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A course for nurses and clinical medicine students at diploma level.
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WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY
AN INTRODUCTION TO
North Coast Medical Training College
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
Classification of the immune response
Body Immune System
Innate
Epithelium WBC Ab
Acquired
Active Passive
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
Hypersensitivity/allergy dses
1. ANAPHYLAXIS2. URTICARIA3. HAY FEVER4. ASTHMA
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
anaphylaxis
• triggered by sensitivit to substances like penicillin,peanuts or latex rubber
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
Hay fever
• Atopic/immediate hypersensitivity to to foreign poteins eg pollen mites animal dander=
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
asthma
• INHERITED IgEOutcome• Responsive imm.rxn to allergen• Outcome=inflamation of the airways• Obstraction of the airways=bronchioles• Secretion of mucous• Bronchoconstriction• Dyspenea• Wheezing
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES• When the immune response fail
to recognize its own tissues1. alopecia areata2. autoimmune hemolytic
anemia3. autoimmune hepatitis4. dermatomyositis5. diabetes (type 1)6. some forms of juvenile
idiopathic arthritis7. glomerulonephritis8. Graves’ disease9. Guillain-Barré syndrome10. idiopathic thrombocytopenic
purpura
11. myasthenia gravis12. some forms of myocarditis13. multiple sclerosis14. pemphigus/pemphigoid15. pernicious anemia16. polyarteritis nodosa17 polymyositis18. primary biliary cirrhosis19. psoriasis20. rheumatoid arthritis21. scleroderma/systemic sclerosis22. Sjögren’s syndrome23. systemic lupus erythematosus24. some forms of thyroiditis25. some forms of uveitis26. vitiligo27. granulomatosis with polyangiitis
(Wegener’s)
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
Rheumatoid athritis
• Ab to synovial membranes• principally attacks flexible
(synovial) joints• inflammatory r around the joints • swelling of synovial cells, • excess synovial fluid, • development of fibrous tissue in
the synovium.• destruction of articular cartilage
and ankylosis (fusion) of the joints. • RA can also produce diffuse.
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
Hashimoto’s dse• Ab to thyroglobulin
=hypothyroidism causing inflammation and, in most cases, eventual destruction of the gland.
• Outcome• fatigue, weight gain, pale or puffy
face, feeling cold, joint and muscle pain, constipation, dry and thinning hair, heavy menstrual flow or irregular periods, depression, a slowed heart rate, and problems getting pregnant and maintaining pregnancy.
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
Grave’s dse
• Ab to thyroid cells=hyperthyroidsm/goiter
• Outcome• such as increased
heartbeat, • muscle weakness, • disturbed sleep, • irritability. • causing bulging eyes
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia• Ab to rbcs• Outcome• Abnormal and accelerated destruction
of red cells and, in some anemias, their precursors
• Increased breakdown of hemoglobin, which may result in: increased bilirubin level (mainly indirect-reacting) with jaundice
• increased fecal and urinary urobilinogen• Hemoglobinemia, methemalbuminemia,
hemoglobinuria and hemosiderinuria
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
myasthenia
• Women• 20-40yrs• Ab bind and block
acetyl choline receptors of neuromuscular junction
• =extensive muscle weakness
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
Diabetes type 1
• A condition in which the immune system destroys insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, making it impossible for the body to use glucose for energy.
• Type 1 diabetes usually occurs in children and young adults.
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
vitiligo
• A disorder in which the immune system destroys pigment-making cells called melanocytes. This results in white patches of skin on different parts of the body.
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
Immunodeficiency
• Immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency) is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent
• Prone to infectious diseasesCAN BE • PRIMARY/inborn /congenital• Hereditary and X-LINKED
– Lymphocyte deficiency– Granulocytes deficiency
•
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
SECONDARY/acquired1. malnutrition.2. aging .3. diseases directly or indirectly cause
immunosuppression many types of cancer, particularly those of the bone marrow and blood cells
4. leukemia,5. lymphoma,6. multiple myeloma7. acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome .8. HIV directly infects a small number
of T helper cells, and also impairs other immune system responses indirectly.
• particular medications. chemotherapy,
• disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs,
• immunosuppressive drugs after organ transplants, glucocorticoids. For medications, the term immunosuppressant generally refers to both beneficial and potential adverse effects of decreasing the function of the immune system, while the term immunodeficiency generally refers solely to the adverse effect of increased risk for infection
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
IMMUNIZATION
ACTIVE
ATTENUATED/ WEAKENED
INACTIVE/KILLED
GENETICALLY
ENGINEERED
TOXOID
PASSIVE
GAMMA GLOBULIN
BOOSTERS
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
Active immunization
• 1. Active Immunization (= Immunization or Vaccination)
• a. Active Immunization Defined - a person's own immune system is stimulated
• b. Vaccine Defined - an agent containing antigen capable of inducing active immunity without causing disease;
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
passive
• a. Defined - Ab's from an immune person or animal are transferred to a patient; like an Ab transfusion!
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
reflection
• Why do you think innate immunity is not sufficient enough to fight infectious diseases?• The reason above gives us the role of
adaptive immunity.• What would be the effect of defective
adaptive immunity?=suscptibility to dses.
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
How is immunity induced to an individual?
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
1. By infection 2. Vaccination (active immunity)3. Transfer of ab or lymphocytes
from an actively immunized individual (passive immunity) eg?
ANSWER
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
cont
4.New borns accquire ab frm their mothers through the placenta and milk.
-shortlived before the child is active immunized.
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
Immunocompromised states
primary •inborn•congenital
secondary
•acquired•AIDS•CHEMOTHERAPY•IRRADITIATION
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
ASSIGNMENT FOR THE GROUPS• GROUP 1:GET IMAGES
OF IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS
• GROUP2:GET INFORMATION ON IMMUNOCOMPROMISED CHILDREN
• GROUP3:GET INFORMATION ON IMMUNOCOMPROMISED FEMALE PATIENTS
• GROUP 4:GET INFORMATION ON IMMUNOCOMPROMISED MALE PATIENTS
ALL THE ABOVE INFORMATION SHOULD BE IN POWERPOINT AND SHALL BE PRESENTED AFTER TWO DAYS
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
Compliment system
The outcome
Compliment system
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
INITIATION Compliment system1.Classical pathway =triggered by the
Ab-Ag complex
2.Alternative pathway =triggered by the microbe ie cell wall endotoxins&OTHER COMPONENTS
3.Lectin mannose pathway=TRIGERED BY MANNOSE RESIDUE ON THE MICROBES
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
OUTCOME OF THE COMPLIMENT SYSTEM
INFLAMATION
PHAGOCYTOSIS
LYSIS OF THE MICROBE
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
Outcome of tissue injury
TISSUE INJURY
INFLAMATION
COMPLIMENT ACTIVATION
HYPERSENSITIVITY
INDUCED MAST CELL
prostaglandinHISTAMINE
ANAPHYLAXISVASCULAR PERMEABILITY
Vascular effect
opsinization
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
Opsonization
•What do you think would be the role of opsonin?• you can imagine the stick
thing for grabbing.• Sticky thinks are easy to
grab.
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
COMPLIMENT SYSTEM
• What is the immunological relevance of the compliment system
• Enhances effectiveness of innate and adaptive
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
Outcome f the compliment system
1. MAC=Lesion on the surface of the Ag2. Inflamation= histamine3. Vasodilation=vasodilators4. chemotaxis chemicals=attract neutrophils
and macrophages into the region=site of infection
5. Opsonization =cell membranes of Ag bcomes sticky easier to be done wat?
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
INTERFERON
• What are they?• When are they released
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT
DEADLINE:AFTER TWO DAYS
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
opsonin
• Substance that bind to particulate antigen and induce their phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils
Substances1) Opsonising antibodies2) Compliment proteins
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
• STORY TIME• Once upon a time, there was no malaria in
Manda Island• Every inhabitant lived and slept comfortably
with little or minimal covering• The main inhabitant were fishermen• Then one day Abdul,a villager of Manda island
decided to visit the mainland.• That day it the waves were so strong and he
couldn’t return back.
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
• So he slept on his boat till morning• On waking up his whole body was itching and
some flying insect were biting him• When the sea had calmed he went back to his
home• After some days he fell sick• Luckly for him he recovered• After some weeks more bizarr insect kept biting
the community
WALTER WAKHUNU WASWA,BSC.MLS,MSC.MED.EDU.
• People died of this mysterious disease especially the children and pregnant women and the elderly
• After three years the no of peaple dying of the mysterious disease rapidly dwindle
• Why?