SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

PRESENTED BY DR SABA MANSOOR

GUIDED BY DR HEMANT KUMAR

23/10/2015

33/10/2015

CONTENTS

1) Introduction

2) Definition

3) History

4) System of stratification.

5) Theories of class and stratification.

6) Indicators of socioeconomic position.

7) Socioeconomic status scale.

8) Impact of Socioeconomic status on health.

9) Conclusion

3/10/2015 4

Social Stratification

Social stratification is a term used in

the social sciences to describe the

relative social position of persons in a

given social group, category,geographical region or other social unit.

53/10/2015

SOCIAL STRATIFICATIONIt derives from the Latin strātum (plural strata;

parallel, horizontal layers) referring to a given

society’s categorization of its people into rankings

of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like

wealth, income, social status, occupation and

power

3/10/2015 6

Social Stratification

Stratification is the

division of society into

classes that have

unequal amounts of

wealth, power, and

prestige. In a stratified

society, inequality is part

of the social structure

and passes from onegeneration to the next.

- Max Weber 73/10/2015

Social Stratification

A system by which

a society ranks

categories of

people in a

hierarchy based on

their access to

scarce resources.

Definition

Arrangement of any

social group or

society into hierarchy

of positions that are

unequal with regard

to power, property,

social evaluation and

psychic gratification .

Melvin M.

Tumin,

3/10/2015 9

HISTORY

103/10/2015

Social Stratification: Ancient

Times

Most ancient societies could be

divided into two large groups:

The “haves” and the “have-nots.”

The “haves,” of course, were the upperclasses, generally consisting of rulers,nobles, and priests.

The “have-nots” was made up mostly ofmerchants, artisans, and peasants.

In every ancient civilization, there was alarge slave class at the bottom of the socialstructure

113/10/2015

ANCIENT EGYPT

In ancient Egypt there were four social

classes. At the top was the royal family, along

with a large number of nobles and priests.

Next class was of professional soldiers,

Middle class comprised of merchants, artisans,

and scribes .

Lastly the peasants, who were mostly farmers.

And at the bottom, of course, were the slaves,

many of whom had been brought to Egypt as prisoners of war.

123/10/2015

CHINA

China had nothing resembling a caste system. At

the top, below the ruler, was a class of great feudal lords who governed the land in his name.

Next came a class of knightly gentry, or

landowners, who served at court and fought in the armies of the feudal lords.

At the bottom were the peasants on whose labor everyone relied.

Merchants and artisans, like slaves, were not

recognized as belonging to any class.

133/10/2015

INDIA

In early India, the society was

divided into three classes consisting of the

rich and powerful, a middle class of merchants

and farmers, and a lower class of workers and slave.

Around 1500 BC Aryans moved into northern

India from central Asia. They came into India

as , nomadic tribes led by warrior chieftains.

Over time, they settled down as rulers over the

native Dravidians and formed tribal

kingdoms. This lasted till Maurya Empire till320 BC

143/10/2015

India ...They gave re-birth to Urban

Civilisation and class and caste

system. There were some 3,000 castes,

divided into four classes.

The first class consisted of Brahmans,

or priests, followed in order by the

nobles and warriors (Kshatriyas), the

merchants, farmers, and traders

(Vaishyas), and the Shudras.

153/10/2015

Contd...

At the very bottom of

Indian society was a

group not belonging to

any caste. They were

known as the

untouchables and

performed jobs

considered polluting,

such as that of

butchers or street

sweepers163/10/2015

Global

stratification

173/10/2015

Global stratification

Is social stratification on a global

scale. Where social stratification

draws attention to inequalities

between smaller groups of people,

global stratification draws attentionto inequalities among all the

countries.

183/10/2015

THREE-WORLD MODEL

For a long time, Americans used three

categories to stratify nations: first-, second-

, and third-world.

The First World included the U.S. and

other capitalist nations . Communistnations made up the Second World.Third

World was everyone else. So the

categories were originally based on political

ideology.

193/10/2015

Global Stratification ......

Global stratification categories today are high-, middle-, and low-income countries.

HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES

Approximately 25% of the nations in the

world, hold most of the world's wealth. Three

examples are the United States, the United

Kingdom, and Japan

203/10/2015

Contd...

MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES - the largest

proportion of the world's nations - about 42% -falls into the middle-income category have

average income and a standard of living .

India, Egypt, and Mexico are examples of

middle-income countries.

LOW INCOME COUNTRIES : This is third

category is which constitute people living with

limited resorces e.g.Bangladesh,Pakistan,and

Afghanistan etc..

213/10/2015

1. Property– associated with education, income and occupation

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION is based on Three major premises

2. POWER – ability of one party to affect the behavior of another party

3. PRESTIGE – the distinction or reputation and how people are subjectively evaluated by others

3/10/2015 22

PROPERTY (WEALTH)

3/10/2015 23Forbes

LIST OF COUNTRIES BY DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH.

3/10/2015 24

List of countries by distribution of

wealth

25

1. United States 25.4%

2. JAPAN 09.86%

3. CHINA 08.77%

4. U.K. 04.715. GERMANY 04.65%

6. ITALY 04.34

7. INDIA 04.14%

8. FRANCE 03.49%

9. RUSSIA 01.51%http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wealth_

3/10/2015

List of countries by GDP (nominal)2013Rank Country/Region GDP (Millions of US$)

World 72,689,734

1 United States 16,768,100

2 China 9,181,204

3 Japan 4,898,532

4 Germany 3,730,261

5 France 2,806,432

6 United Kingdom 2,678,455

7 Brazil 2,243,854

8 Italy 2,149,485

9 Russia 2,096,774

10 India 1,937,797

26

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29

3/10/2015

Richest Countries in the World in year 2014

RANK COUNTRY

Current International

Dollar (GDP based on

PPP per capita YEAR

2014)

1 Qatar 1,45,894.18

2 Luxembourg 90,332.89

3 Singapore 78,761.92

4 Brunei Darussalam 73,823.13

5 Kuwait 70,785.46

6 Norway 64,363.14

7 United Arab Emirates 63,180.83

8 Switzerland 53,976.60

9 United States 53,000.97

10 Hong Kong SAR 52,984.06

SOURCE World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014273/10/2015

Lowest Per capita180 Korea, North 583

181 Mozambique 579

— Zanzibar 565

182 Guinea 532

183 Gambia, The 512

184 Guinea-Bissau 510

185 Eritrea 507

186 Central African Republic 483

187 Madagascar 447

188 Niger 395

189 Liberia 356

190 Malawi 355

191 Ethiopia 354

192 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 286

193 Burundi 229

28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29_per_capita

142 India 1,509

3/10/2015

Richest Men in the World. Bill Gates

Net Worth: $76 BSource of wealth: Microsoft

2. Carlos Slim Helu & familyNet Worth: $72 BSource of wealth: telecom

3. Amancio OrtegaNet Worth: $64 BSource of wealth: retail

Warren BuffettNet Worth: $58.2 BSource of wealth: Berkshire Hathaway

5. Larry EllisonNet Worth: $48 BSource of wealth: Oracle

6. Charles KochNet Worth: $40 BSource of wealth: diversified

6. David KochNet Worth: $40 BSource of wealth: diversified

40. Mukesh AmbaniNet Worth: $18.6 BSource of wealth: petrochemicals, oil & gas

29

61. Azim Premji

Net Worth: $15.3 B

Source of wealth: software

122. Hinduja Brothers

Net Worth: $10 B

Source of wealth: diversified

418 Anil Ambani

$ 4B #19 in India

Source Of Wealth-diversified

3/10/2015

PRESTIGE

Defence Minister AK Antony is

the poorest minister, with

personal assets worth Rs 1.8

lakh.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or

Medicine 2010 was awarded to Robert

G. Edwards "for the development of in

vitro fertilization".

Meira Kumari, the first woman Speaker of

Lok Sabha on 3 June 20093/10/2015 30

POWER

3/10/2015 31Coercion

Authority

FOUR BASIC PRINCIPLES OF

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION:

1. It is a characteristic of

society, not simply a

reflection of individual

differences.

2. It persists over

generations.

3. It is universal but variable.

4. It involves not just

inequality but beliefs.3/10/2015 32

MAJOR SYSTEMS OF STRATIFICATION

Historically, four basic system of stratification

can be distinguished:

1. slavery,

2. caste,

3. Estates &

4. class.

Slavery is an extreme form of inequality, in

which certain people are owned as property

by others.

3/10/2015 33

SLAVERY SYSTEM

Reasons?

1) Birth

2) Consequence of

committing a crime

3) Military defeat

4) Indebtedness

5) Capture and sale

3/10/2015 34

Slavery..

According to the British Anti-Slavery

Society, "Although there is no longer

any state which recognizes any claim by

a person to a right of property over

another, there are an estimated 27

million people throughout the world,

mainly children, in conditions of slavery.”

3/10/2015 35

CASTE

• A caste system is a social system in

which ones social status is given for

life.

• Caste system is a closed system. A

person is born into a caste and

remains there for life.

3/10/2015 36

Contd...…

India made it illegal to

discriminate on the basis of caste in 1949.

Caste system remains strong in Indiathough the situation is changing .

Caste also specifies the rituals peopleperform i.e.marriages etc.

The caste associations may establish

banks, schools, colleges, rest houses and

hospitals in the name and use in the fieldof politics.

3/10/2015 37

383/10/2015

ESTATES

Were part of European feudalism, but

also existed in many other traditional

civilisations.

3/10/2015 39

Estate System

The stratification system of medieval Europe, consisting of three estates -

a) Nobility – the wealthy and powerful families that ruled the country and owned the land.

b) Clergy – the Roman Catholic Church was apolitical power at this time, owning vast tracts ofland and collecting taxes from commoners.

c) Serfs – the commoners, including farmers,carpenters, harnessmakers, and servants.

403/10/2015

CLASS SYSTEM

3/10/2015 41

Social class

Segment of societywhose members holdsimilar amounts ofresources and sharevalues, norms and anidentifiable lifestyle.

Ownership of wealthtogether withoccupation are chiefbases of classdifferences.

423/10/2015

Classes differ from earlier forms of

stratification in four main respects

1. Class system are fluid.

2. Class positions are in some part achieved.

3. Class is economically based.

4. Class system are large scale and

impersonal

3/10/2015 43

RACE – biological attribution of

a group of people

transmitted from one

generation to another

OTHER BASES OF SOCIAL

STRATIFICATION

ETHNICITY – a distinctive

social identity based on

unique cultural traits

- Majority Cultural Groups

-Minority Groups/Cultural

Communities3/10/2015 44

GENDER – based on the personal

traits and social positions

that members of a society

attach to being male or female

AGE/AGING - can be examine according to 3

processes that affect people as they grow older

3 Processes

Biological

Psychological

Social3/10/2015 45

DISENGAGEMENT

THEORY – states that

older adults withdraw from

personal relationships,

society and from their

common social roles

ACTIVITY THEORY –

proposes that successful

aging occurs when older

adults stay active and

maintain social

interactions

SOCIAL GERONTOLOGY

3/10/2015 46

Is the movement between or

within social classes. Its of

two Types

• Horizontal mobility refers

to movement within a social

class or stratum.

• Vertical mobility refers to

the movement between

social classes or strata.

SOCIAL MOBILITY

3/10/2015 47

Contd…

• There are two kinds

of vertical mobility:

• Intragenerational

mobility (within a

person’s lifetime)

• Intergenerational

mobility (several

generations of one

family)

483/10/2015

• Individual effort

• Technological change

• Change in merchandising

patterns

• Increase in population’s

general educational level

Causes of

Upward Mobility

SOCIAL MOBILITY

• Personal factors such as

illness, divorce, or

retirement

• Technological change

altering the demand for

labor

• Overall economic health

Causes of

Downward Mobility

3/10/2015 49

SOCIAL MOBILITY -????

Slavery System - possible

Caste System - impossible

Estate System - low but possible

Class System - possible and frequently

occurring

3/10/2015 50

THEORIES OF

SOCIAL

STRATIFICATION

513/10/2015

For both the social categories Marx

used the word “ class” which is

defined in terms of the ownership

and non ownership of the means of

production.

Thus, class is a social group whose

members share a similar

relationship to the means of

production.

543/10/2015

Contd..

• Marx believes that those who own the means of production also exercises political and legal power-Ruling class.

• Service class- it has to abide by thelaws that the ruling class creates toprotect its interest.

• Marx says that the ideas prevalent ina given society at a given point of timeare in fact ideas of dominant class.

3/10/2015 55

According to Marx, the last stage of

class divided society would be

capitalism, where conflict would

take place between ruling and

service class.

Which would culminate in a society

where there would be no classes.

This society is called the communist

society.

3/10/2015 56

Communism FAILED!

This was because of lack of help from

most people and increase in greed.

(5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher,

sociologist , economic historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist

who developed the socio-political theory of Marxism573/10/2015

MAX WEBERS THEORY

Weber believes that besidesclass, there are two other

forms namely status and

power.

The individuals skills determine

his class, which is dependentupon the market. People who

have no ownership of property but

have skills that are much needed

by the market have good chance

to survive. 3/10/2015 58

INDICATORS OF

SOCIO-ECONOMIC

POSITION

603/10/2015

1. EDUCATION

• Education can be measured as a

continuous variable or categorical

variable.

• Strong determinant of future

employment and income.

• The knowledge and skills attained

through education may affect a

person’s cognitive functioning.

3/10/2015 61

Contd...

Strengths

Education is comparatively easy to

measure in self administered

questionnaires.

Limitations

The meaning of educational level varies

for different birth Cohorts.

Education outside the country of

residence.

3/10/2015 62

2. INCOME

• Most directly measures the material

resources component.The

mechanisms through which income

could affect health are:

• Buying access to better quality

material

• Allowing access to services, which

may improve health directly.

• Fostering self esteem and social

standing. 3/10/2015 63

limitations...

Personal income is a sensitive issue

and people may be reluctant to provide

such information.

Do not share all of their income with the

rest of the household.

income is variable daily, weekly, or

seasonally.

3/10/2015 64

OCCUPATION

Occupation is strongly related to

income

Easier access to better health care,

access to education, and residential

facilities.

Occupation may also reflect specific

toxic environmental or work task

exposures such as physical demands

3/10/2015 65

Limitations........

Cannot be readily assigned to

people who are not currently

employed.

3/10/2015 66

HOUSING CONDITIONS AND AMENITIES

Strength

• They are comparatively easy to collect

• Some indications of specific

mechanisms linking SEP to particular

health outcomes .

3/10/2015 67

Limitations

• These indicators may be specific to

the geographical context where they

were developed and thus be difficult to

compare across studies.

3/10/2015 68

SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS SCALE

Several methods or scales have been proposed for classifying different populations by socioeconomic status in India.

1. Rahudkar scale 1960

2. B G prasad 1961

3. Udai Parikh scale 1964

4. Jalota Scale 1970

5. Pareek & Kulshrestha scale 1972

6. Kuppuswamy scale 1976

7. Shrivastava scale 1978.

8. Bharadwaj scale 2001

9. Hollingshed (USA)

3/10/2015 69

SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS SCALE (RURAL)

By Udai Pareek (1964)

This scale has nine parameters which

assess the socio-economic status of the

individual:-1. Caste

2. Occupation

3. Education

4. Social participation

5. Land

6. House

7. Farm powers

8. Material possession and

9. Family703/10/2015

Udai Pareek SES Scale(Rural)

1. Caste :Schedule Caste -1, Lower caste -2 ,Artisan Caste -3 ,Agriculture – 4,

Prestige Caste -5,Dominant Caste -6

2. Occupation: Labor=1, Caste occupation=2, Business=3, inde-pendent

profession=4, cultivation=5, Service=6 .

3. Education: Illiterate=0, Can read only=1, Can read and write=2, Primary=3, Middle=4, High school=5, Graduate=6 .

4. Social Participation: Mem-ber of one organization=1, Member of more than one organization=2, Office holder=3, Wider public leader=6

5. Land: 0= no land, 1= < 1 acre, 2= 1-5 acres, 3= 5-10 acres, 4= 10-15 acres, 5= 15-20 acres, 6= >20 acres

6. House: No home=0, Hut=1, Katcha house=2, Mixed house=3, Puccahouse=4, Mansion=6

7. Farm power: 1= no drought animal, 2= 1-2 drought animals, 4= 3-4 drought animals or =1 prestige animal, 6= 5-6 drought animals or tractor

8. Material Possession: Bullock-cart=1, Cycle=1, Radio=1, Chairs=1, improved agricultural implements=2, Mobile Phone=4, Television= 3, Refrigerators=8

9. Family: Type: Single=1, Joint=2, Extended= 3, Size: Up to 5=2, Distinctive features=2

713/10/2015

Score

The reliability of the scale was found

to be very high(r = 0.93).

Total score Social class

Above 43 Upper Class (I)

33-42 Upper Middle Class (II)

24-32 Middle Class (III)

13-23 Lower Middle Class (IV)

Below 13 Lower Class (V)

723/10/2015

The Hollingshead Four Factor SES

Scale

The Hollingshead Four Factor Index of

Socioeconomic Status is a survey designed

to measure social status of an individual

based on four domains:

a) Marital status,

b) Retired/employed status,

c) Educational attainment,

d) Occupational prestige.

733/10/2015

3/10/2015 74

Classification for 2013 Socio Economic

Status: Class BG Prasad’s Classification of

1961 Modified BG Prasad’s Classification

for 2013

1961 Jan 2015 I Rs 100 and above Rs> 5797

II Rs 50-99 Rs>2898-5797

III Rs 30-49 Rs 1932-2577

IV Rs 15-29 Rs 869-1546

V Below Rs 15 Below Rs 869

They have been calculated as: New income

value = 2.38 × (old value × 4.63 × 4.93). All-India Average CPIfor Industrial Workers in

Jan 2015= 254

Contd..

Strength

• Applicable to both rural and urban area.

• Can be modified according to current

CPI.

Easy to measure.

Limitation

• Single indicator.

• Reluctance by the people to reveal.

• Impractical today & has lower validity

due to great variations in CPI.3/10/2015 75

KUPPUSWAMY REVISED SCALE 2012

3/10/2015 76

(A) Education Score1 Professional or Honors

4

2 Graduate or Post Graduate 3

3 High school or Intermediate or Diploma

2

4 Illiterate or Primary school 1

(B) Occupation Score1 Legislators, Senior Offi cials, and Managers 13

2 Professionals 11

3 Technicians and Associate Professionals

94 Clerks 7

5 Service Workers /Shop/Market Sales Workers 66 Skilled Agricultural and Fishery Workers

5

7 Craft and Related Trades Workers 4

8 Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers 3

9 Unskilled worker 2

3/10/2015 77

(C) Monthly family income Jan 2015 (INR)

7. ≥ 373386. >18669 – 37338

5. >14360 – 18669

4. >9573 – 14360

3. >5657 – 9573

2. >1895 – 5657

1. ≤ 1895

Total Score Socioeconomic class

26–29 Upper (I)

16–25 Upper Middle (II)

11–15 Middle/Lower middle (III)

5–10 Lower/Upper lower (IV)

<5 Lower (V)

Current income groups = Original family income groups of Kuppuswamy

(1976) X current consumer price index X 0.0735 (multiplication factor)

2000 X 254 X 0.0735

Kuppuswamy classification….

Strengths

• Multiple indicators.

Limitations

• Only urban population.

• Highest level of income which is shown by Kuppuswamy is also inconsistent across various economic groups in the present time.

• Educational and occupational factors not revised.

3/10/2015 78

THE WEALTH INDEX

The NFHS-3 wealth index is based on

the following 33 assets and housing

characteristics and is a composite measure of a household's cumulative living standard.

The wealth index is calculated using easy-to-

collect data on a household's ownership of

selected assets, such as televisions and

bicycles; materials used for housing

construction; and types of water access and

sanitation facilities.

793/10/2015

Contd....

• Uses information on 33 household assets and housing characteristics, such as ownership of consumer items, type of dwelling, source of water, and availability of electricity etc..

Combines this information into a singlewealth index, using a scientific method ofassigning weights to individual components

The household population is divided into fiveequal groups of 20% each (quintiles) at thenational level from 1 (lowest, poorest) to 5(highest, wealthiest)

3/10/2015 80

Contd....STRENGTH• Multiple indicators. The wealth index is

particularly valuable in countries that lackreliable data on income andexpenditures, which are the traditionalindicators used to measure householdeconomic status.

Limitations• Income not included as indicators.• Not revised after 1964.• So not applicable to current time.

3/10/2015 81

POVERTY IN INDIA

823/10/2015

POVERTY IN INDIA

India has two things in abundance:

People and Poverty! We can also call it PRC – poverty rich country!

There are poor everywhere – one-third

of world’s poor live here. Add to this the

poor of Pakistan and Bangladesh and

you can discover almost half of global poverty only in this region of South Asia

833/10/2015

NEW POVERTY LINE : JULY 2014 Rs 32 in villages, Rs 47 in cities Those

spending over Rs 32 a day in rural areas

and Rs 47 in towns and cities should not be

considered poor, an expert panel headed by

former RBI governor C Rangarajan.

60% of the poor still reside in the states of

Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh,

Chattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and

Uttarakhand.

843/10/2015

REPORT BY RANGARAJAN

COMMITTEE

The latest report by Rangarajan committee

has added almost 100 million more peopleto the list of poor

The Rangarajan report has added 93.7

million more to the list of the poor

assessed last year as per the Suresh

Tendulkar committee formula. Now the

total number of poor has reached 363

million from 269 million in 2011-12.

853/10/2015

No. of Rural

poor

No. of urban

poorTotal

Percent of

poor

Rangarajan

Committee260.5 million 102.5 million 363 million 29.5

Tendulkar

committee216.5 million 52.8 million 269 million 21.9%

Difference 44 million 49.7 million 93.7 million

863/10/2015

Contd...

The methods also included on

certain normative levels of adequate

nourishment, clothing, house rent,

conveyance, education and also behavioral

determination of non-food expenses.

It also considered average requirements of

calories, protein and fats based on ICMR

norms differentiated by age and gender.

873/10/2015

Contd...

This means 29.5% of the India

population lives below the poverty line

as defined by the Rangarajan

committee

883/10/2015

BPL

International Criteria

Less than $1.25 per person per day of

purchasing power.

3/10/2015 89

90

http://www.livemint.com/Politics/1QvbdGnGySHo7WRq

1NBFNL/Poverty-rate-down-to-22-Plan-panel.html3/10/2015

913/10/2015

Extreme poverty

Absolute poverty rates, based on 2011 constant PPP international dollar,

according to The World Bank in 2014.According to World Bank's revised

estimates for extreme poverty coupled with regional economic development,

extreme poverty rates have fallen significantly in China and India. In other

countries, extreme poverty has increased per 2011 benchmarks compared to

2005 benchmarks.

923/10/2015

93http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml

3/10/2015

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

AND HEALTH

Poverty and poor health worldwide

are inextricably linked. The causes of

poor health for millions globally are

rooted in poor socio- economicconditions.

Poverty is both a cause and a

consequence of poor health.

943/10/2015

Contd..

Poverty increases the chances of

poor health. Poor health in turntraps communities in poverty.

Infectious and neglected tropical

diseases kill and weaken millions

of the poorest and most vulnerable

people each year

953/10/2015

MAIN EFFECTS OF POVERTYMalnutrition is the most common effect of

poverty is malnutrition.This is especiallyseen in children of poor families. Peopleliving in poverty rarely have access to highlynutritious foods. 2. Health

Health. One of the most severe effects ofpoverty are the health effects that arealmost always present. Diseases are verycommon in people living in poverty becausethey lack the resources to maintain ahealthy living environment.

963/10/2015

Education.Education is largely affected by

poverty. Many people living in poverty are

unable to attend school from a very early

age.

Economy.Among the effects of poverty

includes its impact on the economy of the

country. Mainly, the number of people living

in poverty influences employment rates

heavily. Without an education, people are unlikely to find a paying job.

973/10/2015

Social effects. Many people living in

poverty are homeless, which puts them on

the streets. There is also a connection

between poverty and crime.

When people are unemployed and

homeless and have nothing and no

money to buy necessities, they may be

forced to turn to theft in order to survive.

983/10/2015

Socio-Economic status of

India

National Family Health Survey

(NFHS-3) - 2005-06

Key Findings

993/10/2015

Distribution of Households by Wealth

Index and Caste

50

2818

10

24

25

22

14

13

21

23

17

8

17

21

24

510

16

36

ST SC OBC Other

Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest

3/10/2015 101

Education and body weight.

3/10/2015 103

3/10/2015 104

3/10/2015 105

3/10/2015 106

3/10/2015 107

UTILIZATION OF HEALTH SERVICES NFHS 3

Wealthier households were less likely to

use the public health sector than the

households in the lower quintiles of wealth

index.

Among households that do not use govt.

health facilities, the main reasons given for

not doing so are poor quality of care( 58%),

lack of nearby facility(47%) and long

waiting times(25%).

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BENEFITS TO BPL

CARD HOLDERS

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ANTYODAYA ANNA YOJANA” (AAY)

To make TPDS more focused towards the

poorest of the poor category of the

population, AAY “was launched inDecember 2014 to provide wheat and

Rice @ Rs. 2 & 3 per kg (Total 35Kg).

The States/UTs are required to bear the

distribution cost, including margin todealers.

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AAY - GUIDELINES

Landless agriculture labourers, marginal

farmers, rural artisans/craftsmen, such

as potters, tanners, weavers,

blacksmiths, carpenters, slum dwellers

and persons earning their livelihood on

daily basis in the informal sector like porters, coolies, rickshaw pullers in both

rural and urban areas.

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Households headed by widows or

terminally ill persons/disabled

persons/persons aged 60 years ormore with no societal support

All primitive tribal households.

Eligible BPL, families of HIV positive

persons in the AAY list of on priority.

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Karnataka

1. Green cards and yellow are

cards issued to BPL families who

are living in rural areas and urban slums

2. Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) cards are

issued to the poorest of the poor families

who are living in rural area and urban slums.

3. Saffron cards are issued to APL families

living in rural areas and photo cards are

issued to APL families living in urban areas.

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Contd...

3. For BPL card holders, government provide

1 kg sugar per member

35 kg Rice

5 litres kerosene OIL per member

10 litres kerosene oil for 2 to 3 members

15 litres kerosene oil for more than 3 members

3 litres kerosene oil for a single gas connection holder

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OTHER BENEFITS TO BPL CARD

HOLDERS ..........1. The Citizen can with draw 1000/- rupees

credit for a year, where he has to pay the MONEY back to the government with the minimum interest rate. If there are late payments made, all the benefits will be withdrawn and you cannot further use the card.

2. BPL card holders can utilize the following schemes:> Housing> Employment> Small Value Individual Scheme

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1183/10/2015

CONCLUSION

Although many societies worldwide have

made great strides toward more equality

between The “haves” and the “have-nots

in terms of the standard of living and life

chances.

Still there are large gaps between the

wealthiest and the poorest within a nation

and between the wealthiest and poorest

nations of the world.

3/10/2015 119

Contd....

A January 2014 Oxfam report indicates

that the 85 wealthiest individuals in the

world have a combined wealth equal

to that of the bottom 50% of the

world's population, or about 3.5 billion

people.

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Scarce and unequally distributed

resources are the main stratifying factors

and are responsible for huge sufferings for

those “have nots”

Poverty is not an accident like slavery and

apartheid ; it is man-made and can only

be removed by the actions of human

beings.

3/10/2015 121

“

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1233/10/2015

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