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PHARMACY EDUCATION AND PRACTISE CHALLENGES TO MEET FUTURE PROFESSIONAL NEEDS
By-
JAIDEEP SARKAR
JAIPUR NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY
Pharmaceutical Industry -An Overview
Pharmaceutical Industry the propeller for other Industries
HISTORY
The History of Pharmaceutical Indus can be traced to 1600 BC
In around 1640 BC Dhanvantari wrote a treatise on Medicine, Pharmaceutics, & surgery.
AYURVEDA
SUSHRUTHA CHARAKA
During around 500 BC Buddhist Monks spread to the rest of the world
Modern day Medication
Modern day Medication more than 350 years old
In 1901 Acharya P.C. Ray started first Indian Pharmaceutical company
1970s saw the emergence of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry. Research &
Development in later part of 19th Century and 20th Century.
This led to the expansion of Bulk Drug Industry
Present global market size $ 825 Billion growing @ 4 to 6 %
India 3rd largest producer of Pharmaceuticals having 10%
of the global share.
Cardiovascular segment dominates the sales with 50%
share and Anti Diabetic segment has a share of 22 %
• Pharmaceutical biotechnology, pharmacogenomics, combinatorial chemistry, screening
technologies, and bioinformatics are major advances that give a new direction to
pharmaceutical sciences.
• Pharmaceutical education has to set new priorities to keep pace with the challenges related to
genomic technologies.
• Educators and pharmacy school members have the responsibility of deciding how, to what
extent, by which methods, and/or in which way these changes and new directions in the
education programs should be developed.
• Need to better integrate internationally educated pharmacists within the domestic workforce
and professional development and maintenance of competency of practitioners.
Pharmaceutical Education
Reasons of strong education system• Changes in medical environments such as collapse of doctors' paternalism
• To meet these social needs the education of students in pharmaceutical colleges should be reconstructed extensively from a traditional research-oriented system to a patient-centered system, applied pharmacotherapy is to be strengthened and enforced.
• The pharmacy academy is well positioned to prepare graduates to become more proactive in creating a safer health care environment for patients.
A drastic reform of pharmacist education should be brought in effect.
Phase II
Government Control
•Indian Patent Act –1970
•Drug prices capped
•Local companies begin to make an impact
Phase III Development Phase
•Process development
•Production infrastructure creation
•Export initiatives
Phase IV
Growth Phase
•Rapid expansion of domestic market
•International market development
•Research orientation
Phase V
Innovation and Research
•New IP law
•Discovery Research
•Convergence
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Phase I
Early Years
•Market share domination by foreign companies
•Relative absence of organized Indian companies
Indian Pharmaceutical Evolution
Pharmacists Roles in Patient Care
• Pharmacists as drug therapy managers
• Assessing, counseling and monitoring drug therapy
• Dealing with medication misadventures: $177 billion drug morbidity/mortality
• Overseeing medication management systems
• Delivering pharmaceutical care: could save over $105 billion annually if universally
available
• Continued creation of opportunities for new service development in the community:
• Residency programs in community practice
• Participation in demonstration projects, e.g. Patient Self-Management: Diabetes
• Partnerships with education and practice organizations
Market Structure• Indian - Bulk Drugs & Formulation M/S Market
Share
Pharmacist Supply
2001: 200,000 active pharmacists
2020 projection: 260,000 active pharmacists
Based on new graduates, adjusted for those leaving; assumes 20% enrollment growth existing schools and 3 new ones in addition to those slated to open
Outpatient prescriptions: 7,500,000,000 (+5%/yr)
Hospital drug orders: 3,000,000,000 (+2.5%/yr)
Community Pharmacy, 2020: 7,500,000,000 prescriptions
172,000 community pharmacists 43,604 Rx/pharmacist/year
One prescription every 2 ¾ minutesHospital Pharmacy, 2020:
3,000,000,000 orders
65,000 hospital pharmacists
46,154 Rx/pharmacist/year
One order every 2 minutes
Current and Projected Need for Pharmacists
2001 Estimated Deployment
2020 Forecast Need
Order fulfillment(Dispensing) 136,400 100,000
Patient Care48,000 295,000
Other 12,300 22,000Total Need
196,700 417,000
Total Supply260,000
Projected Shortfall 157,000
..
Challenges for Educators
• Faculty needs: new models & partnerships with
practice
• Training sites: new models, residencies
• Curriculum to address distributive/patient care
roles
• Technology application to both: e.g. distance
education
• Sharing resources across institutions
• Financing for expansion in era of state budget
issues
• Research enterprise
A strong background in basic science is
sufficient for an entry level since materials
science, processing and product development
experiences
Implications for Educators: How to Expand the Profession?
• Good news: today’s graduates are being educated at level consistent with profession’s long-term patient care vision
• Many new opportunities for pharmacists, especially with doctoral level training
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year*
Enrollments by Expected Graduation Year
PharmD
BS Pharmacy
*Data for expected graduation for years 2003-06 from Profile of Pharmacy Students Fall 2002. For years 2000-02 from Profile of Pharmacy Students Fall 1999.
Challenges for Industry
Regulatory obstacles Lack of proper infrastructure Lack of qualified professionals Expensive research equipments Lack of academic collaboration Underdeveloped molecular discovery program Divide between the industry and study curriculum
Source: Capitalline
Indian - Bulk Drugs Formulation LargeSales Turnover and Reported Net Profit on 2010 (in Rs. Crore)
There is a current shortage of entry-level scientists There is a current shortage of entry-level scientists with an appropriate background in product with an appropriate background in product
development and pharmaceutical technology.development and pharmaceutical technology.
Government Initiatives
The government of India has undertaken several including policy initiatives and tax breaks for the growth of the pharmaceutical business in India. Some of the measures adopted are:
1. Pharmaceutical units are eligible for weighted tax reduction at 150% for the research and development expenditure obtained.
2. Two new schemes namely, New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative and the Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Research Program have been launched by the Government.
3. The Government is contemplating the creation of SRV or special purpose vehicles with an insurance cover to be used for funding new drug research
4. The Department of Pharmaceuticals is mulling the creation of drug research facilities which can be used by private companies for research work on rent
Indian - Bulk Drugs & Formulation Large
• Market Share at Present
TOP TEN INDIAN COMAPNIES
1. Ranbaxy Labs
2. Cipla
3. Dr Reddy’s Labs
4. Aurobindo Pharma
5. Piramal Health
6.Sun Pharma Inds.
7. Wockhardt
8. Cardila Heath
9. Ipca Labs
10. Torrent Pharma
Indian Pharma Industry – Future Scenario
• The Indian pharma industry is still trying to come to terms with the new patent regime.
• Over the next 5 years, will continue to grow by at least twice the rate of global growth.
• Retail segment will be the fastest growing segment.
• There will be a significant increase in the clinical trials and diagnostics outsourcing.
• A significant window of opportunity will be available expiring patents.
R&D Expenditure(in Rs. Crore) over 10 years
To meet future professional needs- also requires Foreign Investment
– Indian drug industry has in the last five years seen half a dozen big takeovers by foreign companies.
– $3.6 billion acquisition of promoters’ stake in Ranbaxy Laboratories by Japan’s Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd.
– US drug maker Mylan Inc. paid $734 million to acquire Hyderabad-based Matrix Laboratories
– German health care group Fresenius SE spent $219 million to take over Dabur Pharma .
– US drug and nutrition firm Abbott Laboratories paid $3.72 billion to acquire Piramal Healthcare Ltd’s domestic drug formulation business and spent $726 million to buy out Ahmedabad-based consumer health company Paras Pharmaceuticals.
– French drug multinational Sanofi-Aventis SA acquired a majority stake in Indian vaccines company Shanta Biotech for €550 million
VISION 2020• Essential drugs at affordable prices are
available and also continue providing employment for millions.
• Major global player in the field of pharmaceuticals exports and as a provider of quality medicines at low costs.
• Major player in the generic drugs market in USA and Europe.
• Attain new heights in herbal drugs research in shaping Indian Systems of Medicine into a popular system of medicine of the future for holistic health care and ensuring health care for all - especially for the welfare of the poor.