Bacterial Taxonomy

biology

biology Presentation submitted to: Mr.Basit Zeeshan

Presentation submitted by: (group-5) 1. Akbar Ahmad Shah2.Arooj Azeem 3. Neha Zahid4.Sehar Rizvi 5.Farqaleet Khan 6.Farazia Chaudhary 7.Adiba Khan 8.Saba Arshad 9.Zaeem Sarwar

Presented by:

Arooj Azeem

“Bacteria”In 1676, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek first

observed bacteria through a microscope and called them “animalcules.” In 1838, the German Naturalist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg called them bacteria, from the Greek baktḗria, meaning "little stick."

“ Taxonomy”From Ancient Greek, ‘taxis’ means ‘arrangement’,

‘nomia’ meaning ‘methods’. It refers to the branch of science that deals with

classification of organisms. It is the branch of science that encompasses the

description, identification, nomenclature and classification of organisms.

It also includes the analysis of an organism's characteristics for the purpose of classification.

Bacterial Taxonomy“Bacterial taxonomy is a means by which

microorganisms can be grouped together. “Organisms having similarities with respect to

the criteria used are in the same group, and are separated from the other groups of microorganisms that have different characteristics.

Bacterial taxonomy is the taxonomy, i.e. the rank-based classification, of bacteria.

Importance of TaxonomyClassification

On basis of Similarities

On basis of Differences

Defining an Organism

Studying evolution

Discovering new characters of an organism

Identification of numerous organisms

Huge biodiversity of earth

Convenient Analysis of numerous organisms

Bacterial TaxonomyStudying follows these steps:

Classification

Nomenclature

Identification

Conventional vs Modern

ClassificationDefinition

A historical glance

Classification systems

Basis of classification

Definition “The arrangement of animals and plants in taxonomic groups according to their observed similarities (including at least kingdom and phylum in animals, division in plants, and class, order, family, genus, and species).”

Presented by:

•Syeda Sehar Rizvi

History

• Aristotles classification

Linnaeus1735[33]

Haeckel1866[34]

Chatton1925[35]

Copeland

1938[36]

Whittaker

1969[37]

Woese et al.1990[38]

Cavalier-Smith

1998[31]2

kingdoms

3 kingdom

s2 empires

4 kingdoms

5 kingdoms

3 domains

6 kingdoms

(not treated) Protista

Prokaryota

Monera MoneraBacteria

BacteriaArchaea

Eukaryota

Protoctista

Protista

Eucarya

Protozoa

Chromista

Vegetabilia

Plantae PlantaePlantae PlantaeFungi Fungi

Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia

Classification systemsPhenotypic (conventional)Classification System:-

It is on the basis of following features:-MorpholologyAnatomyStainingCulture

Some More Features:-Growth factorsOsmotic toleranceNutritionMotilityPathogenicityBiochemical reactionsLactose FermentationSensitivity or resistance to chemicalsAntigenEnvironmental factors Based on habitat

Presented By:

Farazia chaudhary

Morphological Basis1)Coccus:-

MonococcusDiplococcusTetradsSarcinaeStreptococcusStaphylococcus

2)Bacillus:-• Diplobacillus• Streptobacillus• Coccobacillus

3)Spiral:- Which have one or more twists,include:-

Vibrio:- Look like curved rods

Spirillium:- Spirilla have a helical shape and fairly rigid bodiesSpirochete:- Spirochetes have a helical shape and flexible bodies.

Some other types of bacteriaThere are also some other rare shapes of bacteria

like Rectangular Star shape

Some bacteria have many shapes instead of just one,they are known as pleomorphic.e.g.mycoplasma,etc

All other bacteriae discussed here are monomorphic.

Presented by:

Adeeba khan

Anatomical basis of bacterial classificationOn Basis of capsule:-• Capsulate• Non-capsulateSpore:-• Non-Sporing• Spore forming: anerobic and aerobic

Viridans streptococci Vs Streptococcus pnemoniae (Non-capsulate) (Capsulate)

Bacillus spp. Vs Escherchia colli(Non sporing) (spore-forming)

Flagella

Aflagellates(e.g.Shigella spp.)Flagellates: Monotrichous(Vibrio Cholera) Lophotrichous(Spirillia) Peritrichous(E.coli) Amphitrichous(Spirillium minus)

On basis of flagella

Presented by:

AKBAR AHMAD SHAH

Bacterial classification on the basis of mode of nutrition:

A)Autotrophic bacteria1. Photosynthetic:- 2H 2S + CO2 (CH2O)2 + 2S + H2O 2H 2O + CO2 (CH2O)2 + O2 + H2O

2. Chemosynthetic:- Sulphomonas(Theobadllus) Hydromonas(Bacillus pantotrophus.) Ferromonas(Leptothrix) Methanomonas(candida utilis) Nitrosomonas

B) Heterotrophic bacteria1.Saprophytic Bacteria(Acetobacter)

2.Parasitic bacteria(Vibrio cholera)

3.Symbiotic bacteria(Clostridium)

On the basis of habitat

Methanosarcina barkeri Halococcus

On the basis of cultural characteristicsA) Extra growth factors requirements:• Fastidious(Hemophilus influenza)(Helicobacter)• Non-fastidious(Escherichia coli)B) Hemolysis on sheep blood agar:• Alpha hemolysis(Streptococcus pneumonia)• Beta hemolysis(Streptococcus pyogenes)• Gamma hemolytic bacteria(S.agalacitae)

E) Pigment productionPigment producers (Staphylococcus aureus)Pigment non-producers(Escherichia coli)

D)Growth rate:• Rapid growers(Vibrio cholera)• Slow growers(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

On the basis of motilityMotile(salmonella)Non motile (Shigella)

On the basis of pathogenicityPathogens(Mycobacterium)Non-pathogens(E.coli)Commensals(aeromonas)

(Shigella) (salmonella)

On the basis of environmental factors

A) TemperatureB)Oxygen dependenceC)pHD)Salt concentrationE)Atmospheric pressure

TemperatureHyperthermophile (60 degrees C and upwards)Thermophile (optimal growth between 45 and 122

degrees)Mesophile (20 and 45 degrees C)Psychrotrophs (will survive at 0 degrees C, but prefer

mesophilic temperaturePsychrophiles (-15 and 10 degrees C or lower)

pH:AcidophilesAlkalinophilesNeutrophiles

Salt concentration:Halophiles Non-halophiles

Genotypic basis of bacterial classification

Universal Phylogenetic Tree

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence analysis

Molecular subtyping

phylogenic tree

Other ways of classification• Gram staining:• positive• negative• Acid-fast staining:• Acid-fast• Non-acidfast• Etc.

Presented by:

Saba arshad

Nomenclature “Nomenclature” is a Latin word

which can be further dissected into two more Latin words namely ‘nomen’ which means ‘name’ and ‘calare’ which means ‘to call’.

So Nomenclature is simply referred to as naming things traditionally.

“The devising or choosing of names for things, especially in a science or other discipline.”

Binomial nomenclature

Discovery Carolus Linnaeus 18th Century

Swedish botanist

The system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a

species of living organism, the first one indicating the genus and the

second the specific epithet.

Definition

FeaturesInternational Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes

(ICNP) formerly called International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB) regulates the nomenclature of Bacteria and Archeae.

Name after scientistGeographical siteQuality of microbe

The entire two-part name must be written in italics (or underlined when handwritten).1. The genus name is always written first.2. The genus name must be capitalized.3. The specific epithet is never capitalized.4. Use of Initials

RULES FOR NOMENCLATURE

Example Mangifera Genus Capital

Indica

Species

Small

Importance of nomenclatureThe basic objective of nomenclature is that there

should be only one name per organism.Helps in communicationAvoiding confusionSurely batter than polynomialsDescriptiveGrouping and classificationLimitation

Presented by:

Farqaleet khan

Identification

Sample Preparation

What must be done: Extract the bacteria colony from culture Dissolve the cell wall in the digestive buffer Inactive the prokaryotic enzyme Spin the sample in the centrifuge

PCR AmplificationPolymerase Chain Reaction: Purpose: Used to amplify specific section of RNA

PCR Cycle

PCR PurificationGel Electrophoresis run to purify solution and isolate DNA

Separate molecules based on size

Negatively charged DNA moves toward positively charged syringe ends

Sequencing Preparation

Add PCR product to strip tubes then load them in to PCR machine

DNA Sequencing Occurs in DNA sequencing machine Negatively charged DNA moves towards

the syringe ends and a laser excites the fluorescent markers that identify each nucleotide for sequencing

DNA Sequence Analysis The ultimate goal of sequencing matching analysis

determine what bacteria is in the sample through comparing its DNA Sequence

References• http://

www.srmuniv.ac.in/downloads/ISOLATION_AND_IDENTIFICATION.pdf

• http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/downloads/ISOLATION_AND_IDENTIFICATION.pdf

• http://bio.slu.edu/mayden/systematics/bsc420520lect2.html

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cellular_morphologies#Bacillus

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria

• http://medimoon.com/2014/04/nomenclature-and-its-importance-in-microbiology/

• http://christianherbal.org/binomial-nomenclature/#• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature• http://cpmofferconvert.com/out?zoneId=968177&htatb=1• https://theartofmed.wordpress.com/2015/08/28/bacterial-t

axonomy-1-classification-based-on-morphology-and-the-gram-stain/

• http://www.slideshare.net/doctorrao/bacteriology-basics-morphology-classification-staining-methods-28081551

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• http://www.livestrong.com/article/117677-five-different-types-bacteria/

• http://blog.cifor.org/8746/why-taxonomy-is-important-for-biodiversity-based-science?fnl=en

• http://whyscience.co.uk/contributors/david-hone/david-hone.html

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