ObesityEtiology and Hazards

CHITKARA UNIVERSITYDepartment of Pharmacy

PracticeChitkara College of

Pharmacy

Submitted By:Ranjit Saha

Obesity

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has

accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health.

People are generally considered obese when their body mass

index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight by the

square of the person's height, is over 30 kg/m2, with the

range 25–30 kg/m2 defined as overweight.Some East Asian countries use

lower values.

Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly heart

disease, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer,

and osteoarthritis.

Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake,

lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. A few cases are caused

primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications, or mental illness.

ETIOLOGY : Obesity results when caloric intake exceeds

untilsation . The imbalance of these tw components can occur in the following situations:

Inadequate pushing of onself away from the dining table causing overtreating .

Insufficent pushing of onself out of the chair leading to inactivity and sedentary life style

Genitic predisposition to develop obesity

Diets largely derived from carbohydrates and fats than protein-rich diets

Secondary obesity may result following a number of underlying disease

such as :

Hypothyroidism

Cushing disease

Insulinomia

Hypothalamic disorder

Complications of obesity

Obesity health problem includes:

Type 2 diabetes.

High blood pressure.

Stroke.

Heart disease.

Gallbladder disease.

Osteoarthritis.

Poor wound healing.

Sleep apnea,( dangerous sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops

and starts).

High cholesterol and triglycerides.

Metabolic syndrome.

Cancer.

Depression.

PATHOGENESIS : The lipid storing cells , adipocytes comprise the adipose tissue and are presnt

in vascular and stromal compartment in the body . Besides the generally

accepted role of adipocytes for fat storage , these cells also release endocrine

regulating molecules . These molecules includes :

Energy regulatory hormones (leptin )

Cytokines ( TNF-α and interleukin-6

Insulin sensitivity regulating agents ( adiponectin , resistin and RBP4 )

Prothrombotic factor

Blood pressure regulating agent

The most important environmental factor of excess consumption of

nutrients can lead to obesity

Recently, two obesity genes have been found Ob gene ( protein

product leptin )

db gene ( protein product leptin receptor )

Hazards Of Obesity

Hyperinsulinemia : Increased insulin secretion is a glycaemia of frank diabetes despite

Hyperinsulinaemia . This is due to a state of insulin resistance consequent to

tissue insensitivity.

Type -2 diabetes mellitus :There is a strong association of Type -2 diabetes mellitus with obesity. Obesity

often exacerbates the diabetes state and in many cases weight reduction often

leads to amelioration of diabetes

Atherosclerosis :Obesity predisposes to development of Atherosclerosis . As a result of

Atherosclerosis and hypertension , there is increased risk of myocardial

infarction and stroke in obese individuals .

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) :Obesity contributes to development of Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

( NAFLD ) which may progress further to cirrhosis of the liver

Hypertension :A strong association between hypertension and obesity is observed which is perhaps due to increased blood volume . Weight reduction leads to significant reduction in systolic blood pressure

Hyperlipoproteinaemia :The plasma cholesterol circulates in the blood as low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

containing most of the circulating triglycerides . Obesity is strongly associated

with VLDL and midly with LDL . Total blood cholesterol levels are also

alevated in obesity .

Treatment

Click icon to add pictureThis plan include: Dietary changes. Exercise and activity. Behavior change. Prescription medication. Weight-loss surgery.

The Prescription medication include: Orlistat (Xenical). Lorcaserin (Belviq). Phentermine-topiramate (Qsymia). Phentermine (Adipex-P, Suprenza).

Prevention

More exercise: 150 to 250

minutes of moderate intensity

activity every week is helpful to

keep you away from obesity, and

these activities such as fast

walking and swimming.

Eat healthy: low calorie and fibers rich food

such as fruits, vegetables are good food to have

every day, but saturated fats and sweets and

alcohol are extremely bad , they increase your

body weight, and threaten your health.

Monitor your weight: monitoring your

weigh and calculating your body mass index

will be very helpful to know how your

prevention plan work.

Thank You