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1-Etiology:A- Main Causes: 1.Internal Parasities
I-Tremadodes :( Fascioliasis and
Paramphistomiasis)
II-Nematodes
(:Ascaris- Lung worm- Parasitic gastritis-
Parasitic enteritis)
III- Cestodes: (Monieziasisis- Avitellina
2.External Parasities( Ticks- Lice - Mites)
B-Predisposing factors:
Nutrition:--1
A) Poorly fed animals are more
susceptible because their
failure to throw off infestation
quickly.
Ex.:
In calves lung worm.
B) A dietary deficiency of a
specific nutrient such as:
cobalt, copper, phosphorus led
to reduction of animal’s
resistance
C) Anemia.
D) Poor growth .
:Housing management-3
Fecal contamination of feed.
Crowding.
Insufficient bedding .
Inadequate nutrition.
II-Pathological Damage
of the parasite on the Host:
I-Mechanical Damage:
•Destroy tissue and causing wounds
ulcers and bleeding.
• as:
• in Haemonchus contortus (Stomach)
•Paramphistomum Cervix
• Immature rumen flukes in the small
intestine .
.
3- Pressure:on the liver or lungs from:
Echinococcus granulosus hydatid
cysts.
Tissue under excessive pressure is
not well nourished with blood and
may become inactive.
III-Depletion of the animal:
Parasites absorb food that the
host has already ingested for
its own use.
(tapeworms Moniezia expansa
IV-Allergic reaction:
-Chemical components of parasites
are foreign to the host and can
cause allergic reactions Dictyocalus
-Bunostomum
● Acute, subacut or chronic snail-born disease
● Affecte liver and bile ducts of herbiverous
mammals and man
● Caused by Fasciola Spp
● Characterized by sudden death in acute form
bottle-jaw
paller of mucosa
shedding of hair or wool
chronic
form
Sep. 05 AB
1-Fascioliasis
~8 weeks
in snail to
release of
infective
fluke
~12 weeks
from infection
to adult fluke
(G) Life Cycle:
(a) Clinical findings (1)
i- Acute fascioliasis
This is a more common occurance in
sheep and goats and less commonly
found in cattle.
1- Sudden death without any clinical signs
2- If the disease observed, there are:
- Dullness, weakness & anorexia
- Recumbancy & subnormal temperature
- Pain on palpation on the liver
- Death occurs rapidaly & may be accompanied
with passage of blood-stained discharges from
nostril & anusSep. 05 AB
(a) Clinical findings (2)
Sep. 05 AB
This is a more common occurance in
sheep and goats and less commonly
found in cattle.
1- Loss of weight
2- Paller of mucous membrane
3- Submandibular oedema seen only on few cases
ii- Subacute fascioliasis
(a) Clinical findings (3)
iii- Chronic fascioliasis
This is a more common occurance
in cattle and less commonly found
in sheep and goats
1- Loss of weight
2- Pallor of mucosae
3- Bottle-jaw
4- Sheeding of wool may occur
5- Some die after 2-3 m & other
survive with emaciation
Sep. 05 AB
In sheep:
2
3
III-Control::Nutrition)1
Good nutrition status and
freedom specific nutritional
deficiencies increase the
resistance of live stock to the
effects of helminth parasites.
:Housing management-2Avoid over crowding.
Remove manure frequently, provide
plenty of bedding.
Feed and water should be high enough
off the floor to avoid fecal contamination
Maintain the plan of nutrition .
Avoid moving of animals from area free
from internal parasites to area heavy
infested with parasites.
4) protective treatment :*Protective dosing with
anthelminthics prevent infestation
against clinical or subclinical
parasitic disease.
A-Indication:
1-treatment for individual animal
exhibiting clinical signs.
How can you choose anthelmintic
1 - Mode of action, spectrum of
activity,
2 - Duration of effect and its efficacy
(i.e. kill adult or larvae, suppress the
parasitic egg production, or promote
the expulsion of worm from GIT.
3-The frequency of treatment .
The ideal anthelmintic has the
following properties:(a)A broad spectrum activity against adult
and larval helminth parasites.
(b)A rapid metabolism in the body.
(c)A low toxicity in the target species.
(d)No side-effects to the animal.
1-Dosing by mouth
The majority of anthelmintics are given by
mouth as:
liquid preparations
pastes
boluses
tablets
Control
3- Seasonal treatment:-
* Timed by seasonal transmission
factor can reduce the number of
treatment but may fail if
environmental factors changed.
In sheep and goats 1 tablet/ 25 kg per os Immature and adult Fasciola
Spp.
Cattle 14/50, sheep 2/10 as drench
)Pharma-Swead(
Tape, round and lung worm, and adult liver fluke
Albendazole
1 g / 10 kg Bwt. orally)Pfizer(
Gastro-intestinal nematodes Banminth
1 ml/ 5 kg per os)Upjohn(
Parasitic gastroenteritis, lung worm and tape worm
Tyvert
3 ml /10 kg orally)ADWIA(
Fascioliasis, and all type of nematodes .
Thibendazole and Rafoxanide mixture
12.5 ml /100 kg orally(ADWIA(
Fascioliasis, wire worms and oestrus ovis .
Rafoxanide Suspension
1 ml/a50 kg S/C)Bio trading(
Internal and external parasites.
Genesis)
7 ml / 100 kg Bwt. S/C in different area in the neck
)Byer(
Gastro-intestinal nematodes and lung worm
Citarine
1 ml / 25 kg Bwt. S/C)Cid(
Liver fluke Fasciolid
1 ml / 25 kg Bwt. S/C(MSD)
Liver fluke and round worms.Ranide
cattle and sheep 0.5 ml / 10 kg Bwt. S/C & I/M.
(NVESA(
Immature and mature fascioliasis and GIT
nematodes
Rolenol
1 ml /25 kg S/C)ADWIA(
Fascioliasis, round worms and oestrus ovis .
Rafoxanide 7.5%
1 ml/25 kg S/C(RHONE MERIEUX)
Fascioliasis, gastro-intestinal parasites and oestrus ovis.
Dovenix
Dose, route of adminstration & company
IndicationDrug & active
principle
Fasinex 250
Dose, route of adminstration & company
IndicationDrugs & active principle
5ml/15 kg oral drench)Pharma-Swead(
Broad spect. Anthelmentics against round worm of GIT,
Lung of cattle, sheep and goat.
Levamisole
15ml/100 kg Bwtparamphist. 40 ml/100 kg
)Schering-plough(
GIT Nematodes, Cestodes, fasciola hepatica &
Paramphistomum
Hapadex
4 ml / 10 kg Bwt orallyfor GIT nematodes & adult
fascioliasis ) Pfizer(
GIT Nematodes, round, tape worms and Fasciola
Valbazine sus(Albendazole)
1 TABLET / 80 kg Bwt orally(Pfizer)GIT Nematodes, round, tape worms and Fasciola
Valbazine tabAlbendazole))
40g / 100 kg Bwt. orally ( Uccma)Ascaridia and oxyuris in cattle and horses
Piperazinecitrate 50%
10g / 100 kg Bwt. orally)ADWIA(
Ascaridia and oxyuris in cattle and horses
PiperazineDHC 52%
Cattle, sheep & dog 1 tablet / 10 kg Bwt. orally
(Byer(
Taenia spp. and paramphistomum.
Yomesan)Niclozamid(
Past syring / 600 kg Bwt. on the base of the tongue)MSD Agvet(
Internal parasites of horse Equvalan)Ivermectin(