Lymphatic and Immune Lymphatic and Immune SystemsSystems

Sirinthip Thanomphon Sirinthip Thanomphon

June 22, 2010June 22, 2010

Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System

Consisting of Three Parts… Consisting of Three Parts…

1. Lymphatic vessels 1. Lymphatic vessels - Is an elaborate system of - Is an elaborate system of

drainage vessels that drainage vessels that collect the excess collect the excess protein-containing protein-containing interstitial fluid and return interstitial fluid and return to bloodstream.to bloodstream.

- Once interstitial fluid - Once interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic, it is enters the lymphatic, it is called “called “lymphlymph”.”.

2. Lymph2. Lymph

- Is the fluid contained in - Is the fluid contained in those vessels.those vessels.

3. Lymph Nodes3. Lymph Nodes

- is a small circular ball-- is a small circular ball-shaped organ of the shaped organ of the immune system, immune system, distributed widely distributed widely throughout the body and throughout the body and linked by lymphatic linked by lymphatic vessels. vessels.

- It acts as filters or traps - It acts as filters or traps for foreign particles for foreign particles

Other Organs in Immunity SystemOther Organs in Immunity System

TonsilsTonsils

- - They are collection of They are collection of lymphatic tissue located on lymphatic tissue located on each side of the throat or each side of the throat or pharynx.pharynx.

- There are three sets of - There are three sets of tonsils: palatine tonsils, tonsils: palatine tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils, lingual pharyngeal tonsils, lingual tonsils.tonsils.

- All tonsils contain a large - All tonsils contain a large number of leukocytes and act number of leukocytes and act as filters to protect the body.as filters to protect the body.

Other Organs in Immunity System (cont)Other Organs in Immunity System (cont)

SpleenSpleen - It locates in the upper left - It locates in the upper left

quadrant of the abdomen.quadrant of the abdomen. - Consisting of lymphatic - Consisting of lymphatic

tissues that is highly tissues that is highly infiltrated with blood infiltrated with blood vessels.vessels.

- it filters out and destroys - it filters out and destroys old red blood cells, old red blood cells, recycles the iron, and also recycles the iron, and also stores some of the blood stores some of the blood supply for the body.supply for the body.

Other Organs in Immunity System (cont)Other Organs in Immunity System (cont)

Thymus GlandThymus Gland

- It locates in the upper portion - It locates in the upper portion of the mediastinum.of the mediastinum.

- It is essential for the proper - It is essential for the proper development of the immune development of the immune system.system.

- It assists the body with the - It assists the body with the immune function and the immune function and the development of antibodies.development of antibodies.

Overview Functional of Immune and Overview Functional of Immune and Lymphatic SystemsLymphatic Systems

The immune system is part of our general body The immune system is part of our general body defenses against disease. defenses against disease.

It functions by recognizing viruses and bacteria and It functions by recognizing viruses and bacteria and converting that information into hormones that activate converting that information into hormones that activate the immune process. the immune process.

The function of the lymph system is to remove excess The function of the lymph system is to remove excess tissue fluids that do not return through the circulatory tissue fluids that do not return through the circulatory system. system.

In addition, the lymph system is responsible for In addition, the lymph system is responsible for absorbing protein form this fluid and returning it to the absorbing protein form this fluid and returning it to the blood. blood.

Although our defensive system is simple, there are Although our defensive system is simple, there are also problems that can occur.also problems that can occur.

SarcoidosisSarcoidosis It is a disease that results It is a disease that results

from a specific type of from a specific type of inflammation of tissues of inflammation of tissues of the body. the body.

It can appear in almost any It can appear in almost any body organ, but it starts body organ, but it starts most often in the lungs or most often in the lungs or lymph nodes. lymph nodes.

The cause of sarcoidosis is The cause of sarcoidosis is unknown butunknown but thought to be thought to be associated with an associated with an abnormal immune abnormal immune response. response.

What are symptoms of sarcoidosis?What are symptoms of sarcoidosis?

Dyspnea (shortness of breath).Dyspnea (shortness of breath). Erythema nodosum (red bump) on the face, Erythema nodosum (red bump) on the face,

arms, or shins.arms, or shins. inflammation of the eyes.inflammation of the eyes. Fatique and lack of energy. Fatique and lack of energy. A dry hacking cough.A dry hacking cough. Weight loss.Weight loss. Aches and pain.Aches and pain.

DiagnosisDiagnosis

X-rayX-ray CT scan CT scan PET scanPET scan CT-guided biopsy CT-guided biopsy Endoscopic ultrasound Endoscopic ultrasound

with FNA of with FNA of mediastinal lymph mediastinal lymph nodes(EBUS FNA) nodes(EBUS FNA)

mediastinoscopy mediastinoscopy

Treatment and PrognosisTreatment and Prognosis

Using Corticosteroid Using Corticosteroid drugs.drugs.

Frequent checkups are Frequent checkups are important so that the important so that the doctor can monitor the doctor can monitor the illness and, if illness and, if necessary, adjust the necessary, adjust the treatment. treatment.

AllergyAllergy

Is a disorder of the Is a disorder of the immune system.immune system.

Allergic reactions occur to Allergic reactions occur to normally harmless normally harmless environmental substances environmental substances known as allergens.known as allergens.

Many types of allergy such Many types of allergy such as food, non-food proteins, as food, non-food proteins, genetic basic, or hygiene genetic basic, or hygiene hypothesis etc.hypothesis etc.

What are the Symptoms?What are the Symptoms?

Due to different types of allergy so the symptom Due to different types of allergy so the symptom are vary such as;are vary such as;

- - Allergic rhinitis are: Allergic rhinitis are: sneezing, coughing, itching, sneezing, coughing, itching, or watery eyes.or watery eyes.

- - Asthma are: Asthma are: a feeling of tightness in the chest, a feeling of tightness in the chest, breathlessness, difficulty inhaling and exhaling, or breathlessness, difficulty inhaling and exhaling, or noisy breathing ("wheezing").noisy breathing ("wheezing").

- - Eczema, contact dermatitisEczema, contact dermatitis andand urticariaurticaria areare: : red and itching skin, inflamed skin, and welts. red and itching skin, inflamed skin, and welts.

General Symptoms of a Common General Symptoms of a Common Allergic Reaction Allergic Reaction

Rapidly worsening symptoms (or previously Rapidly worsening symptoms (or previously severe reactions to this allergen).severe reactions to this allergen).

Swelling of tissues such as lips or joints.Swelling of tissues such as lips or joints. Loss of consciousness.Loss of consciousness. Anxiety.Anxiety. Itching of the skin, mouth, throat, and eyes.Itching of the skin, mouth, throat, and eyes. Nausea and vomiting.Nausea and vomiting. chest pain and tightness.chest pain and tightness. Confusion.Confusion. Sweating.Sweating.

How to Treat Allergies?How to Treat Allergies?

Avoidance of the Avoidance of the allergensallergens such as using such as using air filters or using a air filters or using a dehumidifier.dehumidifier.

Medication Medication commonly commonly used are Decongestants, used are Decongestants, Steroid nasal sprays, Steroid nasal sprays, Steroid nasal sprays, or Steroid nasal sprays, or Cromoglycate (Nalcrom) Cromoglycate (Nalcrom) that related agents. that related agents.

ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy..

Hodgkin’s Disease (HD)Hodgkin’s Disease (HD)

Hodgkin's Disease is one of a group of cancers Hodgkin's Disease is one of a group of cancers called "lymphomas." called "lymphomas."

Lymphoma refers to cancers that develop in the Lymphoma refers to cancers that develop in the lymphatic system. lymphatic system.

Cells in the lymphatic system become abnormal. Cells in the lymphatic system become abnormal. The disease usually spreads from the lymph The disease usually spreads from the lymph

nodes in the neck, chest, and armpits to the nodes in the neck, chest, and armpits to the spleen, and then to the liver or nodes bordering spleen, and then to the liver or nodes bordering the aorta. the aorta.

What causes that?What causes that?

Sex: most likely happens in men than women. Sex: most likely happens in men than women. Ages: Between 15–40 and over 55 are higher risk. Ages: Between 15–40 and over 55 are higher risk. Family history. Family history. History of infectious mononucleosis or infection History of infectious mononucleosis or infection

with Epstein-Barr virus, a causative agent of with Epstein-Barr virus, a causative agent of mononucleosis.mononucleosis.

Weakened immune system, including infection Weakened immune system, including infection with HIV.with HIV.

Prolonged use of human growth hormone. Prolonged use of human growth hormone. Exotoxins.Exotoxins.

Signs and SymptomsSigns and Symptoms

FeverFever Night sweatsNight sweats ChillsChills FatigueFatigue Loss of appetite and Loss of appetite and

weight lossweight loss loss of bladder and/or loss of bladder and/or

bowel controlbowel control

Itching numbness in Itching numbness in the arms and legs and the arms and legs and loss of strengthloss of strength

Pain after drinking Pain after drinking alcoholic beveragesalcoholic beverages

Swelling of one or Swelling of one or more lymph nodesmore lymph nodes

Coughing or shortness Coughing or shortness of breath of breath

ComplicationComplication As Hodgkin's lymphoma As Hodgkin's lymphoma

progresses, the immune progresses, the immune system becomes less system becomes less effective at fighting effective at fighting infection.infection.

May have common May have common infections caused by infections caused by bacteria and unusual bacteria and unusual infections. infections.

Tumors may also begin to Tumors may also begin to form. form.

ConclusionConclusion

The lymphatic and immune The lymphatic and immune systems are a complex of systems are a complex of organs.organs.

Highly specialized cells Highly specialized cells which work together to which work together to clear infection from the clear infection from the body.body.

Overall, the basic of Overall, the basic of defense mechanism for defense mechanism for the body is good taking the body is good taking care of yourself!care of yourself!

Reference SitesReference Sites

www.hmc.psu.edu/healthinfo/h/hodgkins.htmwww.hmc.psu.edu/healthinfo/h/hodgkins.htm www.educypedia.be/education/immunesystem.htmwww.educypedia.be/education/immunesystem.htm www.soulhealer.com/anatomy-imm.htmwww.soulhealer.com/anatomy-imm.htm www.medicinenet.com/sarcoidosis/article.htmwww.medicinenet.com/sarcoidosis/article.htm www.healthscout.com/ency/68/98/main.htmlwww.healthscout.com/ency/68/98/main.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgkin%27s_lymphomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgkin%27s_lymphoma