05/01/20231

WALKING GAITPREPARED BY,

DR. MADIHA ANEES (PT)

LECTURER RMI-CRS

MS-PT *, T-DPT, BS-PT

2

DEFINITION Locomotion or gait –

• It is defined as a translatory progression of the body as a whole produce by coordinated, rotatory movements of body segments.

Normal gait –

• It is a rhythmic & characterized by alternating propulsive & retropulsive motions of the lower extremities.

3

TASKS• Maintenance of support of HAT

• Maintenance of the upright posture and balance of the body

• Control of the foot trajectory to achieve safe ground clearance and gentle heel or toe landing.

• Generation of the mechanical energy to maintain the present forward velocity or to increase forward velocity

• Absorption of the mechanical energy for shock absorption and stability or to decrease the forward velocity of the body

Winter proposed the following five tasks for walking

4

TASK INVOLVES IN WALKINGAccording to “rancho los amigos” (RLA), california

• Weight acceptance

• Single limb support

• Swing limb advance

5

GAIT INITIATION

• A series of events occur from the initiation of body movt to beginning of gait cycle.

• It is stereotyped activity in both young & old healthy people.

• Total duration of this phase is about – 0.60sec

6

KINEMATICS OF GAIT

7

PHASES OF GAIT

• Stance phase

• Swing phase

8

STANCE PHASE

• It begins at the instant that one extremity contacts the ground & continuous only as long as some portion of the foot is in contact with the ground.

• It is approx 60% of normal gait duration.

9

SWING PHASE

• It begins as soon as the toe of one extremity leaves the ground & ceases just before heel strike or contact of the same extremity.

• It makes up 40% of normal gait cycle.

10

STANCE PHASE• Heel strike

• Foot flat

• Mid-stance

• Heel off

• Toe off

SWING PHASE• Acceleration

• Mid-swing

• Deceleration

11

COMPARISON OF GAIT TERMINOLOGY• Traditional –

1) Heel strike

2) Foot flat

3) Mid-stance

4) Heel off

5) Toe off

6) Acceleration

7) Mid-swing

8) Deceleration

• RLA –1) Initial contact

2) Loading response

3) Mid-stance

4) Terminal stance

5) Pre-swing

6) Initial swing

7) Mid-swing

8) Terminal swing

12

TRADITIONAL PHASES OF GAIT

13

STANCE PHASEHeel strike phase:

• Begins with initial contact & ends with foot flat

• It is beginning of the stance phase when the heel contacts the ground.

14

STANCE PHASE• Foot flat:

• It occurs immediately following heel strike

• It is the point at which the foot fully contacts the floor.

15

STANCE PHASE• Mid stance:

• It is the point at which the body passes directly over the supporting extremity.

16

STANCE PHASE• Heel off:

• The point following mid stance at which time the heel of the reference extremity leaves the ground.

17

STANCE PHASE• Toe off:

• The point following heel off when only the toe of the reference extremity is in contact with the ground.

18

SWING PHASE• Acceleration phase:

• It begins once the toe leaves the ground & continues until mid-swing, or the point at which the swinging extremity is directly under the body.

19

• Mid-swing:

• It occurs approx when the extremity passes directly beneath the body, or from the end of acceleration to the beginning of deceleration.

SWING PHASE

20

• Deceleration:

• It occurs after mid-swing when limb is decelerating in preparation for heel strike.

SWING PHASE

21

SUB-DIVISIONS OF STANCE PHASE

22

SUB DIVISION OF SWING PHASE

23

RLA PHASES OF GAIT

24

INITIAL CONTACT• It refer to the initial contact of the foot of

leading lower limb.

• Normally the heel pointed first to contact.

• In abnormal gait it is possible to either whole foot or toes rather than the heel to strike.

25

LOADING RESPONSE• Begins at initial contact & ends when the

contra lateral extremity lifts off the ground at the end of the double-support phase.

• It occupies about 11% of gait

26

MID STANCE• Begins when the contra-lateral extremity

lifts off the ground at about 11% of the gait cycle

• Ends when the body is directly over the supporting limb at about 30% of the gait cycle.

27

TERMINAL STANCE• Begins when the body is directly over the

supporting limb at about 30% of the gait cycle

• Ends just before initial contact of the contra-lateral extremity at about 50% of the gait cycle.

28

PRE SWING• It is the last 10% of stance phase and

begins with initial contact of the contra-lateral foot (at 50% of the gait cycle) and ends with toe-off (at 60%).

29

INITIAL SWING• Begins when the toe leaves the ground &

continues until max knee flexion occurs.

30

MID SWING• Encompasses the period from maximum

knee flexion until the tibia is in a vertical position.

31

TERMINAL SWING• Includes the period from the point at

which the tibia is in the vertical position to a point just before initial contact.