratory.

used to produce serum biopharmaceutical products such as antibodies that can be used for the treatment of infections, cancer, organ transplant rejections, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis17-19.

The current production system for such blood products is donated human blood, and this is limiting because of disease concerns (e.g. HIV/AIDS),

Transgenic methodsMicroinjection of DNA and now nuclear

transfer, are two methods used to produce transgenic livestock successfully

The technology of transgenesis is potentially useful to modify characters of economic importance in a rapid and precise way

Identify an organism that contains a desirable gene.

Extract the entire DNA from the organism.

Remove this gene from the rest of the DNA. One way to do this is by using a restriction enzyme. These enzymes search for specific nucleotide sequences where they will "cut" the DNA by breaking the bonds at this location.

Insert the new gene to an existing organism's DNA. This may be achieved through a number of different processes

Why are animals being genetically engineered? Genetic engineering is a useful technology because

it enables animals to produce useful novel proteins

Genetically-engineered animals are being produced for two distinct applications: human medicine and agriculture

Many therapeutic proteins for the treatment of human disease require animal-cell specific modifications to be effective, and at the present time they are almost all produced in mammalian cell-based bioreactors

Genetically engineered animals, such as cattle carrying human antibody genes which are able to produce human polyclonal antibodies17, have the potential to provide a steady supply of polyclonal antibodies for the treatment of a variety of infectious and other diseases.

Genetically engineered cows producing human immunoglobulin (Hematech, Sioux Falls, S.D.) may provide an important source of polyclonal antibodies for the treatment of a variety of medical conditions including organ transplant rejection, cancer, and autoimmune diseases

Transgenic mice have also become increasingly important for biological and biomedical research and have generated a vast amount of vital information about human diseases

to manipulate gene sequences in plants, animals and other organisms to express specific traits.

To increase efficiency in utilizng feed

Ability to give leaner meat

Ressistant to certain disease/insects

Secretion of pharmaceuticals in to milk, blood and urine which can be used for manufacturing drugs.

How is the genetic engineering of animals regulated?Is the new animal drug safe for the animal

Is the new animal drug effective

If the drug is for a food-producing animal, is the resulting food safe to eat? Although premarket regulatory review of genetically engineered animals is mandatory,

Applications of genetic manipulationIn 2006, the first human therapeutic protein,

Anti-thrombin III (ATryn®, GTC Bio-therapeutics, Framingham, MA), derived from the milk of genetically engineered goats was approved by the European Commission for the treatment of patients with hereditary anti-thrombin deficiency

Transgenic animals are also being used to produce serum biopharmaceutical products such as antibodies that can be used for the treatment of infections, cancer, organ transplant rejections, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis

Genetic engineering applications in animal breedingThe objective of this technology is to increase

disease resistance, productivity and product quality in economically important animals

Genetic engineering applicationsTo growth and meat traits- alter growth rates and

patterns have included production of transgenic swine and cattle expressing a foreign c-ski oncogene, which targets skeletal muscle

Wool production- first approach was to increase its production through transfer of cystein biosynthesis from bacterial genes to sheep genome

Milk composition- Milk proteins are coded by unique copy genes that can be altered to modify milk composition and properties

Genetic manipulation applicationsRumen Manipulation to Improve Animal Productivity -

increase of desired activities such as cellulolysis and detoxification or reduction of undesirable activities such as proteolysis, deamination and mthanogenesi

Introductions of diverse genes into gut microorganisms

introduce new species or strains of microorganisms into the gut (Stewart et al., 1988). Application of the said two approaches has a great potential to increase digestibility of feedstuffs and to improve animal production

Ethical aspects of genetically engineering animals?Public opinion surveys have reported that some

people are ethically uncomfortable with the idea of genetically engineering animals. There are two central ethical concerns associated with the genetic engineering of animals. The first has to do with breaching species barriers or playing God. Proponents of this view suggest that life should not be regarded solely as if it were a chemical product subject to genetic alteration and patentable for economic benefit. The second major ethical concern is that the genetic engineering of animals interferes with the integrity of the animal.

Safety: This generally arises in the case of GMO foods. Are the foods safe for human consumption? Is GMO feed healthy for animals?

Environmental Impact: Consider that genetic engineers have the ability to create trees that grow faster than their unmodified counterparts. This seems like a great deal for the lumber industry, but might some unintended consequences result?

Humans: Should humans be genetically engineered? Doing so could have medical applications that reduce or prevent genetic disorders such as Down's syndrome.

Animal Ethics of genetic manipulationWhat about the ethical aspects of genetically

engineering animals?

What about the ethical aspects of genetically engineering animals?

Invasiveness of procedures

Large number of animals required

Unanticipated welfare concern

References. World Health Organisation (OIE) Definition of animal w

elfare, glossary. 2010. Terrestrial Animal Health Code; p. xiv.

www.teachengineering.orgwww.scq.ubc.caWeb.eusl.infohttp://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/animalbiotechElectronic Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 0717-3458

Vol.9 No.2, Issue of April 15, 2006 © 2006 by PontificiaUniversidad Católica de Valparaíso -- Chile Received March 17, 2005 / Accepted October 25, 2005

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