1.

2. 2012 10 03 3. / 30 30 9920.8g/m3 WHO 38 24 16.2g/m3 565 496 4. ? PM2.5 WHO 16.2g/m3 565 496 5. 6. 7. 09-12 2012- 8. 58 9. 63 10. WHO Outdoor 26/Sep/2011 11. Outdoor< 5Y/O26/Sep/2011 12. Indoor 14/Mar/2011 13. PM10 23/Apr/2012 14. 15. Micrometre = Micron =m 16. 17. Diagrammatic representationof the translocation patterns ofcoarse (inhalable),inhalablefine(thoracic ) and ultrafine/n anosized(respirable)respirable particles in the human respiratory system. 18. VOC 19. PM 2.5 20. Dangerous dirt. 21. Electron micrograph of a fine modeparticle collected by an impactorfrom air outside an engineeringlaboratory at the UCLA. A halosurrounds residues of what areDangerous dirt. probably inorganic salts and polarorganic compounds dissolved in theoriginal aqueous droplet. Sootlikeparticles are also present. 22. Aggregates of ultrafine particlescollected on the last stage ofan eight-stage impactor. Theseare soot particles emitted fromdiesel engine sources such asbuses. More volatile particlesmay have evaporatedDangerous dirt. in the electron microscope. 23. (A)Particle deposition within the regions of the lung (tracheobronchi and alveolar) with respect to particlesize. (B) Schematic of course particle (green) preferential deposition within the upper regions of thegreenpulmonary system. (C) Schematic of fine and ultrafine nanoparticle (red) deposition.These smaller particles are found throughout the lung, but preferentially deposit within the alveolar region. 24. Annual National PM2.5 air quality trends, 2001-2008 (annual averageconcentration and 98th percentile of 24 hour concentration in g/m3).13 11 Annual National PM2.5 17% 25. From 1970 to 2008 particulate matter has decreased by over 50 % in ambientair. Canada1984-2008 PM 2.5 54 %2008PM2.58.13 10 26. PM2.5 1997-2009 12 35 27. PM2.5annual average concentrations for international cities in 2008 201510Taipei30261 28. 24 hour National PM2.5 air quality trends, 2001-2008 (annual average concentration and 98th percentile of 24 hour concentration in g/m3). 3427 24-hour PM2.519% 29. 60% 30. 98 th 72.198th78.1 98th 95.5 98 th 60.198th 102.4 98 th 41.698th 133.9 31. AsthmaTaiwan 32. 18 80% 8-10 9-16 33. Central Taiwan 2009 34. Results: A total of 37,801, 75,960, and 11,580children were studied in 1987, 1994 and2002, respectively.2002 The prevalence of allergic diseases hadincreased in the past two decades.Results indicate that the prevalence ofbronchial asthma had risen, from 2.19 % in 1987 , and 3.54% in 1994, to 6.99 % in 2002 . 35. The overall cumulative and 12-monthpreva-lence of wheezing, rhinitis, andeczema in the younger childrengroup were 7.4 % , 43.0%, and 7.2%,respectively. The results indicated that the prevalenceof asthma ever and wheezingever was 14.6% and 15.2%. 36. Seasonal variations of wheezing symptoms 35 % 37. 997,729 enrolees from the NHI register from 2000 to 2007 . 8-year prevalences of atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma were 6.7%, 26.3% and 11.9 %, respectively.Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis, Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma in Taiwan: A National Study 2000 to 2007Chian-Yaw Hwang1,2, Yi-Ju Chen2,3, Ming-Wei Lin4,5, Tzeng-Ji Chen6,7, Szu-Ying Chu1,2, Chih-Chiang Chen1,2, Ding-DarLee1,2, Yun-Ting Chang1,2,8, Wen-Jen Wang 1,2 and Han-NanLiu1,2,9Departments of 1Dermatology, 4Medical Research and Education and 6Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 2Departmentof Dermatology,5Institute of Public Health, 7Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-MingUniversity, Departments of Dermatology, 9National Defense MedicalCenter, Taipei,3Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, and 8National Yang Ming University Hospital, I-Lan, Taiwan Acta Derm Venereol 2010; 90: 589594 38. 14% 8%1 2 5 1 1 39. Whos at Risk? 40. PM2.5 Pope 2002 2009 10 10 g/m3 g/m3 8% 0.61 6% 223 4% 41. 10 42. 7525 50g/m3 / 5% =10g/m3 / 1% 43. (WHO) 24 WHO AQGS 24 24 24 44. 99 / ( )- - 99 9 1 100 8 31 45. 5 31-36 17.2g/m3 5-14 PM 2.5 /m3 5-14 PM 2.5 46. PM 2.5 17.2g/m3 5-14 PM 2.5 PM 2.5 28.7 g/m3 47. PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 32g/m3 30g/m3 28g/m3 48. 6 110 100 , 24.4, 28.09 , 2.9, 3.0,273.4, 10.9 3, 43.9 , 4.4 , 7.1, 6.0, 6.058 49. 100 90 183.5() () 147.7 71.2 58.8 46.7 49.2 539.2 42.6 567.0 655.539.0 40.8 729.023.5 8 25.818.2 22.216.8 20.012.418.87.9 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 19059 50. 100 0/0000 3.8 2.2 173.7 0/00093.4 0/0004.02.1 ( ) 5.76.4 2.84.18 9.2 4.1 9.14.7 415.211.6 18.2 11.9 37.014.336.316.5 40 30 20 100 1020 3040 60 51. 70 g/m3 PM2.5 65 60 50 35 25 g/m3 ( 1.4) 65 65 PM2.5 ( 1.3) PM2.5 65 65 PM2.5 52. 65g/m3 PM2.5 35g/m3 PM2.5 25g/m3 PM2.5 70g/m3 PM2.5 65 60 50 35 25g/m3 65 PM2.5 70g/m3 25g/m3 8.26% ( ) 21.46% ( ) 11.54% 53. (2011/1/01 - 2011/4/30) PM2.5 % 98 th AQI 46. 1 70 % (84/120) 94.6168 9 44. 0 63 % (76/120) 89.4165 9 45. 069 %84 162 1 (83/120) 58. 0 91 % (109/120) 110177 1 49.83 % 54. ( ) 55. PM2.5 : Death HospitalAdmissionsDoctor visits , Asthma attacks, medication use, , symptoms , lung function changes, immune cell responses, ,heart rate or heart rate variability responses 66 56. 65 ( ) 7% 10% 20% 7%10% 14% 20% 30% 14% 20% 30% 1993 2005 2017 2025 2040 24 20 15 1970 1985 1994 2005 2024 24 20 19 1942 1972 2015 203473 62 - 1887 1948 1972 2015 -85 67 - 24 50~100 United Nations, World Population Prospects The 2006 Revision. 57. OPD X 3Hospital X 6 58. Median Age in 9 Countries:2008, 2020 , and 2040 (Inyears)2020 2040 Taiwan 1974 21 26 30 3719871996 200943 53Taiwan206060 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base, accessed on January 17, 2008. 59. 2010 9 60. - 100,074 7 38,75617,548 52,772 103,94 94,734 192,22 523 3 5,481 39,806 116,20 118,53 0 865,151 21,517 8,896 76 1 940 14,940 41,296 67,7464 515,118 5,251 2,66452 TEDs7.1 354,354 18,479 7,745 6,738 32,856 64,824 69,829 169466,697 24,626 10,474 19,735 67,203 83,638 113,831251 61. 100 100 : 29.412 (MW) (MW) 1,117.80 2,400.00 4,325.95 7,843 .75 34 % 5,824.0023,039.7 6 ** 62. 63. 64. PM2.5 ( ) PM2.5 65. 15 12-1335 66. We estimate that these additional local controls would yield benefits well in excess of costs , by a ratio of at least 30 to 1. Based on the air quality analysis in this RIA, the EPA projects thatnearly all counties with PM2.5 monitors in the U.S. would meet anannual standard of 12 g/m3 by 2020 without additional federal,state, or local PM control programs. This demonstrates the substantial progress that the U.S. has madein reducing air pollution emissions over the last several decades. Regulations such as the EPAs recent Mercury and Air ToxicsStandards (MATS), the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR),and other federal programs such as diesel standards will providesubstantial improvements in regional concentrations of PM2.5. Our analysis shows a few areas would still need additionalemissions reductions to address local sources of air pollution,including ports and uncontrolled industrial emissions. For this reason, we have designed the RIA analysis to focus onlocal controls in these few areas. We estimate that theseadditional local controls would yield benefits well in excess ofcosts, by a ratio of at least 30 to 1. 67. 13/35 11/301 140 68. 11/25 69. 65 ( ) 7% 10% 20% 7%10% 14% 20% 30% 14% 20% 30% 1993 2005 2017 2025 2040 24 20 15 1970 1985 1994 2005 2024 24 20 19 1942 1972 2015 2034 -73 62 - 1887 1948 1972 2015 -85 67 - 24 50~100 United Nations, World Population Prospects The 2006 Revision. 70. OPD X 3Hospital X 6 71. 100 LNG 2-3 4000 LNG 72. 73. Forecast 1007 74. Forecast for10/6/2012 75. 2012 10 04 76. 51 77. 5 PM2.5 /10 78. 2012 10 05 79. Comparison of growth measures and emissions, 1990-2010Note: CO2 emissions estimates are from 1990 to 200959% 80. US Cities Most Polluted by Short-term Particle Pollution 24-hour PMCA 81. 8201168 1999 82. PM2.5 Seoul Metropolitian Site 29.3 Taiwan 31 ( x 0.68= 20 ) ( x 0.76= 23)(20120921) US Boston 10.3 Chicago 14 Los. A. 23.5 83. LA north Main Street 1999-2011