HUMAN DEVELOPMENT I

Physical Development

Ages 1-3

LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND FCS STANDARDS Learning Objective: Students will

identify how growth is changing, compared to the first year, what physical developmental milestones occur from the age of 1-3, and what care skills are important for the 1-3 year old (sleeping, nutrition, self care, and health and safety).

FCS Standards: 06-12.5.1, 5.A, 5.B, 5.C

TODDLERS 1-3 year olds

Why do we call them “toddlers”?

HOW DID TODDLERS GET THEIR NAME?

Between the ages of one and three, children take short, tottering steps, called toddling, when they are learning to walk

WHAT DO TODDLERS LOOK LIKE?

PRESCHOOLERS 3-5 year olds

Why do we call them “preschoolers”?

GROWTH

HEIGHT AND WEIGHT Growth slows down.

Children begin to show greater variation in size.

The size different continues through life. A tall 2 year old often grows to be a tall adult.

GROWTH

PROPORTION AND POSTURE Posture improves

By the ages of 3, a child stands straighter

Arms legs and torso lengthen. Improves balance and coordination

GROWTH

TEETH 1 year old – 8 teeth 2 year old – 16 teeth 3 year old – 20 teeth

To prevent tooth decay a child should: Have a diet high in Calcium and Vitamin D Drink tap water with floride Limit sweets and sugary drinks Don’t send a bottle to bed with a child

Brush teeth daily. Teach and monitor teeth brushing.

See a dentist about 18 months old

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT Both gross and fine motor skills improve

dramatically.

Gross Motor SkillsClimb walk run jump

Fine Motor SkillsStack blocksTurn knobsEat with spoon

SLEEP 1-year-olds

sleep about 6 or more hours a nightnap for several hours a day

2-3 year-oldsneed 10-14 hours of sleep a dayUsually have an afternoon nap

Having a bedtime routine is important!

SLEEP DISTURBANCES Fear of the dark Nightmares Night terrors: a type of sleep

disturbance that occurs during the first few hours of sleep, when children are sleeping deeply.

What to do:be reassuringturn off disturbing TVreduce the stress in their life

NUTRITIONAL NEEDS The eating habits formed at this age

will influence eating for the rest of a child’s life.

It’s important to offer a variety of healthy foods and allow the child to pick.

Continue exposing them to foods that they don’t eat, as their tastes and habits may change.

NUTRITIONAL NEEDS Children 1-2 years old don’t need to eat

as often as compared to the 1st year, but their stomachs are still small. Still need to eat every 3-4 hours.

The amount they eat day to day can vary greatly. Why is this??

TEACH GOOD NUTRITION Be a good role model.

Let them help in the kitchen.

Don’t use food as a reward or withhold food as a punishment.

Encourage water vs. sugary drinks.

SELF FEEDING One-year-olds:

Finger foods Should avoid hard foods-carrots Can use a spoon

Two-year-olds: Can use utensils, but it may take a while to eat.

Three-year-olds: Usually have all of their primary teeth, so chewing

is no problem. Are skillful with utensils. Meats still need to be cut into small pieces.

MEAL APPEAL Color: Provide a variety of color.

Texture: Provide a variety of textures.

Shape: Be creative. (cut foods using a cookie cutter, cut foods into shapes)

Temperature: Serve both hot and cold in a meal.

Ease of eating: They are more likely to eat what is easy to eat-cut up spaghetti, use ground beef instead of steak.

ACTIVITY… Complete Planning Meals for Young

Children

BATHING Bath more often as they get older.

WHY?

Slowly transfer the responsibility of bathing and washing to the child. By the age of 3, they would be able to do it all by themselves.

Safety in the tub is very important. A child can drown in 1 in. of water.Never leave a child alone in the tub.Be careful of falls.

TOILET TRAINING Most are ready about 2-3 years old

How to know if they are ready: Physically a child must be able to control their bladder

and bowel function. Sphincter muscles: muscles that help regulate elimination. This level of maturity is typically reached at 18 months.

Emotionally a child needs to show an interest and want to use the toilet.

Children have to be able to dress and undress themselves.

It’s best to start during calm period in a child’s life.

Expect accidents and never scold a child for an accident!

HEALTH AND ILLNESS Checkups occur at 12, 15, 18, and 24

months and then usually yearly.

Illnesses are common and usually minor. Children’s immune systems are not as strong as

adults. Illnesses like the flu can be life threatening.

See a doctor if you are concerned!

SAFETY Make a list of things a caregiver should

do to provide a safe environment for a child.

SAFEY Be aware of choking hazards-children should stay

seated when eating and be monitored by an adult. Toys should be safe and not include small parts that can

break off or be removed.

Keep all poisons locked up.

Keep children away from candles, matches, fireplaces, etc. They should know some basic fire safety at this age.

Car seats-They should ALWAYS be a in a car seat, and be placed in the back seat.

Watch kids around pets.

Keep them protected from the sun.