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Dr. Kathryn-Daphne M. OngUE-College of DentistrySY 2008-2009
I. Composition of BloodII. Erythrocytes: RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocritIII. Erythropoiesis : RBC production and degradationIV. Leucocytes: types, functions, leucocytic reaction during
infection, pathophysiology of some blood diseasesV. Immune System (Humoral Immunity) : characteristics of
immunoglobulins, mechanism of humoral responseVI. Immune System (Cellular Immunity) : T cell subclasses and
characteristics, mechanism of cellular responseVII. Blood Groups: ABO System, Rh system, Blood Typing,
erythroblastosis fetalis, ABO incompatibility, blood transfusion
VIII. Thrombocytes: functions, platelet countIX. Hemostasis: role, sequence of eventsX. Blood Coagulation: steps in coagulation and fibrinolysis
Fluid component Cellular component
General Characteristics: Size Shape Lifespan
Functions
Hemoglobin formation
Hematocrit
Location Stages
Regulation
Maturation
Anemia
Polycythemia
General Characteristics Types Functions Reactions Abnormalities
Most abundant (60-70%) Granular, phagocytic Life span – 8 days Seen in acute inflammation Band forms/ stabs –
Monocyte immature macrophage Largest formed element 1-8% of WBC Highly mobile and phagocytic
1-4% of total WBC Life span : 8 days Parasitic infections Allergic reactions
least abundant (<1%) Granules contain HH
second most abundant (25-35%) Seen in chronic infections, viral
infections 2 types: ▪ B-lymphocyte▪ T-lymphocyte (most abundant)
Reactions Inflammation▪ 1. vasodilatation▪ 2. increased permeability of capillaries▪ Migration of cells▪ Walling off, killling
Abnormalities Leukocytosis – high WBC count Leukopenia - Low WBC count Leukemia – excessive WBC count
NON – SPECIFIC DEFENSES
(INNATE)
SPECIFIC DEFENSES / IMMUNITY(ACQUIRED)
Skin and mucous membranesInterferon and complement sys.
Natural killer cellsPhagocytic cells (Neutrophils ,
macrophage)
Lymphocytes (B &T)Antibodiescytokines
Innate Immunity (general)▪ Phagocytosis▪ Secretions▪ Skin▪ Blood
Acquired Immunity (specific) Cell (location, development/processing) Types▪ Cellular▪ Humoral
T-lymphocytes B-lymphocytes
Origin Thymus dependent Bursa of Fabricius/ Gut-Assoc. LymphT
Distribution Numerous; 75% of circulating lymphocytes
Less numerous; 25% of circulating lymphocytes
Life span Long lived Short lived
Antibody production
None Present; secreted by Plasma cells
Nomenclature Helper cellsKiller cellsSuppressor cells
Give rise to Plasma cells
Type of Immune response
Cell mediated immune response
Humoral Immune response
Cells involved Types of T lymphocytes
Primary vs Secondary Response Antibodies
Types Actions
Specific protein molecules that circulate freely in blood and lymph or bound to lymphocyte
Secreted by plasma cells 5 broad classes (A, D, E, G,M)
IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM
comprises almost 75% of the Ig of normal human serum.
the only class that crosses the placenta and produces passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.
neutralize bacterial toxins or effective against viral infections.
Largest immunoglobulin
comprise about 7% of the Ig.
capable of activating complement; thus readily induces lysis of foreign cells
comprises 15% of Ig found in secretory
products such as saliva, tears, colostrums, nasal and tracheobronchial mucus and released into the intestinal lumen.
plays a protective role at the surface of mucus membrane.
Immune Tolerance Abnormalities
AIDS Autoimmune Diseases
Active immunity vs Passive immunity
comprises 0.2% of Ig. main immunoglobulin on
the surface of lymphocytes in the newborn.
no proven antibody activity
the least amount of immunoglobulins.
mediates allergic reactions and parasitic infections
ABO system Agglutinogens Antigens Transfusion reaction Rh system
General Characteristics Shape Lifespan
Function Development Count
1 megakaryocyte 2,000-4,000 platelets
1. Vascular Constriction2. Formation of platelet plug3. Formation of blood clot4. Fibrous tissue growth into the blood clot5. Fibrinolysis
1. Platelet Activation2. Platelet Adhesion3. Platelet aggregation
Procoagulants =Anticoagulants
1. Formation of prothrombin activator2. Prothrombin to thrombin3. Fibrinogen to Fibrin4. Stabilization of the fibrin clot
Plasminogen to Plasmin T-PA
1. Vitamin K deficiency2. Hemophilia3. Thrombocytopenia