Injury Prevention

Health 11 Principles of Healthful Living

Appendix A1-A8

Injury Prevention

Morbidity/Mortality in the U.S.Leading Killers & Causes of DisabilityRecognizing EmergenciesThe Cardiac Chain of SurvivalEmergency Action Steps (check,call,care)Rescue Breathing/CPR/ChokingOther Preventable Accidents

Injury Prevention

Intentional versus Unintentional InjuriesMajor Public Health Problem in U.S.Unintentional Injuries are the leading

cause of death for the population under 44 years old

Accidents are the 5th leading cause of death in this country

Vehicle Safety

16-24 years old highest death rate Inexperience and Immaturity In 2002, 38,309 died in auto crashes Each year 1.9 million are disabled (140,000

permanently) Prevention: Risk Management 1 car length for every 10mph, constantly scan around

you for new variables (drivers, road conditions, weather, signs), drive w/low beams, drive refreshed/sober, obey traffic laws, use seat belts, AAA accident-avoidance techniques, when buying a car look for safety technology, stay in car when in breaks down

Pedestrian Safety

13% of all motor vehicle deaths involve pedestrians 82,000 pedestrians injured each year Very young & elderly have the highest death rates High risk situations – after dark, urban setting,

intersections w/blind corners Alcohol not a variable Prevention – wear reflective material/clothing, cross

only at crosswalks, look both ways, watch for turning cars, walk facing traffic, don’t wear headphones

Cyclist safety

63 million Americans ride bikes 800 cyclists die each year Biggest risk factors – not wearing a helmet (ANSI approved),

riding after dark, children 10-14 years highest risk for injury, 87% of fatal collisions are due to cyclist error – failure to yield, alcohol plays a significant role in cyclists death/injuries

Prevention – wear a helmet (ANSI approved), 85% of head trauma due to not wearing a helmet, don’t drink & ride, respect traffic, don’t assume right of way, know and use proper hand signals, keep bicycle in proper working condition, ride w/the flow of traffic, use bike paths when you can, same laws apply to drivers and cyclist so share the road, stop at stop signs and red lights

Water safety

3rd most common cause of accidental death 85% of victims are teenage males Usually strong swimmers but they choose bad situations Risk factors – alcohol consumption, unorganized, unsupervised

conditions, swimming alone, diving into shallow, murky water Prevention – don’t drink alcohol and swim, you should be able to

swim at least 50 feet unassisted, know your limitations, never swim alone, don’t leave children/infants unattended in water (pools or bath tubs) even if it is shallow you can drown in 1” of water, most neck and back injuries result from diving into shallow water, careful when getting into a pool or other water source if it is raining so hard you can’t see the bottom of the pool, river currents. If you have a pool party hire a lifeguard.

Awareness of people who have conditions where they might lose consciousness (epileptics, diabetics, drug use)

Top 10 Killers in U.S. 1997

1. Heart Disease 31.4% 2. Cancer 23.2% 3. Stroke 6.9% 4. COPD 4.7% 5. Accidents 4.1% 6. Pneumonia/Influenza 3.7% 7. Diabetes 2.7% 8. Suicide 1.3% 9. Kidney Disease 1.1% 10. Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis 1.1%

Heart Attack Signals

Pale, clammy, SOB Faint, anxious, feeling

that death is imminent Tachycardia, thready

pulse, low BP Chest pain > 2 min. Radiating pain,

pressure, discomfort in arm, jaw and back

EKG might detect elevation of ST segment and Q wave

ALOC – altered level of consciousness measured using Glasgow Coma Scale

Nausea/Vomiting Gastrointestinal Distress Activate E.M.S. as soon as

possible. Forty percent of people die within the first hour of a heart attack.

Heart Attack Trivia

70% of heart attacks take place at home 30% of heart attacks outside of home Most heart attacks occur Monday mornings Men and post-menopausal women are at

highest risk Men deny they are having a heart attack Women are treated for gastric or gynecology

problems – treatment delayed because women present different s/s for heart attacks – Women’s Health Initiative 1991

The Cardiac Chain of Survival

The United States Chain of Survival has 4 links:

1. Early Recognition and access 911

2. Early CPR3. Early Defibrillation4. Early ACLS

The Canadian Chain of Survival has 7 links:

1. Healthy Habits – prevention of risk factors

2. Recognition of problem3. Early 9114. Early CPR5. Early Defibrillation6. Early ACLS7. Early Rehabilitation

Adult, Child, Infant CPR

Key point: supply what is missing

A – airway (head tilt, chin lift)

B – breathing (10cc/kg/min)

C – circulation (30 compressions: 2 breaths)

D – defibrillation Adult and Child Only – Do Not Use AED on Infants (“I’m clear, your clear, we’re all clear”) AED will shock for 2 rhythms 1. ven. Fib 2. pulseless ven. Tach.

Emergency Action Steps

Checkcheck the scene, then check victimCallhave someone call 911 and have them get

back to you – make eye contactCareABC’s – A=airway, B=breathing,

C=circulation

Primary / Secondary Survey

Primary Survey – ABC’s –

This is YOUR job when you are CPR certified

Secondary Survey – Head to Toe check

This is your job if you are First Aid certified or an EMT or paramedic or advanced medical personnel

Reasons to STOP CPR

When the scene becomes unsafeYou detect signs of circulationAn AED becomes availableYou are too exhausted to continueAnother trained person takes over CPREMS personnel arrive and take over