First aid for First aid for fracturefracture -Anushka

Ninama

 What is fracture?What is fracture?

•A broken or cracked A broken or cracked bone bone

•Occurs when pressure Occurs when pressure is applied to bone  is applied to bone 

•Occurs with / without Occurs with / without displacement of bone displacement of bone fragments fragments

Causes of fractureCauses of fracture

•Direct forceDirect force•Indirect forceIndirect force•Force of Force of muscular actionmuscular action

•Force of Force of ligamentsligaments

      TypesTypes

• Open fracture: Skin Open fracture: Skin breaks causing open breaks causing open wound wound

•Closed fracture: Closed fracture: Skin not broken  Skin not broken 

• Complicated fractures: Complicated fractures: Damage of adjacent Damage of adjacent organs organs

• Stress fracture: Hairline Stress fracture: Hairline crack due to repeated crack due to repeated stress stress

• Greenstick fracture: In Greenstick fracture: In children's flexible children's flexible bones bones

Classification Classification

      SymptomsSymptoms

•Severe pain  Severe pain  •Difficulty in Difficulty in movement movement

•Swelling/ bruising / Swelling/ bruising / bleeding  bleeding 

•Deformity / abnormal Deformity / abnormal twist of limb twist of limb

•Tenderness on Tenderness on applying pressureapplying pressure

First-aidFirst-aid

•Depends on type & Depends on type & location of fracturelocation of fracture

For open fracturesFor open fractures

•Control bleeding Control bleeding before before treatment treatment

•Rinse and dress Rinse and dress the woundthe wound

For open / closed For open / closed fracturesfractures

•Check the breathing  Check the breathing  •Calm the person  Calm the person  •Examine for other Examine for other

injuries injuries • Immobilize the broken Immobilize the broken

wound  wound  •Apply ice to reduce pain Apply ice to reduce pain

/ swelling / swelling •Consult a doctor Consult a doctor 

Using bandagesUsing bandages

•Do not apply Do not apply over the fractureover the fracture

•Bandaging Bandaging should be fairly should be fairly firm firm

•Place padding Place padding materialmaterial

Using splints Using splints •Rigid enough Rigid enough •Wide enoughWide enough•Should be long Should be long

enoughenough•Well paddedWell padded•Best applied over the Best applied over the

clothingclothing•Raise the injured part Raise the injured part

      DO NOTDO NOT

•Massage the affected Massage the affected area area

•Straighten the broken Straighten the broken bone  bone 

•Move without support Move without support to broken bone to broken bone

•Move joints above / Move joints above / below the fracture below the fracture

•Give oral liquids / food Give oral liquids / food

PreventionPrevention

•Wear protective Wear protective pads / helmets pads / helmets when drivingwhen driving

•Teach children / Teach children / practice, safe practice, safe habitshabits

Aims of first-aidAims of first-aid

•To prevent further To prevent further damagedamage

•To reduce painTo reduce pain• To make patient To make patient comfortablecomfortable

•To get medical aid To get medical aid at the earliestat the earliest

Skull fractureSkull fracture

•Damage to bone may Damage to bone may not appear to be not appear to be significantsignificant

•Fracture crown of the Fracture crown of the skull caused by a skull caused by a direct blowdirect blow

•Fracture base of the Fracture base of the skull caused by skull caused by indirect forceindirect force

RecognitionRecognition

•Wound or bruise on Wound or bruise on the head.the head.

•Soft area or Soft area or depression on the depression on the scalp.scalp.

•Bruising or swelling Bruising or swelling behind one ear.behind one ear.

•Bruising around one Bruising around one or both eyes.or both eyes.

•Clear fluid or watery Clear fluid or watery blood coming from blood coming from the nose or an ear.the nose or an ear.

•Blood in the white of Blood in the white of the eye.the eye.

•Distortion or lack of Distortion or lack of symmetry of the head symmetry of the head or face.or face.

•Progressive Progressive deterioration in the deterioration in the level of response.level of response.

Your aimsYour aims

•To maintain an To maintain an open airway.open airway.

•To arrange To arrange urgent removal urgent removal of the casualty to of the casualty to hospital.hospital.

TreatmentTreatmentIf the casualty is conscious:If the casualty is conscious:•Help them to lie down.Help them to lie down.•Do not turn the head in Do not turn the head in

case there is a neck injury.case there is a neck injury.•Control any bleeding from Control any bleeding from

the scalp by applying the scalp by applying pressure around the wound.pressure around the wound.

•Look for and treat any Look for and treat any other injuries.other injuries.

•If there is discharge If there is discharge from an ear, cover the from an ear, cover the ear with a sterile ear with a sterile dressing or clean pad, dressing or clean pad, lightly secured with a lightly secured with a bandage. Do not plug bandage. Do not plug the ear.the ear.

•Monitor and record Monitor and record vital signs - level of vital signs - level of response, pulse, and response, pulse, and breathing - until breathing - until medical help arrives.medical help arrives.

If the casualty is unconscious:If the casualty is unconscious:• Open the airway using the Open the airway using the

jaw thrust method and check jaw thrust method and check for breathing for breathing

• Be prepared to give chest Be prepared to give chest compressions and rescue compressions and rescue breaths if needed.breaths if needed.

• If the position in which the If the position in which the casualty was found prevents casualty was found prevents maintenance of an open maintenance of an open airway or you fail to open it airway or you fail to open it using the jaw thrust, place using the jaw thrust, place her in the recovery position. her in the recovery position.

Spine fractureSpine fracture•# Spine is very serious # Spine is very serious

injury.injury.•Damage to the spinal Damage to the spinal

cord can result in loss of cord can result in loss of power and sensation in power and sensation in the parts below the the parts below the injured area.injured area.

•A mild injury can be A mild injury can be made worse by incorrect made worse by incorrect handling.handling.

• Casualty may inform that Casualty may inform that tenderness around the tenderness around the affected part of the back.affected part of the back.

• Can feel shooting pains or Can feel shooting pains or electric shocks in limbs and electric shocks in limbs and around the back.around the back.

• Is unable to feel or move legs Is unable to feel or move legs if the injury is in the lower if the injury is in the lower back or to move any limb at back or to move any limb at all if the injury is at neck all if the injury is at neck level. level.

RECOGNITIONRECOGNITION

TreatmentTreatment• Advice the casualty not to move.Advice the casualty not to move.• Support the head in the neutral Support the head in the neutral

position by placing your hands position by placing your hands over his ears, and use rolled-up over his ears, and use rolled-up coats or blankets to protect and coats or blankets to protect and splint the head, neck and splint the head, neck and shoulders.shoulders.

• Cover the casualty with a Cover the casualty with a blanket.blanket.

• Loosen tight clothing and ensure Loosen tight clothing and ensure the head and shoulders are the head and shoulders are steadied and well-supported.steadied and well-supported.

IMPORTANTIMPORTANT• Do not move the casualty Do not move the casualty

unless life is in danger.unless life is in danger.• Unconscious casualty with Unconscious casualty with

spinal injury must be placed spinal injury must be placed in the RECOVERY POSITION, in the RECOVERY POSITION, to protect the airway.to protect the airway.

• The position should be The position should be modified to keep the head modified to keep the head and trunk aligned at all and trunk aligned at all times.times.

Jaw fractureJaw fracture•Jaw # are usually the Jaw # are usually the result of direct force.result of direct force.

•A blow to one side of A blow to one side of the jaw can cause a # the jaw can cause a # on the other side. on the other side. These #s can cause These #s can cause breathing difficulties.breathing difficulties.

RECOGNITIONRECOGNITION• The casualty finds it The casualty finds it

difficulty to speak, chew or difficulty to speak, chew or swallow without increased swallow without increased pain. pain.

• There may be dribbling and There may be dribbling and blood stained saliva if there blood stained saliva if there is a mouth wound.is a mouth wound.

• Displaced teeth in the Displaced teeth in the mouth.mouth.

• Swelling and /or unevenness Swelling and /or unevenness along one side of the jaw.along one side of the jaw.

TreatmentTreatment•Carefully remove any Carefully remove any

loose objects such as loose objects such as dentures or displaced dentures or displaced teeth. Keep the teeth teeth. Keep the teeth safe and give them to safe and give them to the driver/doctor.the driver/doctor.

•Support the injured Support the injured jaw till medical aid jaw till medical aid reaches you.reaches you.

IMPORTANTIMPORTANT

If the casualty is If the casualty is seriously injured or seriously injured or unconscious but unconscious but breathing normally, breathing normally, Place the casualty in Place the casualty in RECOVERY POSITION RECOVERY POSITION with the injured side with the injured side down and a soft pad down and a soft pad under the head to keep under the head to keep the weight off the jaw.the weight off the jaw.

COLLAR BONECOLLAR BONE•# collar bone (clavicle) # collar bone (clavicle) is due to a fall on to is due to a fall on to an out-stretched hand an out-stretched hand where the force is where the force is transmitted along the transmitted along the forearm and upper forearm and upper arm to the collar arm to the collar bone.bone.

RECOGNITIONRECOGNITION•The casualty supports her The casualty supports her

arm on the injured side and arm on the injured side and inclining the head towards inclining the head towards the injury to relieve the the injury to relieve the pain.pain.

•The casualty is reluctant to The casualty is reluctant to move the arm on the injured move the arm on the injured side.side.

•Swelling /deformity may be Swelling /deformity may be visible at the site of injury.visible at the site of injury.

TreatmentTreatment•Help the casualty Help the casualty

position his arm on the position his arm on the injured side so that his injured side so that his fingertips are almost fingertips are almost resting on the opposite resting on the opposite shoulder.shoulder.

•Support the arm in an Support the arm in an elevation sling and place elevation sling and place soft padding between soft padding between upper arm and chest.upper arm and chest.

•Secure the limb Secure the limb to the casualty’s to the casualty’s chest by applying chest by applying a broad-fold a broad-fold bandage over the bandage over the sling and right sling and right around the body.around the body.

•Take the casualty Take the casualty to the hospital.to the hospital.

Upper limb fractureUpper limb fracture

•Pain, tenderness, Pain, tenderness, inability to use the arm, inability to use the arm, deformity, swelling and deformity, swelling and possible bruising.possible bruising.

•The casualty is The casualty is probably supporting probably supporting the hand, forearm, and the hand, forearm, and elbow of the injured elbow of the injured arm with the other arm.arm with the other arm.

TreatmentTreatment• If possible gently bend If possible gently bend

the casualty’s arm at the casualty’s arm at the elbow so that his the elbow so that his forearm is across his forearm is across his chest and place soft chest and place soft padding between the # padding between the # site and the body.site and the body.

•Support the arm with Support the arm with an arm sling.an arm sling.

•For additional For additional support, secure the support, secure the casualty’s arm to his casualty’s arm to his trunk by applying a trunk by applying a broad-fold bandage broad-fold bandage right around his arm right around his arm and trunk.. Avoid # and trunk.. Avoid # site.site.

•Take the casualty to Take the casualty to the hospital.the hospital.

IMPORTANTIMPORTANT

•Never bend the arm Never bend the arm forcefully.forcefully.

•Check the circulation Check the circulation after bandaging by after bandaging by looking at the looking at the fingers; Relax the fingers; Relax the sling if necessary.sling if necessary.

If the arm can not be If the arm can not be bentbent

•Help the casualty Help the casualty to lie down with to lie down with his arm by his his arm by his side or wherever side or wherever it is most it is most comfortable for comfortable for him.him.

•Carefully place soft Carefully place soft padding between padding between the injured limb the injured limb and the casualty’s and the casualty’s body and apply body and apply three broad-fold three broad-fold bandages around bandages around the arm and the the arm and the body, avoiding the body, avoiding the # site.# site.

Ribs fractureRibs fracture•Broken ribs are Broken ribs are splinted naturally splinted naturally because they are because they are attached to the rest of attached to the rest of the rib cage.the rib cage.

•Immobilizing the only Immobilizing the only upper limb on the upper limb on the affected side of the affected side of the body to help relieve body to help relieve pain is important.pain is important.

RECOGNITIONRECOGNITION

• Features of # can be Features of # can be noticed.noticed.

• The casualty may tell you The casualty may tell you that he feels very sharp that he feels very sharp pain in his side, worsened pain in his side, worsened by deep breaths or by deep breaths or coughing.coughing.

• Highly tender area around Highly tender area around the affected ribs.the affected ribs.

• He can hear a crackling He can hear a crackling sound.sound.

TreatmentTreatment

•Help the casualty Help the casualty to sit down and to sit down and support the arm support the arm on his injured on his injured side in an arm side in an arm sling.sling.

•If breathing is If breathing is affectedaffected

•Help the casualty Help the casualty into a half sitting into a half sitting position so that he is position so that he is leaning towards his leaning towards his injured side.injured side.

•Support the arm on Support the arm on the injured side with the injured side with an ELEVATION SLING.an ELEVATION SLING.

IMPORTANTIMPORTANT

•Chest injuries Chest injuries involving damage to involving damage to several ribs or the several ribs or the lungs are more lungs are more serious and require serious and require urgent medical urgent medical attention because attention because there may be there may be breathing difficulties.breathing difficulties.

Pelvis fracturePelvis fracture• #Pelvis must be handled with #Pelvis must be handled with

great care because there may great care because there may be internal injuries.be internal injuries.

• The casualty may tell that she The casualty may tell that she is unable to move the lower is unable to move the lower part of her body without part of her body without extreme pain and that the extreme pain and that the area around pelvis is tender area around pelvis is tender and uncomfortable.and uncomfortable.

• Unable to stand.Unable to stand.• If # is complicated, urine may If # is complicated, urine may

be blood stained or signs of be blood stained or signs of internal bleeding and shock internal bleeding and shock can be noted.can be noted.

TreatmentTreatment• Help the casualty to lie on his Help the casualty to lie on his

back with legs straight or with back with legs straight or with knees slightly bent with a knees slightly bent with a cushion under them, cushion under them, the most the most comfortable position.comfortable position.

• Place some soft padding Place some soft padding between the knees and ankles.between the knees and ankles.

• Tie the feet and ankles Tie the feet and ankles together with a narrow –fold together with a narrow –fold bandage, and place a broad-bandage, and place a broad-fold bandage around both fold bandage around both knees.knees.

Lower limb fractureLower limb fracture•Pain, swelling, loss of Pain, swelling, loss of

mobility and shock.mobility and shock.• If # is below the knee – the If # is below the knee – the

foot may have fallen to foot may have fallen to one side although knee is one side although knee is straight.straight.

• If # is above the knee the If # is above the knee the limb may look shorter or limb may look shorter or the foot and knee may the foot and knee may have fallen sideways.have fallen sideways.

TreatmentTreatment

•Steady and Steady and support the limb support the limb if necessary get if necessary get an assistant and an assistant and treat the treat the wounds.wounds.

•Holding the ankle Holding the ankle and foot, apply and foot, apply gentle traction, gentle traction, carefully pulling in carefully pulling in the long axis of the long axis of the limb to bring the limb to bring it into its normal it into its normal line.line.

•Continue Continue supporting and supporting and using the natural using the natural hollows, place hollows, place bandages at the bandages at the knees, above and knees, above and below the #site below the #site and under ankles.and under ankles.

•Bring the sound limb Bring the sound limb alongside and place alongside and place soft padding between soft padding between the legs so that the legs so that bandages do not bandages do not displace the bones.displace the bones.

•Tie the knots on the Tie the knots on the uninjured side, starting uninjured side, starting at the ankles, knee and at the ankles, knee and below the # site. below the # site.

ImportantImportant•When traction is When traction is being applied, if any being applied, if any resistance is felt, resistance is felt, stop immediately. stop immediately. Never leave a Never leave a casualty’s lower casualty’s lower limb unsupported.limb unsupported.

Femur fractureFemur fracture• Steady and support the limb and Steady and support the limb and

treat any wounds.treat any wounds.• Apply and maintain gentle traction Apply and maintain gentle traction

by holding the casualty’s knee. by holding the casualty’s knee. Bring the injured leg into a straight Bring the injured leg into a straight line by pulling in the long axis of the line by pulling in the long axis of the limb from the ankle.limb from the ankle.

• Support the injured leg at the ankle Support the injured leg at the ankle and using the natural hollows gently and using the natural hollows gently place the bandages under the place the bandages under the casualty’s legs at the knees, above casualty’s legs at the knees, above and below the # and under the and below the # and under the ankles.ankles.

• Avoid jerky movements while tying Avoid jerky movements while tying knots on the uninjured side.knots on the uninjured side.

Knee Knee fracturefracture

• The knee cap can be The knee cap can be broken by a direct blow or broken by a direct blow or split by violent muscular split by violent muscular pull from thigh muscles.pull from thigh muscles.

• All knee injuries are All knee injuries are painful and it may be painful and it may be difficult to tell whether a difficult to tell whether a person has a broken knee person has a broken knee cap or has damaged cap or has damaged cartilage or ligament.cartilage or ligament.

RecognitionRecognition

• The general features of # are The general features of # are present.present.

• The casualty may tell that the The casualty may tell that the knee is extremely painful, and knee is extremely painful, and unable to lift the leg or foot off unable to lift the leg or foot off the ground.the ground.

• You may notice that the knee is You may notice that the knee is bent and any attempt to bent and any attempt to straighten it increases the pain straighten it increases the pain

• The joint swells up and feels The joint swells up and feels tense.tense.

TreatmentTreatment• Help the casualty lie down and Help the casualty lie down and

steady the leg in the position steady the leg in the position the casualty finds the most the casualty finds the most comfortable. Place a small comfortable. Place a small pillow in the hollow under the pillow in the hollow under the knee and around the knee.knee and around the knee.

• Bandaging is not essential but Bandaging is not essential but the casualty may find it more the casualty may find it more comfortable. Bandage the comfortable. Bandage the knee with cotton wool padding knee with cotton wool padding and allowing for swelling.and allowing for swelling.

ImportantImportant•Do not force Do not force the leg the leg straight.straight.

DislocationDislocation

• A dislocation is a separation A dislocation is a separation of two bones where they of two bones where they meet at a joint. (Joints are meet at a joint. (Joints are areas where two bones areas where two bones come together.) A come together.) A dislocated bone is no longer dislocated bone is no longer in its normal position, which in its normal position, which may result in damage to may result in damage to ligaments, nerves, and ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels.blood vessels.

DislocationDislocation• A dislocation is a A dislocation is a

separation of two bones separation of two bones where they meet at a joint. where they meet at a joint. (Joints are areas where (Joints are areas where two bones come together.) two bones come together.) A dislocated bone is no A dislocated bone is no longer in its normal longer in its normal position, which may result position, which may result in damage to ligaments, in damage to ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels.nerves, and blood vessels.

Joints Joints • Junction of two or more bonesJunction of two or more bones• Immovable joints ; fused Immovable joints ; fused

togethertogether•Movable joints 3 types- Movable joints 3 types- •1) ball and socket joints 1) ball and socket joints

•2) hinge joints 2) hinge joints •3) joints with limited 3) joints with limited

movementmovement

ConsiderationsConsiderations

•It may be hard to tell It may be hard to tell a dislocated bone a dislocated bone from a broken bone. from a broken bone. Both are emergency Both are emergency situations and situations and require the same require the same first aid treatment.first aid treatment.

• Most dislocations, if treated Most dislocations, if treated early, will not result in early, will not result in permanent injury.permanent injury.

• Injuries to the surrounding Injuries to the surrounding ligaments generally take 3 - ligaments generally take 3 - 6 weeks to heal. Sometimes, 6 weeks to heal. Sometimes, surgery to repair a torn surgery to repair a torn ligament is needed.ligament is needed.

• Injuries to nerves and blood Injuries to nerves and blood vessels may result in more vessels may result in more long-term or permanent long-term or permanent problems.problems.

•Once a joint has been Once a joint has been dislocated, it is more dislocated, it is more likely to happen likely to happen again. Follow-up with again. Follow-up with an orthopedic an orthopedic surgeon is surgeon is recommended after a recommended after a dislocation.dislocation.

Important Important

CausesCauses•Dislocations are Dislocations are usually caused by usually caused by a sudden impact to a sudden impact to the joint. This the joint. This usually occurs usually occurs following a blow, following a blow, fall, or other fall, or other trauma.trauma.

SymptomsSymptoms• Accompanied by numbness or Accompanied by numbness or

tingling at the joint or beyond tingling at the joint or beyond itit

• Intensely painful, especially if Intensely painful, especially if you try to use the joint or you try to use the joint or bear weight on itbear weight on it

• Limited in movementLimited in movement• Swollen or bruisedSwollen or bruised• Visibly out of place, Visibly out of place,

discolored, or misshapendiscolored, or misshapen

TreatmentTreatment• check the airway, breathing, and check the airway, breathing, and

circulation. If necessary, begin circulation. If necessary, begin rescue breathing, , CPR, or bleeding , or bleeding control.control.

• Do not move the person if you think Do not move the person if you think that the head, back, or leg has been that the head, back, or leg has been injured. injured.

• If the skin is broken, take steps to If the skin is broken, take steps to prevent infection. Do not blow on prevent infection. Do not blow on the wound. Rinse the area gently to the wound. Rinse the area gently to remove obvious dirt, but do not remove obvious dirt, but do not scrub or probe. Cover the area with scrub or probe. Cover the area with sterile dressings before sterile dressings before immobilizing the injury.immobilizing the injury.

• Splint or sling the injury in Splint or sling the injury in the position in which you the position in which you found it. Do not move the found it. Do not move the joint. Be sure to immobilize joint. Be sure to immobilize the area above and below the area above and below the injured joint.the injured joint.

• Check the blood Check the blood circulation. circulation.

• Apply ice packs to ease Apply ice packs to ease pain and swelling.pain and swelling.

• Take steps to prevent Take steps to prevent shock. shock.

Do notDo not•move the person unless the move the person unless the

injury has been completely injury has been completely immobilized.immobilized.

•move a person with an move a person with an injured hip, pelvis, or upper injured hip, pelvis, or upper leg unless it is absolutely leg unless it is absolutely necessary. If you are the only necessary. If you are the only rescuer and the person must rescuer and the person must be moved, drag him or her by be moved, drag him or her by the clothing.the clothing.

Continued …….Continued …….•attempt to straighten a attempt to straighten a

misshapen bone or joint misshapen bone or joint or to change its or to change its position.position.

•test a misshapen bone test a misshapen bone or joint for loss of or joint for loss of function.function.

•give the person give the person anything by mouth.anything by mouth.

Prevention Prevention • Preventing injuries in children:Preventing injuries in children:• Create a safe environment around Create a safe environment around

your home.your home.• Pay careful attention to preventing Pay careful attention to preventing

falls by gating stairways and falls by gating stairways and keeping windows closed and locked.keeping windows closed and locked.

• Supervise children carefully. There Supervise children carefully. There is no substitute for close is no substitute for close supervision no matter how safe the supervision no matter how safe the environment or situation appears to environment or situation appears to be.be.

• Teach children how to be safe and Teach children how to be safe and look out for themselves.look out for themselves.

•Preventing dislocations Preventing dislocations in adults:in adults:

•Avoid falls by not Avoid falls by not standing on chairs, standing on chairs, countertops, or other countertops, or other unstable objects.unstable objects.

•Eliminate throw rugs, Eliminate throw rugs, especially for the elderly.especially for the elderly.

•Wear protective gear Wear protective gear when participating in when participating in contact sports.contact sports.

Shoulder dislocationShoulder dislocation•The shoulders are the The shoulders are the most common joint in the most common joint in the body to dislocate. The body to dislocate. The arm is moved away from arm is moved away from the body (abducted) and the body (abducted) and externally rotated externally rotated (turning the forearm, (turning the forearm, palm side up).palm side up).

SymptomsSymptoms• The main symptom of a The main symptom of a

shoulder dislocation is shoulder dislocation is severe pain at the shoulder severe pain at the shoulder joint. joint.

• The patient will have great The patient will have great difficulty moving your arm difficulty moving your arm even a little bit. even a little bit.

• If the shoulder is touched If the shoulder is touched from the side, it feels mushy, from the side, it feels mushy, as if the underlying bone is as if the underlying bone is gonegone

TreatmentTreatment• If a sling is not available, If a sling is not available,

rig one by tying a long rig one by tying a long piece of cloth in a circle piece of cloth in a circle (a bed sheet or towel (a bed sheet or towel may do nicely). may do nicely).

•A pillow placed between A pillow placed between the arm and body may the arm and body may also help support the also help support the injured shoulder.injured shoulder.

Hip dislocationHip dislocation•CausesCauses•High-speed motor High-speed motor vehicle collisions vehicle collisions (MVCs) are by far the (MVCs) are by far the leading cause of hip leading cause of hip dislocations. Falls from dislocations. Falls from significant height significant height and sports-related and sports-related injury are also among injury are also among the top causes. the top causes.   

RecognitionRecognition

•Posterior: The hip is Posterior: The hip is flexed, internally flexed, internally rotated, and adducted.rotated, and adducted.

•Anterior: The hip is Anterior: The hip is minimally flexed, minimally flexed, externally rotated and externally rotated and markedly abductedmarkedly abducted

• Patients with a hip Patients with a hip dislocation have dislocation have severely limited range severely limited range of motion. of motion. 

• movements are movements are extremely painful & extremely painful & restricted restricted

•

TreatmentTreatment

• Don't delay Don't delay medical care. medical care.

• Don't move the Don't move the joint. joint.

• Put ice on the Put ice on the injured joint injured joint

Elbow DislocationElbow Dislocation

•The elbow joint, The elbow joint, formed where formed where these 3 bones these 3 bones meet, becomes meet, becomes dislocated, or out dislocated, or out of joint.of joint.

CausesCauses

•usually a fallusually a fall

SymptomsSymptoms• Severe pain in the elbow, Severe pain in the elbow,

swelling, and inability to bend swelling, and inability to bend your arm are all signs of an your arm are all signs of an elbow dislocation. elbow dislocation.

• In some cases, you may lose In some cases, you may lose feeling in your hand or no feeling in your hand or no longer have a pulse (can't feel longer have a pulse (can't feel your heartbeat in your wrist). your heartbeat in your wrist).

• Arteries and nerves run by your Arteries and nerves run by your elbow, so it is possible you elbow, so it is possible you might have injured them during might have injured them during the dislocation.the dislocation.

Treatment

•put ice on the elbowput ice on the elbow•check pulse. check pulse. •Check If any feeling Check If any feeling of numbness results, of numbness results, see a doctor see a doctor immediately.immediately.

SprainsSprains

•The ligaments are anchored to bone on each side of the joint. If a ligament is stretched or torn, the injury is called a sprain.

SymptomsSymptoms

•Pain Pain •Swelling Swelling •BruiseBruise•Difficulty to Difficulty to move the jointmove the joint

Treatment• RICE RICE • Rest the injured part. Pain is Rest the injured part. Pain is

the body's signal to not move the body's signal to not move an injury. an injury.

• Ice the injury. This will limit Ice the injury. This will limit the swelling and help with the the swelling and help with the spasm. spasm.

• Compress the injured area. Compress the injured area. This again, limits the swelling. This again, limits the swelling. Be careful not to apply a wrap Be careful not to apply a wrap so tightly that it might act as a so tightly that it might act as a tourniquet and cut off the tourniquet and cut off the blood supply. blood supply.

• Elevate the injured part. This Elevate the injured part. This lets gravity help reduce the lets gravity help reduce the swelling by allowing fluid and swelling by allowing fluid and blood to drain downhill to the blood to drain downhill to the heart.heart.

StrainsStrains

• A strain occurs when the muscle A strain occurs when the muscle tendon unit is stretched or torn. tendon unit is stretched or torn. The most common reason is the The most common reason is the overuse and stretching of the overuse and stretching of the muscle. The damage may occur muscle. The damage may occur in three areas:in three areas:The muscle itself may tear. The muscle itself may tear. The area where the muscle and The area where the muscle and tendon blend can tear. tendon blend can tear. The tendon may tear partially or The tendon may tear partially or completely (rupture).completely (rupture).

SymptomsSymptoms

•Pain Pain •Spasm Spasm •Swelling Swelling

Treatment• RICERICE

CrampsCramps

• Cramp is a sudden , Cramp is a sudden , involuntary & painful involuntary & painful contraction of muscle contraction of muscle or group of muscles.or group of muscles.

Causes Causes • Poor muscle co-ordination Poor muscle co-ordination

during exerciseduring exercise• Chilling following or during Chilling following or during

exerciseexercise• Loss of salts in sweatingLoss of salts in sweating• Diarrhoea or persistent Diarrhoea or persistent

vomitingvomiting• During sleepDuring sleep• Anaerobic metabolism of Anaerobic metabolism of

musclesmuscles

SymptomsSymptoms• Pain Pain • Feeling of tightness in Feeling of tightness in

the affected areathe affected area• Contracted muscles Contracted muscles

cannot relaxcannot relax

TreatmentTreatment• Straighten the affected Straighten the affected

part of the bodypart of the body• MassageMassage