are proteins that catalyze, or affect the rate,

of chemical reactions without themselves

being altered in the process. Specific

enzymes catalyze each cellular reaction.

The main role of enzymes during metabolic

reactions is to assist in transferring

electrons from one molecule to another.

First step of the respiration takes place at

cytoplasm.

Consists of nine separate chemical

reactions.

The key players in glycolysis are the enzyme

dehydrogenase and coenzyme called NAD+.

a series of reactions that constitute the first

phase of most carbohydrate catabolism.

Glycolysis breaks down glucose and

forms pyruvate with the production of two

molecules of ATP.

The second step of respiration reaction

takes place inside a cell organelle called the

mitochondria, which due to their role in ATP

production are called “power factories” for

the cell.

The citric acid cycle — also known as the

tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), the Krebs cycle,

or the Szent-Györgyi-Krebs cycle — is a series of

enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions, which is of

central importance in all living cells that use

oxygen as part of cellular respiration.

In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in

the matrix of the mitochondrion. The components

and reactions of the citric acid cycle were

established by seminal work from Albert Szent-

Györgyi and Hans Krebs.

In aerobic organisms, the maerianne is part of a

metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion

of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide

and water to generate a form of usable energy.

Other relevant reactions in the pathway include those in

glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation before the citric acid

cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation after it.

In addition, it provides precursors for many compounds

including some amino acids and is therefore functional

even in cells performing fermentation

Is a metabolic pathway which mitochondria use

their structures, enzymes, released by oxidation to

reform ATP.

The final step of the respiration reaction

also called the electron transport chain is

where the energy payoff occurs for the cell.

The potential energy formed from this is stored

and tapped by allowing protons to move back

across the membrane, through a large enzyme

ATP Synthesis.

The enzyme uses the energy produced to

generate ATP from ADP (adenosine

diphosphate), in a phosphorylation reaction

Is the process by which plants use the sunlight as a

form of energy by converting carbon dioxide.

Only occurs in certain pigment-containing cell of

producers.

All producers contain pigments, which are essential

for photosynthesis. The most common pigment in

producers is chlorophyll.

During the first two stages of

photosynthesis, enzymes break up the

electrons from water molecules to yield

oxygen gas and hydrogen ions. When it

reaches the third stage, enzymes assist in

the chemical reactions to produce three-

carbon and six- carbon sugar.

The process of light- dependent uptake of

molecular oxygen concomitant with release of

carbon dioxide from organic compounds.

occurs when the CO2 levels inside a leaf become low.

Photorespiration reduces the efficiency of

photosynthesis for a couple of reasons.