Janisha Mickens B.A

Irritable heart

Battle shock

Shell shock

War strain

War neurosis,

Combat exhaustion

Combat: is a purposeful violent conflict meant to weaken, establish dominance over, or kill the opposition, or to drive the opposition away from a location where it is not wanted or needed. Is any violent conflict between individuals or nations

Trauma: is an emotional response to a terrible event like an accident, rape or natural disaster. Immediately after the event, shock and denial are typical. Longer term reactions include unpredictable emotions, flashbacks, strained relationships and even physical symptoms like headaches or nausea (APA,2014)

Stress: interference with normal living, damage your physical health or cause difficulties with concentration or mood. (APA,2014).

Stress is simply a reaction to a stimulus that disturbs our physical or mental equilibrium. (Psychologytoday,2014)

Difficulties with relationships

frustration and depression ("Every man has his breaking point).

Stay to self/Guarded

Forgets until trigger occurs

That it can wear off

Self medications

Fluctuating in appetite and sexual interest

When diagnosing an individual with CPTSD his or her personality, developmental history, and situational context should be consider in an effort to make an accurate diagnosis.

CPTSD has no duration as long as the individual has experience an trauma based on their perception.

PTSD•Clinical interpretation

•occurs as a result of injury

•or severe psychological shock

•must have a history of or have direct exposure to an extreme traumatic event.

•Explosive behaviors

•Does not always have a violent History

• Event must involves an actual threat or threatened death or serious injury

Police officers (“Never let them see you cry”)

Citizens (gang affiliations, bullying etc.)

Rape Victims

Soldiers

Dispatchers

“What can be a minor experience to one can be traumatic for another”

60% of men 50% women (military 2010)

Traumatic Incident at a Law Enforcement Agency

Experianced a tramatic incident No experience

Age of Raped Victimss/Reported

Under 18 Under 30 Not Reported Reported

Street Gangs has 94% presence of a population of 100,000 US. Cities

Chicago Cook County Hospital

2,000 patients (gunshots, stabbing, violent injuries) 43 % showed signs and symptoms

Atlanta Researcher Interviewed 8,000 residents

1/3 were violently attached 1 in 3 experienced CPTSD symptoms Rates are as high or Higher than the military

1. Individual perception of Combat/Trauma

• The amygdala and prefrontal cortex are key brain regions involved in threat detection and fear regulation.

• Combat exposure increased amygdala reactivity in military soldiers, whereas no significant change was observed in soldiers that were never deployed.

• Combat exposure also increased insula reactivity in soldiers (Van Wingen, G., Geuze, E., Vermetten, E., Fernández, G., 2011).

• Influence on amygdala is dependent on perceived threat, rather than actual exposure, suggesting that threat appraisal affects interceptive awareness and amygdala regulation.

2. Improved understanding and focus on CPSTD by clinicians

• Civilian clinicians may not be as familiar with the nature and intensity of combat

• These may “feel” somewhat different to treat

• Returning soldiers not only suffer from more “standard” traumatic events (e.g., witnessing a friend die, being raped), but may also experience PTSD symptoms due to actions they have themselves taken (e.g., killing enemy combatants).

• Improved awareness of specified treatment options.

3. Specified treatment options for CPTSD

Prolonged Exposure (PE)

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

Cognitive Processing Therapies (CPT)

PE possessing the most empirical evidence in favor of its efficacy

4. Misdiagnosed PTSD

There has been controversial issue surrounding the US military's diagnostic application with PTSD surrounding three aspects, being:

The diagnosis of thousands of veterans upon return from deployment with personality based disorders.

Pre-existing condition No compensation / No treatment Confusion between Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and PTSD symptom overlap The intentional misdiagnosis by treating physicians due to

Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA). “Didn’t see enough trauma”

Cognitive –Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)

Trauma –Focused Cognitive behavior therapy (TF-CBT)

Medication Management

Exposure therapy: form of behavioral therapy help

patients safely confront the memories or things that are upsetting or distributing, so that they can learn to cope effectively.

www.emotionaltuning.com

www./psyhcentral.com/lib/facts

American Psychiatric Association. (2013) Diagnostic andstatistical manual of mental disorder, (5th ed). Washington DC: Author.

www.marketheconnection.net

Becker, B.B., Zayfert, C Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for PTSD: A Case Formulation Approach

Cohen, J. A, Deblinger, E., Mannarino, A. P., ( 2006). Treating Traumatic Grief in Children and Adolescents. New York, NY

Sharpless, B., Barber, J. (2011). A clinician’s guide to PTSD treatments for returning veterans. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice: 42(1): 8-15.

Carlson,J., Chemtob,C., Rusnak,K.,Hedlund,N. (1996). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for combat PTSD. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 33(1):104–113.

Rozynko, V., Dondershine, H.,(1991). Trauma focus group therapy for Vietnam veterans with PTSD. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 28(1):157–161

https://www.rainn.org/statisticsRetrieved April 19, 2014

http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/index.shtml

http://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/stress