Cancer is the general name for over 100 medical conditions involving uncontrolled and dangerous cell growth. Scientists suggest that some cancer is caused by genetic factors, while other forms are caused by environmental conditions. In other words, one patient may already have a family history of breast cancer while another was exposed to a carcinogenic (cancer-causing) chemical in a factory. Both suffer from cancer--the only difference is the root mechanism which triggered the abnormal cell growth.

CANCER CELLS

CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL AGENTS THAT CAN CAUSE CANCER ARE KNOWN AS CARCINOGENS. DEPENDING ON THEIR MODE OF ACTION, CARCINOGENS FALL INTO THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES:

1. AGENTS THAT CAN CAUSE ALTERATIONS IN THE GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA), RESULTING IN ONCOGENIC TRANSFORMATION THAT CAN LEAD TO CANCER e.g., VARIOUS TYPES OF RADIATIONS AND CHEMICALS.

2. AGENTS THAT PROMOTE THE PROLIFERATION OF CELLS, WHICH HAVE ALREADY UNDERGONEGENETIC ALTERATIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR ONCOGENIC TRANSFORMATION. THESE AGENTS ARE CALLED TUMOUR PROMOTERS, E.G., SOME GROWTH FACTORS AND HORMONES.

3. CANCER CAUSING DNA AND RNA VIRUSES (TUMOUR VIRUSES) HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH ONCOGENIC TRANSFORMATION

• BLADDER/URETHRAL CANCER

• BRAIN CANCER

• BREAST CANCER

• CERVICAL CANCER

• COLON/RECTAL CANCER • LIVER CANCER

• LUNG CANCER

• HEAD, ORAL AND NECK CANCER

• OVARIAN CANCER

• PROSTATE CANCER

• RENAL CANCER

• STOMACH/GASTRIC CANCER

• ENDOMETRIAL/UTERINE CANCER

• TREATMENT

• CURING

• PRECUATIONS

• AWARENESS IN US

• BIBLOGRAPHY

END SHOW

Bladder cancer begins in the bladder, the organ that stores urine. Because the kidneys, ureters, and urethra are lined with cells similar to those in the bladder, cancer that affects the bladder can affect these structures as well.While there are other, rare types of bladder cancer, the three most common types are: Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), Squamous cell carcinomas, and Adenocarcinomas. Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is by far the most common form of bladder cancer, accounting for about 90% of these cancers. Bladder cancer is the fifth most common cancer in this country, and it is three times more common among men than among women. When found and treated early, as often happens, the chances for survival are very good.

SURVIVAL RATES

The brain consists of different kinds of tissues and cells. This is important to understand, because different types of benign (not cancerous) and malignant (cancerous) tumors can start in these different cell and tissue types. These different types of tumors vary in prognosis (survival) and the ways they are treated.

Any of the different types of tissues or cells within the brain or spinal cord can become cancerous. Tumors that start in other organs such as the lung or breast and then spread, or metastasize, to the brain are called metastatic brain cancers and those that start in the brain are called primary brain cancers. Metastatic tumors to the brain are more common than primary brain tumors. Unlike other cancers, tumors arising within the brain or spinal cord rarely metastasize to distant organs. They cause damage because they spread locally and destroy normal tissue in the place where they arise

Brain cancer accounts for approximately 1.4% of all cancers and 2.3% of all cancer-related deaths.

BRAIN CANCER

BRAIN CANCER TUMOUR

SURVIVAL RATES OF BRAIN CANCER

Breast cancer begins in the breast tissue and is most commonly associated with women, although on rare occasion, men also get breast cancer.

There are several types of breast tumors. Most are benign; that is, they are not cancer. These lumps are often the result of fibrocystic changes, which can cause breast swelling and pain. Cysts are fluid-filled sacs, and fibrosis refers to connective tissue or scar tissue formation. The breasts may feel lumpy and sometimes there is a clear or slightly cloudy nipple discharge. Benign breast tumors are abnormal growths, but they do not spread outside of the breast and they are not life threatening. Four of the most common types of breast cancer are Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), Infiltrating (invasive) lobular carcinoma (ILC), and Infiltrating (invasive) ductal carcinoma (IDC). IDC is the most common type of breast cancer; it accounts for nearly 80% of breast cancer.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, other than skin cancer. It is the second leading cause of cancer death in women, after lung cancer. Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women aged 40 to 55.

SOME CLIPS RELATED TO BREAST CANCER

Cervical cancer begins in the lining of the cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the womb (uterus) and it connects the body of the uterus to the vagina, or birth canal.

Cancer of the cervix does not form suddenly. First, some cells begin to change from normal to pre-cancer and then to cancer. This can take a number of years, although sometimes it happens more quickly. For some women, pre-cancerous changes may go away without any treatment. More often, they need to be treated to keep them from changing into true cancers.

There are two main types of cancer of the cervix. About 85%-90% of these cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. The other 10%-15% are adenocarcinomas.

CERVICAL CANCER

Colorectal cancer begins in either the colon or the rectum. Both are part of the digestive tract, sometimes called the GI (gastrointestinal) tract. This is where food is processed to create energy and rid the body of waste matter.

The colon has four sections: the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon. Cancer can start in any of the four sections or in the rectum. Since colon cancer and rectal cancer have many features in common, they are often discussed together.

Before a true cancer develops, there are often earlier changes in the lining of the colon or rectum. One type of change is a growth of tissue called a polyp. Removing the polyp early may prevent it from becoming cancer.

Over 95% of colon and rectal (colorectal) cancers are adenocarcinomas. These are cancers of the cells that line the inside of the colon and rectum. There are some other, more rare, types of tumors of the colon and rectum.

COLON / RECTAL CANCER

Liver cancer begins in the liver, the largest organ in the body.

There are a number of tumors that can form in the liver. Some of these are cancerous and others are not. The four main types of malignant liver tumors are:

Angiosarcoma: a rare cancer that starts in the blood vessels of the liver Cholangiocarcinoma: accounts for about 13% of liver cancers. This tumor begins in the small bile ducts in the liver. It is also known as Klatskin tumors. Hepatoblastoma: a rare type of liver cancer found most often in young children. It can often be treated successfully. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Accounts for about 84% of liver cancers. It begins in the hepatocytes, the main type of liver cell.

LIVER CANCER

Lung cancer begins in the lungs. The lungs are two sponge-like organs in the chest. The lining that surrounds the lungs is called the pleura. The pleura helps to protect the lungs. The windpipe (trachea) brings air down into the lungs. It divides into tubes called bronchi, which divide into smaller branches called bronchioles. At the end of these small branches are tiny air sacs known as alveoli.

Most lung cancers start in the lining of the bronchi. But lung cancer can also begin in other areas like the trachea, bronchioles, or alveoli. Lung cancer often takes many years to develop.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women. Lung cancer is fairly rare in people under the age of 40. The number of cases goes up after age 50 and even more so after age 65.

LUNG CANCER

Oral cancer is cancer that starts in the oral cavity (mouth). The oral cavity starts at the skin edge of the lips. It includes the lips, the ducal mucosa (inside lining of the lips and cheeks), the teeth, the gums, the front two-thirds of the tongue, the floor of the mouth below the tongue, the hard palate (bony roof of the mouth), and the retro molar trogon (area behind the wisdom teeth).

Oropharyngeal cancer develops in the oropharynx (the part of the throat just behind the mouth). The oropharynx begins where the oral cavity stops. It includes the base of tongue (back third of the tongue), the soft palate, the tonsillar area (tonsils and tonsillar pillars), and the posterior pharyngeal wall (back wall of the throat).

Many types of tumors can develop in the oral cavity and oropharynx. Some of these tumors are benign, or noncancerous. Others are cancerous, which means they can penetrate into surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. There are also some growths that start off harmless, but sometimes develop into cancer. These are known as precancerous conditions.

HEAD, ORAL AND NECK CANCER

Ovarian cancer starts in a woman's ovaries, which are in the pelvis. The ovaries contain eggs. There is one ovary on each side of the spine. The ovaries are the main source of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone.

There are three main types of ovarian tumors. They are named for the kind of cells they start from. The most common starts from the cells that cover the surface of the ovary, called the epithelial cells. Most epithelial ovarian tumors are harmless, but some are cancerous. Most ovarian cancers are the epithelial type.

The second kind of tumor starts in the germ cells that form the eggs in the ovary. As used here, the word germ refers to an early or seed cell. Most germ cell tumors are also benign, although some are cancerous. Germ cell cancers account for about 5% of ovarian cancers.

The third type of tumor starts from the tissue that holds an ovary together and produces female hormones, the stromal cells. Stromal tumors are fairly rare, accounting for only about 5% of ovarian tumors.

Prostate cancer starts in the prostate gland. The prostate gland is found only in men; therefore, only men get prostate cancer. The prostate is about the size of a walnut. It is just below the bladder and in front of the rectum. The tube that carries urine (urethra) runs through the prostate.

Most of the time, prostate cancer grows very slowly. Autopsy studies show that many elderly men who died of other diseases also had prostate cancer that neither they nor their doctor were aware of. But sometimes it can grow quickly, spreading to other parts of the body. Cancer cells may enter the lymph system and spread to lymph nodes (small, bean-shaped collections of cells that help in fighting infections). If cancer is in the lymph nodes, it is more likely to have spread to other organs of the body as well.

Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer found in American men, other than skin cancer. Although men of any age can get prostate cancer, it is found most often in men over 50. In fact, more than 8 out of ten of the men with prostate cancer are over the age of 65.

PROSTATE CANCER

Kidney cancer begins in the kidneys, two large, bean-shaped organs. One is just to the left and the other to the right of the backbone.

The main job of the kidneys is to filter the blood and rid the body of liquid waste. This waste, called urine, leaves the kidneys through a long slender tube called a ureter. The ureters connect to the bladder, where the urine is stored until it leaves the body.

Although we have two kidneys, it is possible to survive with less than even one complete kidney. Some people live without any kidneys at all. Their blood is filtered by a machine in a process called dialysis.

Renal is the Latin word for kidney. The most common type of kidney cancer is called renal cell cancer. It accounts for about 85% of kidney tumors.

KIDNEY CANCER

Stomach cancer is a cancer that starts in the stomach. The medical name for stomach cancer is gastric cancer. The stomach is divided into five different sections. Cancer can develop in any of these sections. Cancers beginning in these different sections may produce different symptoms and tend to have different outcomes. The location can also affect some of the treatment options that are available.

Stomach cancers are believed to develop slowly over many years. Before a true cancer develops, there are usually precancerous changes that occur in the lining of the stomach. Approximately 90% to 95% of the malignant (cancerous) tumors of the stomach are adenocarcinomas. The terms stomach cancer or gastric cancer almost always refer to adenocarcinoma of the stomach. This cancer develops from the cells that form the inner lining of the stomach called the epithelium.

Most people diagnosed with stomach cancer are in their 60s and 70s.

STOMACH CANCER

Endometrial cancer is a cancer that has developed from the endometrium, which is the inner lining of the uterus (womb).

Nearly all endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas (cancers of glandular cells). In addition, over 75% of these are endometrioid adenocarcinomas. Although "endometrial" and "endometrioid" have similar spelling, they are not identical. Endometrioid cancers are a specific type of endometrial cancer. One-third to one-half of endometrioid cancers have glandular areas as well as areas formed by squamous cells (the type of cells found on the surface of the cervix and the skin). If the squamous cells look benign (noncancerous) under a microscope, and the glandular cells look cancerous these tumors are called adenoacanthomas. If the squamous areas and glandular areas both look malignant (cancerous), these tumors are called adenosquamous carcinomas. However, both adenocanthomas and adenosquamous carcinomas are cancerous tumors.

In the United States, cancer of the endometrium is the most common cancer of the female reproductive organs

ENDOMETRIAL / UTERINE CANCER

Treatment for cancer ranges from rounds of powerful chemicals to focused burst of radiation to complete surgical removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue. Each treatment type brings a certain level of risk and pain to the patient, but cancerous cells left untreated will almost inevitably choke off vital organs and circulation. Chemotherapy introduces strong medicines which target fast-growing cells, but this also includes normal events such as hair growth and digestion. Radiation treatments use heat energy to literally burn off malignant cells, but healthy tissue is also damaged. Surgical removal can lead to a permanent recovery, but undetected malignant cells may have already metastasized to other organs or be jarred loose by the surgery itself

Curing cancer has been a major goal of medical researchers for decades, but development of new treatments takes time and money. Already there are many forms of cancer which are no longer considered untreatable. Some cancers, such as leukemia (blood cancer), can actually stop growing as suddenly as they started. This is called remission, and is often seen as a tremendous blessing for patients who have fought their conditions for years. Science may yet find the root causes of all cancers and develop safer methods for shutting them down before they have a chance to grow or spread

Although some risk factors are unavoidable, there are substances that have been clearly linked with cancer. These substances are known as carcinogens. Smoking, for instance, clearly causes lung cancer and many head and neck cancers .Simple lifestyle modifications and precautions, such as not smoking, limiting alcohol consumption and limiting exposure to ultraviolet rays can prevent many cancers. In addition to reducing lifestyle risks, cancer can be prevented through early detection and risk assessment. Regular screenings have dramatically improved the survival rates for many cancers, such as breast cancer, cervical cancer and prostate cancer

IN UNITED STATES SOME ORNIMENTS ARE WEARING TO PROTECT FROM CANCER BUT

GOVERNMENT IS NOT GIVEN ANY IDENTIFICATION, THEY ARE:

1.NCERT TEXT BOOK BIOLOGY- CLASS –XII

2.MICROSOFT ENCARTA

3.BRITANICA 2004

4.www.cancer.com

CANCERPRESENTED BY: K.G.MALLIKARJUN

JNV PRABHAT PATTAN, BETUL (M.P.).

SPECIAL THANKS :1.NVS(HR), BHOPAL 2. Sri.BD.RAMTEKE, PRINCIPAL,

3. JNVSTAFF

ALL THE COPY ® 2005 RESERVED

CANCERPRESENTED BY: K.G.MALLIKARJUN

JNV PRABHAT PATTAN, BETUL (M.P.).

SPECIAL THANKS :1.NVS(HR), BHOPAL 2. Sri.BD.RAMTEKE, PRINCIPAL,

3. JNVSTAFF

ALL THE COPY ® 2005 RESERVED

END OF THE PRESENTATION