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Erin McGinty presented at our preferred provider conference on Obsessive Compulsive disorders, Anxiety Disorders, and how they relate to Eating Disorders. She explored the current research regarding these disorders and their co-occurrence with Eating Disorders. She also shared current treatment approaches addressing both eating disorders and OCD spectrum disorders.
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Preferred Provider WorkshopTreatment of Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Symptoms
and Eating DisordersSaturday, July 16th
Erin McGinty, LPCCastlewood Treatment Center for Eating Disorders
1260 St. Paul Road636-386-6633
www.castlewoodtc.com
Prevalence of Co-Occurring Anxiety Disorders with Eating Disorders
Kaye et al. (2004) studied the co-morbidity of anxiety disorders in an eating disorder sample, and found the following:
• Two-thirds of the subjects had one or more lifetime anxiety disorder
• A majority of the subjects reported that their anxiety disorders preceded the onset of the eating disorder
• The most common anxiety diagnoses were obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD; 41%) and social phobia (20%)
Effects of a Co-Morbid Anxiety Disorder on Eating Disorder Symptomology
Clients with co-morbidity experience both a longer length of stay and an exacerbation of eating disorder symptoms such as:
• Perfectionism
• Obsessionality
• Harm avoidance, including:
– Higher degrees of worry, or anticipatory anxiety
– Higher degrees of intolerance of uncertainty
– Higher degrees of fatigue
– Higher degrees of pessimism
• Body image dissatisfaction
Co-Occurring Anxiety Disorders and Emotion Regulation
Individuals with anxiety disorders face many struggles in regulating emotion:
• Emotion misidentification
• Impaired understanding of emotions
• Increased negative responses to internal and external cues
As a result, clients make attempts to regulate emotional experiences that exacerbate unwanted emotional states
• Social avoidance
• Experiential avoidance
• Eating disorder and other maladaptive behaviors
Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms and Eating Disorders
• Preoccupation with weight, shape, and food mirror obsessions
• Eating disorder behaviors may be compulsions
• View of an eating disorder as an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder
• Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) therapy is the treatment of choice for anxiety disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder– Initial studies suggest that utilizing ERP in the treatment of eating
disorders is effective in reducing depressive, obsessive-compulsive, and eating disorder symptom severity
Exposure and Response Prevention Therapy
Exposure• Graduated, repetitive, and consistent exposure to situations and
thoughts that provoke anxiety and distress– Situational/In vivo exposure
– Imaginal exposure
• While performing the exposure, the client imagines the feared consequence(s) of the exposure
• The client remains exposed to the cue until the associated anxiety decreases
• Goal is to achieve habituation, or the decrease in anxiety due only to the passing of time– Within-trial habituation
– Between-trial habituation
Exposure and Response Prevention Therapy
Exposure and Response Prevention Therapy
Response Prevention
• Refraining from behaviors that are meant to reduce anxiety– Behavioral rituals
– Mental rituals
– Avoidance
• Clients learn that feared consequences of exposure are irrational
Example: Eat a feared food such as potato chips(exposure), no purging/binging/exercise/restriction (response prevention).
Exposure and Response Prevention Therapy
Psychoeducation• Providing a rationale for the model
• Educating the client on the importance of follow-through with self-monitoring and exposure assignments
Self-Monitoring• Ban books
• Exposure and thought records
Cognitive Therapy• Identify cognitive distortions and feared consequences of exposure
• Based on the outcome, identify evidence for/against irrational belief
• Reframing of irrational beliefs
Target Symptoms in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms and Eating Disorders
Body Image• Clothing avoidance
• Mirror avoidance
• Body checking
• Femininity and sexuality
Food Rituals• Cutting of food
• Mixing of food
• Ordering and arranging of food on plate
• Eating foods in a certain order
• Counting rituals
Target Symptoms in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms and Eating Disorders
Exercise Rituals• Ordering of exercises in a particular fashion
• Specific number of calories burned, miles run, time exercised, repetition of weight exercises, etc.
• Rigidity around exercise
Perfectionism• Need for symmetry and exactness
• Ordering and arranging compulsions
• Concern over mistakes and the interpretation of mistakes as failures
• Doubts about the ability to accomplish tasks
Target Symptoms in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms and Eating Disorders
Other Eating Disorder Rituals• Calorie counting
• Avoidance– Feared foods
• Binging
• Purging
• Rumination
• Chewing/spitting
• Laxative, diet pills, diuretic, ipecac abuse
• Restriction
Fear Hierarchy Formation
• Generate a list of external and internal triggers that provoke anxiety and induce urges to engage in behaviors
• Assess feared consequences if client was exposed to a trigger
• Assess responses to feared situations:– Passive avoidance
– Behavioral rituals
– Mental rituals
• Generate a list of feared situations
• Ask the client to provide a subjective unit of distress (SUDS) rating for each situation
Fear Hierarchy Formation
Examples of assignments to generate data:
• Assign clients to create a list of the following:– “Good/bad” foods
– Avoided foods
– Binge foods
• Assign clients to complete a an exhaustive list of their ritual behaviors at the table, and to identify what purpose these rituals serve
• Assign clients to write “A Typical Day…– … in my eating disorder.”
– … in my exercise addiction.”
– … in my OCD.”
Fear Hierarchy Formation
• Assign clients to write “The Worst Day of My Eating Disorder”
• Assign clients to write out their exercise routine in exhaustive detail