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childhood schizophrenia and depression
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CHILDHOOD SCHIZOPHRENIA AND
DEPRESSION
CHILDHOOD SCHIZOPHRENIA
Definition
• Childhood schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder in which children interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia involves a range of problems with thinking (cognitive), behavior or emotions.
Causes
• Unknown
• Brain disorders
• Genetics and environment
• Problems with neurotransmitters
• Difference in brain structure
Risk factors
• Family history of schizophrenia
• Exposure to viruses, toxins or malnutrition while in the womb
• Abnormal activation of the immune system
• Older age of the father
• Taking psychoactive drugs during teen years
Onset
• symptoms start in the late teens to the mid-30s
• Early-onset schizophrenia occurs in children younger than age 17
• Very early-onset schizophrenia in children younger than age 13.
Clinical Features
Early signs and symptoms
• Language delays
• Late or unusual crawling
• Late walking
• Other abnormal motor behaviors
Contd…..
Symptoms in teenagersWithdrawal from friends and familyA drop in performance at schoolTrouble sleepingIrritability or depressed moodLack of motivationStrange behavior
Contd…
Teens may be:
• Less likely to have delusions
• More likely to have visual hallucinations
Contd…
Later signs and symptoms
• Hallucinations.
• Delusions.
• Disorganized thinking (speech).
• Disorganized or abnormal motor behavior.
• Negative symptoms.
Diagnostic Measures
• Child's medical and psychiatric history
• Conduct a physical examination
• Medical and psychological screenings
• Review school records.
Tests and screenings.
• Blood tests
• Imaging studies, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT)
• Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Psychological evaluation
• Observe appearance and demeanor
• Asking about thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns
• Talking to child about any thoughts of self-harm or harming others
• Evaluate the ability to think and function at an age-appropriate level
• Assessing mood, anxiety and possible psychotic symptoms.
Diagnostic criteria
• Hallucinations• Delusions• Disorganized speech• Disorganized behavior• Catatonic behavior, which can range
from a coma-like daze to bizarre, hyperactive behavior
• Negative symptoms, which relate to lack of or reduced ability to function normally
Treatment
• Medications
• Individual and family therapy
• Social and academic skills training
• Hospitalization
• Lifestyle and home remedies
Complications
• Poor performance or inability to attend school or work
• Inability to perform daily activities, such as bathing or dressing
• Withdrawal from friends and family
• Suicide
• Self-injury
• Anxiety and phobias
• Depression
Contd…
• Abuse of alcohol, drugs or prescription medications
• Poverty
• Homelessness
• Family conflicts
• Inability to live independently
• Health problems
• Being a victim of aggressive behavior
• Aggressive behavior
CHILDHOOD DEPRESSION
DEFINITION
• Being unable to enjoy activities that they once enjoyed, complaining about physical ailments, or may seem bored and have problems concentrating, among other symptoms.
INCIDENCE
• Each year depression affects 17 million people of all age groups, races, and economic backgrounds
• 1 in every 33 children may have depression
• In teens, that number may be as high as 1 in 8
CAUSES
• Lowered levels of neurotransmitters in the brain
• Genetics
• Significant life events
• Stress
• Chronic illness.
TYPES
• Major depression
• Dysthymia
• Bipolar disorder
CLINICAL FEATURES
• Changes in appetite
• Changes in sleep
• Continuous feelings of sadness or hopelessness
• Difficulty concentrating
• Fatigue and low energy
• Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
Contd..
• Impaired thinking or concentration
• Increased sensitivity to rejection
• Irritability or anger
• Physical complaints
• Reduced ability to function
• Social withdrawal
• Thoughts of death or suicide
• Vocal outbursts or crying.
DIAGNOSTIC MEASURES
• History
• Mental status examination
• Laboratory tests
• Imaging studies X-ray, scan, or other imaging study
TREATMENT
• Addressing any medical conditions
• Supportive therapy
• PsychotherapyInterpersonal therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy
• Complementary therapies
• Medications
Complications
• Poor academic performance
• Engaging in alcohol and drug abuse
• Job disruptions
• Family and other social upheaval during adulthood.
3. National Regulations
Assessment and ratings
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