DRUGS IN DRUGS IN SPORTSSPORTS

DRUGS IN SPORTSDRUGS IN SPORTS

are various substances providing advantage in athletic performance

enlarging muscles

increasing the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity.

the use of such drugs is competitively unethical and medically dangerous.

outlawed by organizations that govern major amateur and professional sports."

Oct. 20, 2008 - MSN Encarta Online Encyclopedia 

Why do athletes use drugs?• • enhances performanceenhances performance

• • ease of availabilityease of availability

• • physical and psychological dependencephysical and psychological dependence

• • to cope and manage stressto cope and manage stress

• • culture of the sportculture of the sport

• • lack of confidencelack of confidence

• • pressure to winpressure to win

• • prestige and fameprestige and fame

• • national pride and unrealistic expectationsnational pride and unrealistic expectations

StimulantsStimulants (amphetamines, caffeine, cocaine, (amphetamines, caffeine, cocaine, other sympathomimetic drugs).other sympathomimetic drugs).

Steroids Steroids (synthetic derivatives of the male sex (synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone).hormone testosterone).

Human growth hormone (HGH)Human growth hormone (HGH)

Blood Doping and Erythropoietin.Blood Doping and Erythropoietin.

1. 1. StimulantsStimulants act directly on the central nervous act directly on the central nervous

system system speed up parts of the brain and body.speed up parts of the brain and body. Adrenaline is an example of a naturally Adrenaline is an example of a naturally

occurring stimulant in the body.occurring stimulant in the body. increase alertness and fierceness increase alertness and fierceness even decrease the exhaustion of athletes. even decrease the exhaustion of athletes. can suppress appetitecan suppress appetite reduce fatigue reduce fatigue increasing your heart rate, blood increasing your heart rate, blood

pressure, body temperature and pressure, body temperature and metabolism. metabolism. The most common stimulants include caffeine and amphetamines (Dexedrine, The most common stimulants include caffeine and amphetamines (Dexedrine, Benzedrine). Benzedrine).

Cold remedies often contain the stimulants ephedrine, pseudoephedrine Cold remedies often contain the stimulants ephedrine, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (Sudafed) and phenylpropanolamine (Acutrim). hydrochloride (Sudafed) and phenylpropanolamine (Acutrim).

Street drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine also belong to this group.Street drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine also belong to this group.

The most common stimulants include caffeine and amphetamines (Dexedrine, The most common stimulants include caffeine and amphetamines (Dexedrine, Benzedrine). Benzedrine).

Cold remedies often contain the stimulants ephedrine, pseudoephedrine Cold remedies often contain the stimulants ephedrine, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (Sudafed) and phenylpropanolamine (Acutrim). hydrochloride (Sudafed) and phenylpropanolamine (Acutrim).

Street drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine also belong to this group.Street drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine also belong to this group.

Stimulants historically were used to treat asthma and other respiratory problems, obesity, neurological disorders, and a variety of other ailments

Potential short-term side effects• headaches• increased blood pressure• increased heart rate• insomnia• weight loss• hallucinations• convulsions• heart rhythm abnormalities• heart attack

Long-term use • uncontrollable movements of the face• paranoid delusions• nerve damage• irritability• insomnia• confusion• tremors• anxiety• irregular heartbeat• dizziness• hypertension

Stimulants can be taken orally in pill form, inhaled nasally, smoked, or injectedStimulants can be taken orally in pill form, inhaled nasally, smoked, or injected

1.1. Anabolic steroids or Lean Anabolic steroids or Lean mass buildersmass builders

• increase growth of muscles, bone increase growth of muscles, bone growth, speed and appetite.growth, speed and appetite.

• help reduce body fat. help reduce body fat. • leads to severe health problems, leads to severe health problems,

including “steroid rage” (the including “steroid rage” (the development of male features in development of male features in female athletes, heart attacks, and female athletes, heart attacks, and seriously reduced life expectancy.)seriously reduced life expectancy.)

•synthetic derivatives of testosterone, a synthetic derivatives of testosterone, a natural male hormone. natural male hormone. •chemically manufactured. chemically manufactured. •can be administered by injection, or can be can be administered by injection, or can be taken orally.taken orally.• Injectable steroids are longer lasting in the Injectable steroids are longer lasting in the body and can be detected in the body for a body and can be detected in the body for a longer period of time.longer period of time.These are commonly used by cancer and AIDS patients and body buildersThese are commonly used by cancer and AIDS patients and body builders

From the 1930's to the 1960's scientists modified the structure of the testosterone molecule to produce anabolic steroids to increase muscle and body protein metabolism at dose levels which tend not to increase other secondary sexual characteristics

From the 1930's to the 1960's scientists modified the structure of the testosterone molecule to produce anabolic steroids to increase muscle and body protein metabolism at dose levels which tend not to increase other secondary sexual characteristics

'blood doping'blood doping' -increasing the number of red blood cells (RBCs) in one's circulatory system

enhance the delivery of oxygen to one's muscles.

Improved oxygen delivery, in turn, might help the muscles perform better.

3. Blood Doping and Erythropoietin 3. Blood Doping and Erythropoietin

Two Types of Blood Doping

Autologous blood doping – the athletes own RBC’s are harvested well in advance opf the competition Homologous blood doping - the RBC’s from a compatible donor are harvested.

Effects on Performance•Most commonly used by endurance athletes such as distance runners, skiers, and cyclists

•Extra red blood cells wouuld carry more oxygen to the muscles where it can be used for aerobic respiration

Side Effects of Blood Doping

•Increased blood viscosity•Myocardial infarction•Pulmonary embolism•Cerebral embolism•Cerebrovascular accident•Infections

Erythropoietin(EPO) a glycoprotein hormone

that controls erythropoiesis or red blood cell production

stimulates bone marrow to produce more red blood cells and therefore hemoglobin

Is Erythropoietin (EPO) Dangerous?

•EPO injections thicken the blood, which increases the strain on the heart. This is particularly dangerous when the heart rate slows down, such as during sleep.

•increased thickness, or viscosity, of the blood increases the risk of blood clots, heart attacks, and strokes.

•EPO is on the banned substances list in professional cycling, and riders.

Side effects of Erythropoietin

•Increased viscosity of the blood•Fever•Seizures•Nausea•Headache•Anxiety

Detection of Blood Doping And Erythropoietin

•Random and often-repeated search of athletes’ homes and tem facilities

•Blood and urine testing•Detection of unnatural number population of RBC’s•Comparisson of the numbers of mature and immature RBC’s

4.Human growth hormone (HGH)4.Human growth hormone (HGH)

• Human growth hormone (HGH), or somatotropin- glycoprotein hormone synthesised and secreted by cells in anterior pituitary gland.

• cellular metabolism and is also necessary for skeletal growth in humans.

• The major role in body growth is to stimulate the liver and other tissues to secrete insulin.

• Injection form only • is a prohibited substance both in and

out of competition under the World Anti-Doping Code 2008 Prohibited List."

The side effects of HGH are serious.The side effects of HGH are serious.

•Diabetes

• swelling

•high blood pressure

•even heart failure.

•Inflammation can also occur, causing joint pain and carpel tunnel syndrome.

•increased risk of cancer in children using HGH supplementation and a possible increase risk of cancer in adults (though no long-term studies have been done to prove or disprove the cancer risk of HGH).

Drug Tests Used in SportsDrug Tests Used in SportsDrug Tests in Use (as of Dec. 22, 2008) Test Type Test For

1.Liquid Chromatography Hair Multiple illegal substances

2.Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Urine Multiple illegal substances

3.Testosterone/Epitestosterone Ratio Urine Testosterone

4.Carbon Isotope Ratio Urine Testosterone

5.Human Growth Hormone (HGH/rHGH) Blood HGH/rHgH

6.Isoelectric Erythropoietin (EPO) Focusing Urine Erythropoietin (EPO)

7.Continuous Erythropoiesis Receptor Activator (CERA)

Blood CERA EPO

8. Hydropyrolysis Urine Steroids

9. Nanotrap Urine HGH/rHgH

10. Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs)

Blood Testosterone masking agent

11. Myostatin InhibitorAA Blood Gene manipulation

12. Gene Doping Blood/Tissue/Urine Gener manipulation

Methods of Cheating In Drug Tests

The The PROSPROS and and CONSCONS statements below give a five minute introduction statements below give a five minute introduction to the debate over performance enhancing drugs in sports. to the debate over performance enhancing drugs in sports.

1.Health Risk2.Seeking an "Unfair" Advant

age3.Drugs vs. Technology4.Coercion5.5.Effectiveness of Drug Effectiveness of Drug TestingTesting

6.6.Legalizing Performance Legalizing Performance Enhancing DrugsEnhancing Drugs7.7.SportsmanshipSportsmanship8.8.Athletes as Role ModelsAthletes as Role Models9.9.Sports FansSports Fans10.10.Hall of Fame Induction Hall of Fame Induction

Forms of Performance Enhancing DrugsForms of Performance Enhancing Drugs

•Oral (pills,tablets)Oral (pills,tablets)

•InjectablesInjectables

Oral (pills,tablets)Oral (pills,tablets)

• Used because some drugs are only effective in solid form such as insulin.

Injectables

• it may be impossible for certain patients to take tablets. These include patients who are vomiting, unconscious or for one reason or another are not able to take anything by mouth.

Additional comments

1. Use bullets in your slides, limiting these to 3-5 words each2. Provide pictures for each drug if there are any; explain how are these taken

(i.e., pill, IV, cream, etc.)3. Include the word format of your document when you submit this to me (soft

copy)4. Please indicate your references

Prof. J. InoveroAP38/12/2010