JOINTS AND ITS CLASSIFICATIONS

By: Hermizan Halihanafiah

COLLEGE OF ALLIED

HEALTH AND SCIENCE

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Joints

What is Joint?

• Point of contact between two bones, between bone and cartilage or between bone and teeth.

• Also called articulation or arthrosis

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Structural Classification of Joint

• Based on presence or absence the

synovial cavity and types of connective

tissues that hold the two bones:

– Fibrous joint

– Cartilaginous joint

– Synovial joint

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Fibrous Joint

• No synovial cavity

• Hold by dense irregular connective tissues, rich in collagen fiber

• Fixed joint, immovable joint (synarthrosis)

• 3 types; sutures, syndesmoses, interosseous membranes.

#Suture

Dentoalveolar

Interosseous Membrane

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Syndesmosis Joint

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Cartilaginous Joint

• Lack of synovial cavity

• Allows little movements (partially movable)

(ampiarthrosis) or immovable joint

(synarthrosis)

• Articulating bones tightly connected with the

hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

• Two types; synchondroses and symphyses

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Synchondroses

•Connecting meterials between 2 articulating bones is a hyaline cartilage

•Immovable joint (synarthrosis)

•Exp: 1st stercostal joint, epiphyseal plate

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Synchondroses

•Epiphyseal plate is one type of the synchondrosis joint.

•Immovable joint (synarthrosis)

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Symphyses

• Connecting materials

between 2 articulating

bones is fibrocartilage.

• Partially movable joint

(ampiarthrosis)

• Examples: sternal angle of

sternum, pubic symphysis,

intervertebral joint,

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Symphyses

•Intervertebral joint is a one type of the symphysis joint.

•Joint between body of vertebra bones.

•Body of vertebra connect each other by intervertebral disc (fibrocartilage)

•Partially movable (ampiarthrosis)

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Symphyses

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Synovial Joints

• Presence of synovial cavity between articulating

bones

• Freely movable joint (diarthrosis)

• Bones at a synovial joint are covered by a hyaline

cartilage called articular cartilage

• Divide into 6 types, ball and socket, planar (gliding),

condyloid, saddle, hinge, pivot joint.

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Structure of Synovial JointArticular capsule• Surrounds a synovial joint

• Composed 2 layers, outer fibrous membrane and inner synovial membrane

• Fibrous membrane connect periosteum between 2 articulating bones.

• Fibrous membrane give flexibility and strengthen the synovial joint

• Synovial membrane produce synovial fluid that avoid friction between articulating boned during movements.

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Articular Capsule

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Articular Cartilage

• Covered the articulating

surface of the bones with a

smooth, slippery surface.

• Reduce friction between

bones during movement

and assist to absorb

shock.

Articular Cartilage

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Synovial Fluid• Secrete by synovial membrane• Viscous, clear or pale yellow fluid• Function:• Reducing friction by lubricating the joint• Absorbing shock• Supply O2 & nutrient to and removing CO2 and waste

product from the chondrocyte.• Contain phagocyte – remove microbe and debris

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Accessory StructureExtracapsular Structure

• Ligament that lies outside the capsule

• Example : fibular collateral & tibial collateral

ligaments at the knee joint, Patella ligament lie at the

surface of patella etc

• Some joint strengthen by group of muscles. For

examples rotator cuff muscles (SITS) strengthen the

shoulder joint.

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Struktur Extracapsular

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Rotator Cuff Muscles

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Intracapsular Structure

• Structure within the articular capsule

• For examples anterior and posterior cruciate

ligaments at knee joint

• Inside some synovial joint, such as knee, pads of

fibrocartilage disc lie between articular surface of the

bone.

• These pads are known as articular disc or menisci.

• All these structure provide stabilization of the joint.

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Posterior Cruciate Ligament

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Struktur Intracapsular

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Struktur Intracapsular

Posterior View Knee Joint

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Struktur Intracapsular

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Bursae and Tendon SheathBursae

• Saclike structure, filled

with synovial fluid

• Strategically situated to

alleviate friction in some

joint (knee and shoulder)

• Acts as a cushion and

protect the articulating

bones from friction.

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Tendon (Synovial) sheath• Tubelike bursae that wrap certain tendon that

considerably friction. • Reduce friction during movement• For examples tendon of biceps brachii that

pass through the synovial cavity.• Also found at wrist and ankle

Bursae and Tendon Sheath

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Movement of Synovial Joint

Angular Movement• Increase or decrease in the angle or

articulating bones.• Flexion, extension, lateral flexion,

hyperextension, abduction and adduction.

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Flexion & Extension

Flexion• Movement that decrease in the angle between

articulating bones.

Extension• Movements that increase in the angle between

articulating bones.

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Figure 9.12a

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Hyperextension

• Continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position.

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Lateral Flexion

• Movements of the trunk sideways to the right or left at the waist.

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Figure 9.12b

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Figure 9.12d

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Abduction

• Movement of the body away from the midline

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Adduction

• Movement of the bone toward midline

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Circumduction

• Movement of the distal end of the body part in circle.

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Rotation

• A bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis

• Two types of rotation; Medial rotation and Lateral rotation

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Medial rotation

• Anterior surface of the bone of the limb is turned toward midline

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Lateral Rotation

• Anterior surface of the bone of a limb is turned away from the midline.

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Special Movements

• Elevation

• Depression

• Protraction

• Retraction

• Inversion

• Eversion

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Special Movements

• Dorsiflexion

• Plantar flexion

• Supination

• Pronation

• Opposition

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Elevation

• Upward movement of a part of the body

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Depression

• Downward movement of a part of the body

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Protraction

• Movements of apart of the body anteriorly in the transverse line.

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Retraction

• Movement of a protracted part of the body back to the anatomical position.

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Figure 9.15

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Inversion

• Movements of the soles medially at the intertarsal joint, so that the soles face each other.

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Eversion

• Movement of the soles laterally at the intertarsal joint so that the soles face away each other.

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Dorsiflexion

• Bending of the foot at the ankle in the direction of the dorsum (superior surface).

• Occurs when stand on your heels.

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Plantar flexion

• Bending of the foot at the ankle joint in the direction of the plantar or inferior surface.

• Occurs when standing on your toes.

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Supination

• Movements of the

forearm at the

proximal and distal

radioulnar joint in

which the palm is

turned anteriorly or

superiorly.

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Pronation

• Movements of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joint in which the distal end of the radius crosses over the distal end of ulna and the palm is turned posteriorly or inferiorly.

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Opposition

• Movements of the

thumbs at the

carpometcarpal joint in

which the thumb moves

across the palm to

touch the tips of the

finger on the same

hands.

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Figure 9.21

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Gliding Movement• Simple movement in

which relatively flat bone surfaces move back and forth and from side to side.

• No significant alteration in angle between bones

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Type of Synovial Joint

Synovial joints are classified into 6 groups based on shapes of articulating surface and possible movement.

Ball and socket

Hinge

Planar (gliding)

Condyloid

Pivot

Saddle

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Ball and Socket

• Consists of the ball like surface of one bone fitting

into cuplike depression of another bone

• Provide triaxial movement (flexion – extension,

abduction – adduction, lateral rotation – medial

rotation)

• Examples : hip joint and shoulder joint

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Ball and Socket Joint

Hip Joint

Glenohumeral Joint

Triaxial Movements

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Hinge Joint

• Convex surface of one bone fits into the

concave surface of another bone.

• Provide monoaxial movement (flexion –

extension)

• Examples: knee joint and elbow joint and

interphalangeal joint.

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Hinge Joint

Elbow Joint

Knee Joint

Monoaxial Movement

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Pivot

• Rounded or pointed surface of one bone

articulates with a ring formed partly by

another bone and partly by ligament.

• Provide monoaxial movement

• Examples: proximal radioulnar joint,

atlantoaxial joint.

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Pivot Joint

Atlantoaxial Joint

Radioulnar Joint

Monoaxial Movement

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Condyloid / Ellipsoidal Joint

• The convex oval shaped projection of one

bone fits into the oval shaped depression of

another bone.

• Provide biaxial movement (flexion –

extension, abduction – adduction)

• Examples : radiocarpal joint,

metacarpopahalangeal (2-5).

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Condyloid Joint

Metacarpophalangeal Joint

CarpometacarpalJoint

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Saddle Joint

• The articular surface of one bone is saddle

shaped, and the other bone fits into saddle.

• Provide triaxial movement (flexion –

extension, abduction – adduction, rotation)

• Example : 1st carpometacarpal joint between

trapezium of the carpus and 1st metacarpal.

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Saddle Joint

Carpometacarpal Joint

Triaxial Movements

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Planar / Gliding Joint

• Articulating surface of two bones are flat or slightly curve.

• Limited movement• Provide biaxial movement (back – forth, side

– side)

• Examples:intercarpal, intertarsal,sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular etc.

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Gliding / Planar Joint

Intercarpal Joint

Biaxial Movements

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Thank You….any question??