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Reduce pain and agony after IM injection
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Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 1
PAIN AFTER
INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTIONCauses and Measures to alleviate itDr. Kamlesh Lala MBBS
Dr. Mrudula Lala MD
Ahmedabad, [email protected]
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 2
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 3
Intramuscular Injection is the most widely practiced percutaneous procedure
Each child is compulsorily exposed to this in his early childhood by way of immunisation
The most common side effect is apprehension and pain
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 4
Pain is a subjective phenomenon influenced by multiple factors including
Age Anxiety level Previous experience Ambience Approach of a provider Culture
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 5
It is said that “Pain is inevitable”
But“Suffering is optional”
But here we try to reduce this suffering
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 6
Concern and anxiety about injections are common for all ages.
Several methods are found effective to relieve this apprehension and discomfort in different stages of injection procedure
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 7
Injection should not scare the child
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 8
Different Stages of intervention in alleviation of Pain
Before Injection Drug Equipment Site Selection Pre Injection During Injection Post Injection
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 9
1. Before Injection
Give age appropriate dose of NSAID. Avoid aspirin in children. Administer Paracetamol in dose of 15-20 mg/kg.
Local Anaesthetic (5% Xylocaine) can be applied at the site of injection an hour before
Administer sweet tasting liquid (2ml of 20% w/v sucrose or expressed breast milk) immediately before.
Child can even be breast fed immediately before
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 10
2. Drug
Shake Test for DTwP vaccine: Shake well the vaccine vial. After shaking, the vaccine sediment within 30 minutes leaving a deposit below a column of transparent fluid. This indicates that vaccine has been frozen in a cold chain. Discard such vial. Frozen vaccine increases the chances of local reaction and sterile abscess.
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 11
2. Drug (cont.)
Benzyl Alcohol (BA) is used to increase the lipid solubility of esterified compounds and to prevent bacteria growth. It can cause destruction of cells and localised pain and inflammation.
After injection of the drug, BA is absorbed from the site causing active drug to precipitate fine crystals within the muscle. This causes pain after 4-12 hours of injection characterised by pain and inuration.
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 12
2. Drug (cont.)Tissue Irritation
Tissue irritation is the most common cause of Post Injection Pain. It starts 12-24 hours after injection with warm, red, tender induration. This will fade after 72 hours.
Common with hormone injections. More common in a brand manufactured
by local drug company. (poor quality of raw material, excessive preservative, too much BA used)
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 13
2. Drug (cont.)
Addition of Benzyl Benzoate (BB) can reduce it.
Gently warm the oily injection by rubbing it in between two palms so as to improve the viscosity of the drug.
Larger than 5 ml volume is not advised for intramuscular injection. It should be divided into multiple injection at different sites.
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 14
3. Equipment
Use new syringe and needle every time. Longer needle reduces redness and
swelling, because medication is sure into the muscle. More so with Chloroquine and Diclofenac. So use 1.5” long needle for gluteal injection in adolescents and adults.
Use wide bore needle eg. 23g because narrow bore produces a jet under pressure causing muscle injury and pain.
For oily injection, use still wider bore needle (21g or 22g).
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 15
4. Site Selection
Use anterolateral thigh in children up to 2
years or even up to 5 years.
After that use deltoid muscle
In adults use gluteal muscle for oily
injection or if volume is greater than 2 ml.
Larger volumes are better tolerated in
larger muscle groups
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 16
4. Site Selection (cont.)
Do not use the same site over and over
again for days for multiple injections.
It may cause irritation and muscle injury;
and increases the chances of infection.
Rotate the site.
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 17
5. Pre Injection
After swabbing the site with spirit or alcohol, allow it to dry, or it may cause irritation.
Topical refrigerant (vapocoolant) spray immediately before the injection may reduce the short term pain.
Do not keep the air bubble inside the syringe.
Proper positioning of the patient allows to identify the site correctly.
Ensures patient’s comfort by muscle relaxation.
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 18
6. Techniques
1. Standard techniqueThe needle is introduced at 900 with steady pressure and aspiration to be performed for 5-10 seconds, drug is slowly injected over 5-10 secs., and the needle to be withdrawn slowly
2. Pragmatic technique The needle is introduced at 900 with steady pressure and no aspiration is to be performed, drug is rapidly injected over 1-2 secs., and the needle to be withdrawn rapidly
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 19
Technique (cont.)
In a randomised controlled trial to compare
acute pain response during immunisation
in infants using these two techniques, it
was found that Pragmatic technique is
less painful than a standard one.
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 20
Technique (cont.)
Z track technique. Skin is pulled downwards and laterally
before injection. This displaces the skin and SC tissue leaving the muscle there only and uses the valve action to prevent leakage of medication into the SC tissue and later on irritation.
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala
Z technique
21
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 22
7. During Injection
Age appropriate non pharmacological
techniques may provide distraction from
pain.
Some of the distraction techniques are age
appropriate toys, playing music, pretending
to blow away pain, watching TV,
conversation with child, deep breathing etc.
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 23
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 24
During Injection (cont.)
Tactile Stimulation
Rubbing or stroking the skin
near the injection site with
moderate intensity may
decrease the pain in older
children and adults.
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 25
During Injection (cont.)
Aspiration can be performed in non immunisation injections, but should be fast.
Ensure that the injection is deep into the muscle and fully through any subcutaneous fat. Injection into the fat may result in fat necrosis and abscess.
In case of larger volume injection, inject the drug slowly so as to reduce muscle fascia displacement (which may result in pain and scarring of muscle)
Withdraw the needle at the same angle as for penetration.
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 26
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 27
Order of Injection
For multiple injections,
especially during immunisation,
inject the most painful injection
(DTP) last
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 28
8. Post Injection
Apply a little pressure to the injection site
for 5-10 seconds.
Do not massage or rub the site.
Do not apply hot or cold compresses.
Clean cold wet wash cloth can be applied
over sore area.
Dr. Kamlesh Lala/Dr. Mrudula lala 29
Patient should leave the clinic laughing……and not crying….