Rand Kannenberg Theories And Models Of Helping Offenders Change

Theories & Models

HELPING HELPING

OffendersOffenders

CHANGE CHANGE By Rand L. Kannenberg

AgendaAgendaGoals/ObjectivesGoals/Objectives

After participating in this workshop, you will be able to apply the following After participating in this workshop, you will be able to apply the following theories, models and related topics to helping offenders change.theories, models and related topics to helping offenders change.

Why do we work in Why do we work in community corrections?community corrections?

Models of Service DeliveryModels of Service Delivery Human Services ThemesHuman Services Themes Human Services PurposesHuman Services Purposes Prevention, Intervention, Prevention, Intervention,

TreatmentTreatment Continuum of CareContinuum of Care Life Cycle/Stages ofLife Cycle/Stages of

Psychosocial Development Psychosocial Development

Stages of ChangeStages of Change AA’s 12 StepsAA’s 12 Steps Behavioral ApproachBehavioral Approach Person-Centered ApproachPerson-Centered Approach Solution Focused ApproachSolution Focused Approach 5 Community Corrections 5 Community Corrections

Case StudiesCase Studies How do we help offenders How do we help offenders

change?change?

WHYWHYdo we work in community do we work in community corrections?corrections?

Models of Service DeliveryModels of Service Delivery

MedicalMedical based on treatment and curesbased on treatment and cures

sees the person diagnosed as sick or diseasedsees the person diagnosed as sick or diseased

probably the oldest modelprobably the oldest model

consumers are usually referred to as “patients”consumers are usually referred to as “patients”

Public HealthPublic Healthsimilar to the human welfare perspective similar to the human welfare perspective

solving society’s social problems through prevention is a goalsolving society’s social problems through prevention is a goal

involves improving living conditions for societyinvolves improving living conditions for society

focused on education, food and water safety and immunizationfocused on education, food and water safety and immunization

Human ServicesHuman Servicesfocus is on individualfocus is on individual problem solvingproblem solving

populations served include the homeless, drug addicts and prisonerspopulations served include the homeless, drug addicts and prisoners

philosophy addresses meeting the needs of the “whole person”philosophy addresses meeting the needs of the “whole person”

requires that clients be actively involvedrequires that clients be actively involved

Woodside, M. & McClam, T. (1998). An introduction to human services (3rd edition). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Human Services ThemesThemes

Problems in LivingProblems in Living““The focus is not on the past but rather The focus is not on the past but rather on improving the present and changing on improving the present and changing the future.” the future.”

Increase in Problems in Increase in Problems in the Modern Worldthe Modern World““Life is complicated by several factors Life is complicated by several factors new to the last half of this century.” new to the last half of this century.”

Self-SufficiencySelf-Sufficiency““The key to service delivery is providing The key to service delivery is providing clients, or consumers of human clients, or consumers of human services, with the opportunity to be self-services, with the opportunity to be self-sufficient.” sufficient.”

Woodside, M. & McClam, T. (1998). An introduction tohuman services (3rd edition). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Human Services PurposesPurposes Social CareSocial Care

““assisting clients in meeting their social needs, with assisting clients in meeting their social needs, with the focus on those who cannot care for themselves.” the focus on those who cannot care for themselves.” (e.g., “elderly, children, persons with mental (e.g., “elderly, children, persons with mental disabilities,” etc.) disabilities,” etc.)

Social ControlSocial Control““given to those who cannot provide for themselves.” given to those who cannot provide for themselves.” (e.g., “children, youth, and adults in the criminal (e.g., “children, youth, and adults in the criminal justice system”) justice system”)

RehabilitationRehabilitation““the task of returning an individual to a prior state of the task of returning an individual to a prior state of

functioning.” (e.g., “veterans, persons with physical functioning.” (e.g., “veterans, persons with physical disabilities, and victims of psychological trauma,” etc. disabilities, and victims of psychological trauma,” etc. ) )


Categories of Service in the Categories of Service in the Addiction FieldAddiction Field

PreventionPreventiongoals are to increase the client’s understanding of dangers involved with goals are to increase the client’s understanding of dangers involved with

alcohol and/or other drugs and the potential for his/her abuse or alcohol and/or other drugs and the potential for his/her abuse or dependencedependence

InterventionInterventiongoals are to increase the client’s awareness of problem(s) with alcohol goals are to increase the client’s awareness of problem(s) with alcohol

and/or other drugs and motivate him/her to get help from a support and/or other drugs and motivate him/her to get help from a support group and/or providergroup and/or provider

TreatmentTreatmentgoals are to develop a relationship with the client, teach the client new goals are to develop a relationship with the client, teach the client new

skills to correct the problem(s), and to support the client as he/she skills to correct the problem(s), and to support the client as he/she practices the skillspractices the skills

Human ServicesHuman ServicesContinuum of CareContinuum of Care

OutpatientOutpatient The client’s problems are manageable, he or The client’s problems are manageable, he or

she is likely to benefit from problem-focused she is likely to benefit from problem-focused psychotherapy, and there is a positive support psychotherapy, and there is a positive support system.system.

PartialPartial

HospitalizationHospitalizationThe client needs more intensive therapy than The client needs more intensive therapy than outpatient because of severe problems, outpatient because of severe problems, however, he or she is not in imminent danger to however, he or she is not in imminent danger to self and/or others, or gravely disabled.self and/or others, or gravely disabled.

InpatientInpatientThe client is in imminent danger to self and/or The client is in imminent danger to self and/or others, or gravely disabled and requires the others, or gravely disabled and requires the highest levels of support, structure and safety.highest levels of support, structure and safety.


Case Study #1Case Study #1Bob Bob (not the client’s real name) is a thirty-eight year old White male. He is employed as a truck and diesel mechanic for a company owned by his brother. He dropped out of school in the ninth grade. As a teenager he had multiple arrests for theft of auto parts and was placed on probation. He was also assaultive against peers. He is one of seven children. Both parents had problems with alcohol and domestic abuse. His father would regularly drink and drive. Bob has been married four times. He has not been a responsible parent with regards to consistent financial support or visitation with the two children from two of the relationships. He has been arrested for DWAI (twice), Second Degree Assault, Shoplifting, Disturbing the Peace, First Degree Criminal Trespass, Larceny, Driving after Revocation Prohibited (four times), DUI (three times), Eluding a Police Officer, First Degree Sexual Assault, Disturbing the Peace (two times), Threat to Injure Person/Property, Assault, Wrongs to Minors, Intimidating a Witness, Third Degree Assault (twice), Sexual Assault on a Child, Third Degree Sexual Assault, Driving while Habitual Drug User, Driving under Restraint, Domestic Violence (three times), Menacing, Criminal Mischief, Failure to Display Insurance, Reckless Driving and Speeding. As an adult he has used several aliases. He has been repeatedly indifferent to hurting others. He does not have Schizophrenia, or Bipolar Disorder; however, he has been treated for depression and anxiety in the past. He did not attend mental health counseling and stopped taking the medications when he went to jail but “did not notice a difference.” Bob is a chronic alcoholic. He has increased tolerance, quantity and duration; he has been unable to discontinue drinking; he has had legal and social impairments related to the alcohol; and he continued to drink despite the depressive episodes. He has been non-compliant with substance abuse treatment and did not take Antabuse as directed on a regular basis while on probation. Most recently he has been given a direct sentence to community corrections after his fourth conviction for Driving after Revocation Prohibited and has been referred to Resocial Group (TM) for cognitive behavioral treatment that deals with co-occurrence of Antisocial Personality Disorder and Alcohol Dependence. He is also attending “offense specific” (sex offender) treatment and AA meetings.

Kannenberg, R. (2001). Sociotherapy for sociopaths (TM).Lakewood, CO: Criminal Justice Addiction Services.

Case Study #2Case Study #2Gene

Gene (not the client’s real name) is a twenty-one year old White male. He dropped out of school in the eighth grade. He does not have a G.E.D. His parents divorced when he was thirteen. He has lived with his father, stepmother and sister where he continued to reside rent-free until his most recent arrest. He has also worked sporadically as a roofer for his father’s business. Gene has never been married and has no children. He denies gang involvement but says all of his friends drink alcohol excessively and use illegal drugs. Gene was adjudicated as a juvenile delinquent for Misdemeanor Theft, Underage Possession of Alcohol, Minor in Possession of Alcohol (twice), and Third Degree Assault. He admits to starting drinking and using drugs when he was fifteen and that before being sentenced for the current charge of Criminal Trespass he used both alcohol and marijuana daily. He states that he was intoxicated at the time of his recent arrest and all he knows is that when he woke up he was in jail. He is diagnosed with Alcohol Dependence and Cannabis Abuse. Adult criminal history includes the following: Harassment, Burglary Two-of a Dwelling, Theft, Second-Degree Burglary, Child Abuse/No Injury/Neglect, and Possession of Paraphernalia. He has been on probation several times and violated the terms and conditions of probation at least twice. He has also served time in county jail. He is now sentenced to a private halfway house and has been placed in Resocial Group (TM) for the treatment of his substance use disorders and Antisocial Personality Disorder (repeated arrests, fighting, impulsivity, carelessness, and lack of remorse).


Case Study #3Case Study #3Susan

Susan (not the client’s real name) is a thirty-two year old, Hispanic female. She is currently separated. In the past she has worked as a waitress. She completed the eleventh grade. She got in trouble in school, was aggressive to people her own age and deceitful with family and friends. Susan has two sisters and one brother. Her brother has a history of domestic violence. One of her sisters has also been involved in the criminal justice system. Her parents divorced when Susan was nineteen years old. She blames her father’s problems with violence and alcohol abuse. She had her first child when she was twenty and another child by a different boyfriend four years later. Her current crimes involve stealing money from a cash register and new clothing items from her place of employment; as well as stealing and cashing checks from a housecleaning customer, and stealing the wallet from one of her children’s teachers. Susan pretended to have a seizure when arrested for the last incident described above. She blames the drinking and domestic violence of her ex husband and past boyfriend for her behavior. She has been convicted of Forgery (three counts), Criminal Impersonation, Shoplifting (twice), and Conspiracy to Commit Theft. She has repeatedly lied and used aliases and been unable or unwilling to sustain consistent employment and honor her financial obligations. Susan has Antisocial Personality Disorder, and Alcohol Abuse, Cocaine Abuse and Cannabis Abuse diagnoses. After being sentenced to community corrections her case manager

referred her to Resocial Group (TM).


Case Study #4Case Study #4

Clinton

Clinton (not the client’s real name) is a twenty-two year old Hispanic male. He is single. His only employment history is doing a variety of jobs that his grandfather paid him for. He stopped going to school in the tenth grade. He is working on his GED currently. He was adjudicated as a juvenile (starting at the age of 14) for Criminal Mischief (twice), Second Degree Burglary, Criminal Conspiracy, Third Degree Assault, and Possession of Marijuana under Eight Ounces. His father moved out of the family home when Clinton was thirteen and even though his mother had custody he lived with his maternal grandmother. Three years later (when Clinton was sixteen), his father was stabbed and killed by the woman he was living with at the time. Clinton also started using marijuana when he was sixteen (about three times a week per self-report). Marijuana continues to be his current drug of choice. As an adult he has been arrested for Making a False Report, Conspiracy, Possession of Drug Paraphernalia, Criminal Mischief and Auto Theft. He has been sentenced to community corrections for his Auto Theft conviction. He has been referred to Resocial Group (TM) for the Cannabis Abuse and Antisocial Personality Disorder (primary problem areas have

been identified as chronic and continuous lying, carelessness, irresponsibility and lack of remorse).


Case Study #5Case Study #5

Steve

Steve (not the client’s real name) is a thirty-six year old White common law married male with two children who is employed as a union ironworker. He has a third child from a previous relationship as well. He has no contact with that former girlfriend or their young son. He completed the ninth grade and is enrolled in a GED preparation class at this time. He said he “lost interest” in the tenth grade and simply stopped going to school. He has five siblings. His parents were divorced when he was sixteen. His father was an alcoholic and drug addict with a legal history of domestic violence against Steve’s mother, himself and his brothers and sisters. His father died in an alcohol related motor vehicle accident when Steve was twenty-one. As a juvenile, Steve was adjudicated for Second Degree Burglary. Adult arrests are for Second Degree Forgery (two times) Menacing, Theft, Making False Report, Possession of Under One Ounce of Marijuana (five times), Larceny, Disturbing the Peace (four times), Assault (four times), Evasion of Admission Fee, Damage/Deface/Destroy Property (three times), Second Degree Assault, Criminal Mischief, Carrying a Dangerous Weapon, Threat to Injure Person/Property (twice), DUI, Driving under Suspension, Driving under Restraint (two times), No Operators License, Failure to Present Proof of Insurance, Violation of Restraining Order (twice), Disturbance by Use of Phone. He was convicted of Possession with Intent to Distribute Marijuana most recently; sentenced to a community based halfway house and placed in Resocial Group (TM). In addition to having Alcohol Abuse and Cannabis Dependence diagnoses, and his chronic legal problems, Steve has repeatedly used aliases and different birth dates, repeatedly been involved in assaults, and repeatedly been indifferent to disregarding and violating the rights of others. His only mental health diagnosis is Antisocial Personality Disorder.


ExaminationExamination

1. Why would you want to work with this offender?1. Why would you want to work with this offender?

2. Which model of service delivery would be most appropriate for this offender?2. Which model of service delivery would be most appropriate for this offender?

3. Which human services theme best describes the needs of this offender?3. Which human services theme best describes the needs of this offender?

4. Which human services purpose best describes the needs of this offender?4. Which human services purpose best describes the needs of this offender?

5. Does this offender require prevention, intervention or treatment services?5. Does this offender require prevention, intervention or treatment services?

6. Which category on the continuum of care is most appropriate for this offender?6. Which category on the continuum of care is most appropriate for this offender?

Case Study #_____

Life CycleLife CycleStages of Psychosocial DevelopmentStages of Psychosocial Development

(Erik Erikson)

InfancyInfancy (birth-1 year)(birth-1 year) “Trust vs. Mistrust”“Trust vs. Mistrust”

ToddlerhoodToddlerhood (2-3 years)(2-3 years) “Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt”“Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt”

Early ChildhoodEarly Childhood (4-5 years)(4-5 years) “Initiative vs. Guilt”“Initiative vs. Guilt”

Middle ChildhoodMiddle Childhood(6-9 years)(6-9 years) “Industry vs. Inferiority”“Industry vs. Inferiority”

Late ChildhoodLate Childhood (10-12 years)(10-12 years) “Industry vs. Inferiority”“Industry vs. Inferiority”

AdolescenceAdolescence (13-19 years)(13-19 years) “Identity vs. Role Confusion”“Identity vs. Role Confusion”

Young AdulthoodYoung Adulthood (20-29 years)(20-29 years) “Intimacy vs. Isolation”“Intimacy vs. Isolation”

Middle AdulthoodMiddle Adulthood (30-49 years)(30-49 years) “Generativity vs. Stagnation”“Generativity vs. Stagnation”

Late AdulthoodLate Adulthood (50-death)(50-death) “Integrity vs. Despair”“Integrity vs. Despair”

Turner, J.S. & Helms, D.B. (1995). Lifespan Development(5th edition). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publications.

Stages of Stages of ChangeChange

(James Prochaska & Carlo (James Prochaska & Carlo DiClemente)DiClemente)

Pre-ContemplationPre-Contemplationthe client does not think that there is the client does not think that there is

a problem that needs to be changeda problem that needs to be changed

ContemplationContemplationthe client begins to consider that there is a problem the client begins to consider that there is a problem

and that it might be possible and desirable to changeand that it might be possible and desirable to change

DeterminationDeterminationthe client makes a definite decision the client makes a definite decision

to address the problem by changingto address the problem by changing

ActionActionthe client begins to actually the client begins to actually

change his or her behaviorchange his or her behavior

MaintenanceMaintenancethe client has initiated change and the process the client has initiated change and the process

needs to be sustained over time to be successfulneeds to be sustained over time to be successful

TerminationTerminationthe client has completely changed the behavior the client has completely changed the behavior

and there is no fear that the problem will returnand there is no fear that the problem will return

Prochaska, J.O., & DiClemente, C.C. (1982). Transtheoretical therapy toward a more integrative model of change. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 19(3), 276-287.

The Twelve Steps of Alcoholics AnonymousThe Twelve Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous1. We admitted we were powerless over alcohol - that our lives had become unmanageable.1. We admitted we were powerless over alcohol - that our lives had become unmanageable.

2. Came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity.2. Came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity.

3. Made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God as we understood Him.3. Made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God as we understood Him.

4. Made a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves.4. Made a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves.

5. Admitted to God, to ourselves and to another human being the exact nature of our wrongs.5. Admitted to God, to ourselves and to another human being the exact nature of our wrongs.

6. Were entirely ready to have God remove all these defects of character.6. Were entirely ready to have God remove all these defects of character.

7. Humbly asked Him to remove our shortcomings.7. Humbly asked Him to remove our shortcomings.

8. Made a list of all persons we had harmed, and became willing to make amends to them all.8. Made a list of all persons we had harmed, and became willing to make amends to them all.

9. Made direct amends to such people wherever possible, except when to do so would injure them or others.9. Made direct amends to such people wherever possible, except when to do so would injure them or others.

10. Continued to take personal inventory and when we were wrong promptly admitted it.10. Continued to take personal inventory and when we were wrong promptly admitted it.

11. Sought through prayer and meditation to improve our conscious contact with God as we understood Him, 11. Sought through prayer and meditation to improve our conscious contact with God as we understood Him, praying only for knowledge of His will for us and the power to carry that out.praying only for knowledge of His will for us and the power to carry that out.

12. Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these steps, we tried to carry this message to alcoholics and 12. Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these steps, we tried to carry this message to alcoholics and to practice these principles in all our affairs.to practice these principles in all our affairs.

Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions, New York:Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc.

Behavioral ApproachBehavioral Approach theory is that behavior is learned (addiction included), therefore, it can be theory is that behavior is learned (addiction included), therefore, it can be

unlearned unlearned behavior change techniques are based on research and science vs. behavior change techniques are based on research and science vs.

personal beliefspersonal beliefs counselor should assess client’s problems, make a plan based on needs, counselor should assess client’s problems, make a plan based on needs,

reassess problems, review and update planreassess problems, review and update plan ““here and now” focus vs. past problemshere and now” focus vs. past problems client action required vs. “just talking”client action required vs. “just talking” client must be taught new skills to manageclient must be taught new skills to manage goals should be observable/measurable goals should be observable/measurable client must practice newly learned skillsclient must practice newly learned skills client should respect and trust counselorclient should respect and trust counselor counselor should support clientcounselor should support client counselor may use conditioning, punishment/rewards and modelingcounselor may use conditioning, punishment/rewards and modeling


7. Emotionally/behaviorally, where is this offender on the life cycle/ stages of psychosocial development?

8. In terms of age, where should this offender be on the life cycle/ stages of psychosocial development?

9. Explain the difference (if there is one) in where the client is and should be (on the life cycle/stages of psychosocial development).

10. What stage of change is this offender in?

11. Which, if any, AA step is this offender working on now?

12. Which AA step(s) do you think this offender will have a difficult time with?

13. Based on the Behavioral Approach, how would you work with this offender (i.e., what would the assessment look like, what would the treatment plan address, what agencies would you connect the client with, what would you do with and say to this offender in weekly case management meetings, how would you monitor this offender, and how would you discuss this offender in staff meetings, etc.)?

Person-Centered ApproachPerson-Centered Approach theory is that the clients (“persons”) are in the best position to theory is that the clients (“persons”) are in the best position to

resolve their own problems because they know themselves best resolve their own problems because they know themselves best focus should be on the person, not the problemfocus should be on the person, not the problem theory is that all people are capable of self direction and can be theory is that all people are capable of self direction and can be

trusted to changetrusted to change the counselor is not the authoritythe counselor is not the authority the counselor should not teach behavior change to the clientthe counselor should not teach behavior change to the client the client may change by self if the counselor is genuine, has the client may change by self if the counselor is genuine, has

“unconditional positive regard and acceptance” for the client, “unconditional positive regard and acceptance” for the client, and is empatheticand is empathetic

clients should choose their own goals about growth and clients should choose their own goals about growth and independenceindependence


Solution Focused ApproachSolution Focused Approach past and current problems are ignoredpast and current problems are ignored the focus is on the future (however, the solutions the client has the focus is on the future (however, the solutions the client has

successfully used to solve problems before can be addressed) successfully used to solve problems before can be addressed) the counselor should consistently express optimism that the client can be the counselor should consistently express optimism that the client can be

successfulsuccessful the counselor should use the client’s language (words, pacing and tone)the counselor should use the client’s language (words, pacing and tone) the counselor should use the client’s belief systemthe counselor should use the client’s belief system changes should be small and achievablechanges should be small and achievable client strengths are “utilized” to bring about changeclient strengths are “utilized” to bring about change instead of being blamed, a new treatment plan is developed if the client instead of being blamed, a new treatment plan is developed if the client

failsfails the counselor cooperates with the client instead of confronting him or herthe counselor cooperates with the client instead of confronting him or her

Insoo, K. & Miller, S. (1992). Working with the problem drinker. New York, NY: WW Norton & Company, Inc.

14. Based on the Person-Centered Approach, how would you work with this offender (i.e., what would the assessment look like, what would the treatment plan address, what agencies would you connect the client with, what would you do with and say to this offender in weekly case management meetings, how would you monitor this offender, and how would you discuss this offender in staff meetings, etc.)?

15. Based on the Solution Focused Approach, how would you work with this offender (i.e., what would the assessment look like, what would the treatment plan address, what agencies would you connect the client with, what would you do with and say to this offender in weekly case management meetings, how would you monitor this offender, and how would you discuss this offender in staff meetings, etc.)?

16. Which approach (theory and model) would fit best for you personally and professionally?

17. Which approach would fit best for your agency (based on philosophy of leadership, standards, regulations, etc.)?

18. Which approach would be most likely to help this offender change?

19. What should be done if the approach that is best for this offender is not the one to be employed by the counselor or the program?

20. How would you define a successful outcome for this offender?

Health & Medicine

Rand Kannenberg Theories And Models Of Helping Offenders Change