Upload
john-blue
View
170
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Heat Stressed Fetuses Make Different Growing
and Grown Pigs
Dr. Tim SafranskiUniversity of Missouri
(573) [email protected]
Missouri Pork ExpoFebruary 10th, 2015
Quantifying the Heat Stress Problem
• $300 million annually in U.S.– St. Pierre et al., 2003
• “Seasonality costs me more than PRRS”– Steve Pollman, Director of Operations Murphy-Brown Western Operations
• Wild pig– seasonal breeder– temperature– photoperiod
– other
2
Describing the Heat Stress Problem– delayed puberty– weaker, shorter and more irregular cycles– increased embryonic death (if early gestation)
– increased stillborns (if late gestation)
– increased aborts and NIP– decreased lactation feed intake
• decreased piglet growth
• increased weight loss
• prolonged WEI
– increased sow mortality– I’m running out of room…
Quantifying the Heat Stress Problem
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
12/14/05
2/2/06
3/24/06
5/13/06
7/2/06
8/21/06
10/10/06
11/29/06
1/18/07
Date
An
nu
aliz
ed M
ort
alit
y R
ate
(%)
USDA data courtesy Steve Meyer
Influence of season on 28-day RTU Influence of season on 28-day RTU pregnancy diagnosispregnancy diagnosis
NCR-57, 2002NCR-57, 2002
56 herdsSimilar management, facilities, feed & genotype
Least squares means treatments denoted as TN-TN-TN, TN-HS-TN, HS-TN-HS or HS-HS-HS where the series of abbreviations represent the environmental temperature (TN; 18 to 20oC) or heat stress (HS; 24 to 30oC) that the sow experienced in gestation-farrowing-breeding.
Trt P < 0.001Group NSTrt*group NSDay P < 0.001Trt*day P < 0.001
Least squares means for treatments denoted as TN-TN-TN, TN-HS-TN, HS-TN-HS or HS-HS-HS where the series of abbreviations represent the environmental temperature (TN; 18 to 20oC) or heat stress (HS; 24 to 30oC) that the sow experienced in gestation-farrowing-breeding.
Trt P < 0.002Group P < 0.076Trt*group NS
Least squares means for treatments denoted as TN-TN-TN, TN-HS-TN, HS-TN-HS or HS-HS-HS where the series of abbreviations represent the environmental temperature (TN; 18 to 20oC) or heat stress (HS; 24 to 30oC) that the sow experienced in gestation-farrowing-breeding.
Trt P < 0.006Group P < 0.002Trt*group NS
IUTN IUHS
Pro
tein
Acc
reti
on
(g/
d)
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200A
P < 0.01
IUTN IUHS
Ad
ipo
se :
Pro
tein
(g/
g)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5C
P < 0.01
IUTN IUHS
Ad
ipo
se A
ccre
tio
n (
g/d
)
120
160
200
240
280
320
360 B
P < 0.07
Johnson et al., 2014
60-80kg pigs
Table 1. Effect of heat stress, Lysine, and Paylean® on carcass quality measures
Heat Stress Lysine Paylean
HS TN SEM 100% 110% SEM 0 6.5 g/ton SEM
HCW, kg 98.8 97.81 1.19 98.78 97.82 1.19 96.36b 100.24a 1.19
LEA, cm2 53.07a 50.66b 1.06 51.25 52.48 1.06 48.85b 54.89a 1.06
10th Rib BF, cm 22.78 22.42 0.88 23.15 22.05 0.88 23.4 21.8 1.08
Last Rib BF, cm 28.83 26.51 1.08 27.65 27.68 0.99 28.07 27.27 1.08
Dressing, % 74.5 75.12 0.58 74.93 74.71 0.58 74.15b 75.49a 0.58
Lean, % 52.84 52.54 0.49 52.33 53.05 0.31 51.82b 53.56a 0.49
Callahan et al., 2014
Table 2. Effect of heat stress, Lysine, and Paylean® on Pork quality measures
Heat Stress Lysine Paylean
HS TN SEM 100% 110% SEM 0 6.5 g/ton SEM
pH 5.58 5.6 0.02 5.58 5.6 0.02 5.56b 5.62a 0.02
Color 2.1 2.35 0.092 2.33 2.13 0.09 2.2 2.25 0.09
Firmness 2.22 2.38 0.11 2.33 2.27 0.11 2.33 2.27 0.11
Marbling 1.18 1.15 0.06 1.18 1.15 0.06 1.23 1.1 0.06
Wetness 1.66 1.9 0.13 1.9 1.66 0.13 1.8 1.76 0.13
Callahan et al., 2014
Differences exist Most are still within ‘normal’ Most not detectable by consumer Muscling difference intriguing Muscle fiber analyses being performed
GTN G
GTN GHS
From 2-4 months of age progeny gilts (n=165) were evaluated for several measures twice weekly
-At 6am and 2pm rectal temperatures, ear and rump skin temperatures, and respiration rate (RR) were recorded
-Percentage of pigs standing, lying, standing at feeder, standing at water, and sitting was recorded at the top of every hour using video cameras
-Body weights were recorded every three weeks
Management
• <150d estrous detection with 15 min/d BE
• 6/123 showed estrus within 40d• 81/117 responded to PG-600 (Sept. 28)
• 123 shipped to Suffolk, VA (Oct. 7)
Management
• Group housed
• Mated AI to Yorkshire boars
• Limit fed in gestation
• ad lib fed in lactation (2x/d)• Minimal fostering (w/in treatment only w/in 24hr)
• PRRS negative• Mycoplasma and ileitis seropositive (no symptoms)
Production Measures*
GHS GTN
Gestation length, d 115.0 ±.25 114.8 ±.21
Weight at breeding (lbs) 353.26 ± 6.90 353.73 ± 6.69
Gestation weight gain (lbs) 105.46 ± 9.54 101.69 ± 6.40
Lactation weight loss (lbs) 49.99 ± 7.50 41.87 ± 7.54
Lactation Feed Intake*
• tended to differ (P=.07)
– GHS 11.95 ± 0.25 lb/d– GTN 11.31 ± 0.26 lb/d
*>5% difference
Conclusions
• Direct effect of thermal stress on pregnant females beginning to be understood
• Mediated through the dam, subsequent progeny are also affected
• True cost of heat stress is underestimated– Reduced feed efficiency– Effects on carcass– Reproductive performance and efficiency
42
Future Directions
• Assess milk production and composition and whether effects persist to progeny– Michelle Rhoads, VT (funded by Checkoff)
• Intense data collection during pregnancy– proposed
• Endocrine profiles by parity
43
Solving the Heat Stress Problem
• Air conditioning• Check and calibrate ventilation systems• Use of exogenous hormones• Feed accordingly (especially in lactation)
Solving the Heat Stress Problem
• Air conditioning• Check and calibrate ventilation systems
– Fan controls– Inlets– Drippers (0.8 gal/hour)– Cool cells
Solving the Heat Stress Problem
• Use of exogenous hormones
– Label approved• PG-600
– Research setting• prostaglandin• oxytocin