Nutrition: Food, Nutrition and Health

Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 1

Chapter 1 Food, Nutrition, and Health


Chapter 1Chapter 1

Lesson 1.1Lesson 1.1


Key ConceptsKey Concepts

• Optimal personal and community nutrition is a major component of health promotion.

• Certain nutrients in food are essential to our health and well-being.

Tell me why…..?Tell me why…..?

How do these nutritional objectives relate to nursing care?

Why is it important for health care professionals to exemplify optimal nutrition both in regard to themselves and their clients?

Besides carbohydrates, fats and proteins, what other nutrients are essential for health?

How does nutrition relate to physical activity in terms of homeostasis?



Nutrition and DieteticsNutrition and Dietetics

• Nutrition Food people eat and how bodies use it

• Nutritional science Scientific knowledge on human’s food

requirements

• Dietetics Health profession for applying nutritional science

(Cont'd…)


Nutrition and DieteticsNutrition and Dietetics(…Cont’d)

• Registered Dietitian (RD) Nutrition authority on the health care team Also referred to as clinical nutrition specialist

or public health nutritionist

More questionsMore questions

• How do the terms nutritional science and dietetics differ?

• Which governmental agencies study nutritional science and make public health recommendations?

• Name some recent nutritional discoveries or topics in the news pertaining to nutrition

• How have nutritional recommendations changed over time?


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Is the high-protein, low carbohydrate trend backed up by scientific knowledge?

How can a consumer make sense of dietary recommendations in the face of changing guidelines?

What type of education and training does a RD receive?

How do nurses and RDs work together in a hospital or clinical setting?


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• What resources can an RD provide to assist with a nursing plan of care?

• How do surgery, infection, and different developmental stages affect nutritional requirements?



Health and WellnessHealth and Wellness

• Good nutrition is essential to good health

• Health must include meeting basic human needs

• Wellness seeks the full development of potential for all persons

Do you know???Do you know???

• Why is nutrition a component of health and wellness?

• What uses of food are there other to satisfy hunger?

• How do nutritional requirements change during a person’s life?

• If a person is malnourished, how does that affect his or her functioning?


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• How can a nurse incorporate nutritional science and education into a plan of care?



Wellness Movement and Wellness Movement and National Health GoalsNational Health Goals

• Response to medical care system’s focus on illness and disease

• Response to rising health costs

• Focuses on lifestyle and personal choices

Things to ponder…Things to ponder…

• How does wellness approach differ from the traditional medical model of health care?

• How can preventive care reduce health costs?

• Give an example of a disease process directly related to nutritional status.

• If disease is a result of various factors, how can lifestyle life style affect overall health and wellness?


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• Name a life style choice that promotes nutritional health.

• Name a life style choice that reduces nutritional health.



Traditional and Preventive Traditional and Preventive Approaches to HealthApproaches to Health

• Traditional Attempts change only when illness or disease

already exist Little value for lifelong positive health

• Preventive Identify risk factors Allows people to choose behaviors to

minimize risk of disease

Risk factorsRisk factors

• What are risk factors for CVD? DM? Ca?• What support organizations promote nutritional

wellness?• Compare and contrast the traditional and

preventive models of health care. What contributed to the shift in focus? Why does involving personal choice and preference support a healthy lifestyle?

• What benefits over time does optimal nutrition provide?



Good NutritionGood Nutrition

• Well-developed body

• Ideal weight for body composition

• Good muscle development

• Smooth skin, glossy hair, clear and bright eyes

• Mental and physical alertness

• Ability to resist disease

• Increased life span

What is Ideal?What is Ideal?

• How is the ideal body weight calculated?

• Why does poor nutrition impact the immune system?

• How can you assess malnutrition in your client?

• Why is nutrition essential during prenatal development?


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• Why is nutritional status related to disease prevention and recovery from surgery or other trauma?

• How do exercise and food relate to good nutrition?



Nutrients in FoodNutrients in Food

• Provide energy

• Build tissue

• Regulate metabolic processes

• Individual nutrients have many special metabolic functions

• No nutrient ever works alone

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• What are the primary nutrients?

• What is the body’s main source of food and how is it stored?

• What is metabolism?

• How does metabolism affect the body weight?

• Provide and example of nutrients that work with each other?


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• What are examples of diseases that result from a mineral or other nutrient dificiency?



Energy SourcesEnergy Sources

• Carbohydrates Primary source of fuel for heat and energy Maintain body’s back-up store of quick energy Should provide 45%-65% of total kilocalories

(Cont'd…)

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• What are recommended sources of complex carbohydrates?

• What is the pathophysiology of diabetes and how does it relate to carbohydrates?

• What type of carbohydrates should be limited in the diet?



Energy SourcesEnergy Sources(…Cont’d)

• Fats Animal and plant sources Secondary (storage) form of heat and energy Should provide no more than 20%-35% of

total kilocalories

(Cont'd…)

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• List plant and animal sources of fats

• What is cholesterol?

• What are the risks associated with a high fat diet?

• Where is fat stored in the body?



Energy SourcesEnergy Sources(…Cont’d)

• Proteins Source of energy when supply from

carbohydrates and fats is insufficient Primary function is tissue building Should provide 10%-35% of total kilocalories

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• What are proteins composed of?

• What are examples of foods high in proteins?

• How do vegetarians get enough protein?



Tissue BuildingTissue Building

• Proteins Provide amino acids• Necessary for building and repairing tissues

• Vitamins and minerals Vitamin C for tissue building Calcium and phosphorus• Building and maintaining bone

(Cont'd…)

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• List foods high in vitamin C, calcium, phosphorous and iron?



Tissue BuildingTissue Building(…Cont’d)

• Iron Builds hemoglobin in the blood

• Fatty acids Build central fat substance of cell walls

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• What are conditions related to too little iron? Too much iron?

• How does calcium relate to osteoporosis?

• Why is fat important to brain development?



Regulation and ControlRegulation and Control

• Vitamins Function as coenzyme factors• Components of cell enzymes in governing

chemical reaction during cell metabolism

• Minerals Also serve as coenzyme factors

(Cont'd…)

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• What are food sources for vitamins and minerals?

• Why are supplements prescribed during pregnancy?



Regulation and ControlRegulation and Control(…Cont’d)

• Other nutrients Water• Essential base for all metabolic processes

Fiber• Regulates passage of food material through GI

tract

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• Why is water essential for life?

• What foods are high in fiber?

• What is the relationship between colon cancer and low-fiber diet?



Types of NutritionTypes of Nutrition

• Optimal nutrition Obtained from a varied diet Desired amounts should be balanced

• Undernutrition Less than desired amounts of nutrients Limits work capacity, immune system, mental

activity

(Cont'd…)

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• How can heath professionals promote variety and moderation?

• What are risk factors for under nutrition?

• What federal programs address under nutrition?



Types of NutritionTypes of Nutrition(…Cont’d)

• Malnutrition Reserves depleted Nutrient and energy intake insufficient

• Overnutrition Excess nutrient and energy intake over time Produces harmful gross body weight Excessive amounts of nutrient supplements

over time


Chapter 1Chapter 1

Lesson 1.2Lesson 1.2


Key ConceptsKey Concepts

• Food and nutrient guides help us to plan a balanced diet according to individual needs and goals.


Dietary Reference IntakesDietary Reference Intakes

• Published by the National Academy of Sciences

• Updated every 5-10 years

• Includes recommendations for each gender and age group

(Cont'd…)


Dietary Reference IntakesDietary Reference Intakes(…Cont’d)

• Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) Daily intake of nutrients that meet needs of

almost all healthy individuals

• Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) Intake level that meets needs of half the

individuals in a specific group

(Cont'd…)



• Adequate intake (AI) Used when not enough evidence to establish

the RDA

• Tolerable upper intake level (UL) Sets maximum intake unlikely to pose adverse

health risks

(Cont'd…)




Food Guide PyramidFood Guide Pyramid

• Simple practical education tool

• Basis for general meal planning and food-intake pattern

• Promotes carbohydrates while limiting fat intake

• Daily food-group choices may be spread over three or more meals

(Cont'd…)


Food Guide PyramidFood Guide Pyramid(…Cont’d)


Dietary Guidelines for Dietary Guidelines for AmericansAmericans

• Issued every five years

• Aim for fitness

• Build a healthy base

• Choose sensibly


Principles of Principles of Nutrition TherapyNutrition Therapy

• Weight management

• Sodium control

• Proper diet of minerals

• DASH diet

• Additional lifestyle factors


Dietary Guidelines for Dietary Guidelines for AmericansAmericans

Health & Medicine

Nutrition: Food, Nutrition and Health