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Congenital and acquired Congenital and acquired Hemolytic anemia Hemolytic anemia

Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

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Page 1: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

Congenital and acquired Congenital and acquired Hemolytic anemiaHemolytic anemia

Page 2: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha
Page 3: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

Classification of hemolytic anemia

1 Congenital hemolytic anemia (intracorpuscular defect)

2 Acquired hemolytic anemia(mostly extracorpuscular

defect)

Page 4: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

CONGENITAL H.A.[ INTRACORPUSCULAR DEFECT ]

1 Hemoglobin defects

a. heme:cong.erythropoietic porphyria b.globin:

Quantitative:α and β Thalassemia quanlitative:hemoglobinopathy[HbE,CS]

2. membrane defect: Hereditary spherocytosis

Hereditary elliptocytosisHereditary stomatocytosis etc.

Page 5: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

3. Enzyme defectsA. energy potential defects

EMH:anaerobic,ATP-producing pathwayHexokinase,Pyruvate kinase def.

B.Reduction potential defectsHMP:aerobic,NADPH-producing pathway

G6PD deficiency6PGD deficiencyGlutathione reductase def.Glutathione reductase def.

Page 6: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

Acquired H.A.(extracorpuscular defect)

1.Immune HA A.Isoimmune: HDN

Incompatible blood transfusion B.AIHA

2.Non-immune A.Idiopathic B.secondary

Page 7: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

secondary

1. Infection:viral, bacteria,parasites

2. Drugs and chemical3. Hematologic diseases and

malignancy4. MAHA: TTP,HUS,Kasabach’Merit

syndrome

Page 8: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

Congenital spherocytosis

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• Common cause of hemolytic anemia Abnormalities of spectrinspectrin or ankyrinankyrin

( major components of cytoskeleton responsible for RBC shape )

• Transmitted as autosomal dominantautosomal dominant , rarely autosomal recessive

• 25% of patient have no previous familial history

Page 10: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha
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Clinical manifestations

• Newborn Newborn : anemia , hyperbilirubinemia• Infant & childrenInfant & children : severity is variable

- asymptomatic- pallor , fatigue, exercise intolerance- spleen enlarged, jaundice, anemia- pigmented gallstones as age 4-5 yr- profound anemia, high output heart

failure, hypoxia, cardiovascular collapse ,death

Page 13: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

Laboratory findings• Reticulocytosis• Indirect hyperbilirubinemia• Blood smear : spherocyte > 15-20% polychromasia• Marrow : erythroid hyperplasia• Osmotic fragility test• Acidified Glycerol lysis test• Autohemolysis test• Membrane protein analysis

Page 14: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

normal CS

Page 15: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha
Page 16: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

normal

OF

Page 17: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency ( G-6-PD )

Page 18: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

• G6PD is the first enzyme in PPP in glucose metabolism

• Deficiency diminishes the reductive energy of the RC and result in hemolysis

• Severity depends on quantity and type of G6PD and nature of hemolytic agents[an oxidation-reduction mediator]

• X-link recessive transmission by a gene X chromosome• Disease expressed in hemizygous male and

homozygous female

Page 19: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

NADPH.(PPP/HMP)

6PG

Glucose

F6P

(EMP) ATP

Pentose phosphate Pathway

Glycolysis

G-6-P

G-6-PD and the G-6-PD and the RBC metabolismRBC metabolism

Page 20: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

pathophysiologypathophysiology

Hb

G-6-PD

(Sulf-Hb)

HEINZ’ BODY

HEMOLYSIS

INFECTION/DRUGSCATALASE

H2

O

O2H 2

GLUCOSE

GSH GSSG

NADP NADPH

G-6-P 6-PG

LACTATE HMPS

GSSG RX

Page 21: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

Genetics of G6PD

ภาวะพร่�อง G6PD ถ่�ายทอดทาง พ�นธุ�กร่ร่มแบบ

X-linked [XY or XX]

G6PD gene อย��บน chromosome X

-G6PD (+) normal

-G6PD (-) deficient

Page 22: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

normal hemizygote (XY) - Gd+

deficient hemizygote (XY) - Gd-

normal homozygote (XX) - Gd+/Gd+

deficient homozygote (XX)- Gd-/Gd-

** heterozygote (XX) - Gd+/gd-

Page 23: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

ภาวะปกติ� Gd+/Gd- ratio = 100 : 0

ภาวะพร่�อง G6PD = 0 : 100

มาร่ดาท��เป�น carrier = 50 : 50

Page 24: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

ลั�กษณะทางคลั�น�ค แติกติ�างก�นติามชน�ดของ variant แลัะ

ป$จจ�ยจากสิ่��งแวดลั'อม1.Acute hemolytic anemia (AHA)

most common

2.Neonatal jaundice (NNJ)

3.Congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia (CNSHA) lifelong, rare

Page 25: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

Acute hemolytic anemia (AHA)

ภาวะปกติ�จะไม�ม�อาการ่ เม)�อได'ร่�บ Oxidative stress

ติามหลั�งการ่ติ�ดเช)+อหร่)อยา บางชน�ดจะม�เม,ดเลั)อดแดงแติกอย�างร่วดเร่,ว

ภายใน 24-48 hr.

อาการ่เป�นแบบ Intravascular hemolysis ซี�ด, เหลั)อง, ป$สิ่สิ่าวะสิ่�เข'มหร่)อสิ่�ด/า, ม'ามไม�โติ อาจม�ไข'ติ/�า คลั)�นไสิ่' ปวดท'อง ท'องเสิ่�ยได'

Page 26: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

Drugs –induced hemolysis in G6PD deficiency

• Analgesics and antipyretics:acetanilid• Antimalarial agents:primaquine• Sulfonamide:sulfanilamide• Nitrofurans:furazolidine, nitrofurazone• Sulfones:diaminodiphenylsulfone[DDS]• Miscelleneous:

naphthalene,phenylhydrazine,toluidene blue,nalidixic acid;

Page 27: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

การ่ว�น�จฉั�ยโร่ค ทาร่กแร่กเก�ด ม�อาการ่ติ�วเหลั)องในว�นท�� 2-3 หลั�งคลัอด เด,กโติ/ผู้�'ใหญ่� จะม�ปร่ะว�ติ�ซี�ดลังอย�างร่วดเร่,วภายหลั�งจากการ่เป�นไข'หว�ด หร่)ออ)�นๆ หร่)อร่�วมก�บยา, สิ่าร่อาหาร่บางอย�าง ลั�กษณะป$สิ่สิ่าวะท��ผู้�ดปกติ�

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ภาวะแทร่กซี'อนRBCdestruction hyperkalemia

ไติวายฉั�บพลั�น (acute tabular necrosis)

ร่ายท��ร่�นแร่ง อาจม� CHF ได'

Page 29: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

1. Newborn ABO, sepsis

2. Hb H disease c anemic crisis

3. AIHA

4. Congenital spherocytosis c anemic crisis

การ่ว�น�จฉั�ยแยกโร่ค

Page 30: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

Hb, Hct↓

hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria

blood smear :

Anisocytosis, poikilocytosis polychromasia, NRC

RC with Hb leakage RC with contracted Hb

ghost cells ,burr cells

bite cells

Lab. Investigation

Page 31: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

reticulocytes may reach 30% or more

Heinz bodies +ve transiently, first3-4 days

G6PD Screening test

quantitative G6PD assay ** young RBC have significantly

higher enzyme activities. G6PD activity is within the low normal range

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management

1. PRC transfusion when Hb ≤7 gm%2. Check fluid- electrolyte ,

urine output [ARF,K↑]

3. Vital signs[shock, CHF]

Page 33: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

คำ��ถ�ม: คำนที่�ม�ภ�วะพร่�อง G6PD ส�ม�ร่ถบร่�จ�คำโลหิ�ตได้�หิร่�อไม�• จ�กก�ร่ว�จ�ยพบว��ในก�ร่เก#บในน�$�ย�ก�นเล�อด้

แข็#ง พบว��ม�RBC survival และviabilityต��กว��ปกต�เพ�ยงเล#กน�อย

• แต�เม�อใหิ�แก�ผู้)�ป*วยและผู้)�ป*วยร่�บปร่ะที่�นย�บ�ง อย��งเช่�น phenacetin,sulphonamide,

vitamin K , primaquine อ�จที่��ใหิ�เก�ด้ก�ร่ที่��ล�ยข็องเม#ด้เล�อด้แด้งได้�

• คำ��ตอบ: คำวร่งด้ก�ร่บร่�จ�คำโลหิ�ตตลอด้ไป

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AIHAAIHAAutoimmune hemolytic anemiaAutoimmune hemolytic anemia

Page 39: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

AIHA Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

• เป,นภ�วะซี�ด้ซี.งเก�ด้จ�กก�ร่ที่�ร่ ��งก�ยสร่��งautoantibodyข็.$นจ�บก�บRBC membrane ที่��ใหิ�เม#ด้เล�อด้แด้งอ�ย/ส�$นลง

แตกง��ยข็.$น และเก�ด้ภ�วะ hemolytic anemia โด้ยม�กม�กเป,นextracorpuscular defect

Page 40: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

Classification of AIHA

1. แบ�งติาม thermal sensitivity หร่)อชน�ดของautoantibody

1.1 warm-reactive AIHA most common autoantibody(IgG) จ�บก�บ RBC- antigenที่�37oC

บ�งร่�ย fix complement ที่��ใหิ�เก�ด้ extravascular hemolysis

Page 41: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

1.2 cold-reactiveAIHA ได้�แก�cold-agglutinin disease และparoxysmal cold

hemoglobinuria rare in Thailand.

autoantibody (IgM) จ�บก�บRBC-Ag ที่� 4C. fix complement ที่��ใหิ�เก�ด้intravascular hemolysis. 1.3 mixed type พบได้� 30% ในคำนไที่ย

Page 42: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

2.แบ�งติามสิ่าเหติ�2.1 primary AIHA: idiopathic พบได้�30-50% warm-reactive autoab(IgG):most common

paroxysmal-cold hemoglobinuria(IgM) cold agglutinin disease.

Page 43: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

2.2 Secondary AIHA :* Collagen disease : SLE, RA, thyroiditis.* Malignancy: HL, NHL, Leukemia, Solid tumor* Immunodeficiency* Infections: Mycoplasma Pn., EBV, CMV, HIV* Drug-induced -20% of cases

penicillin, cephalosporin,quinine, quinidine, Methyldopa* Thalassemia- ไทย

Page 44: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

warm-reactive disease

IgG antibodyfixed to Ag

Adherenceto Fc receptorson macrophage

Pathogenesis

cold agglutinin

IgM fixed to Agfixed complement

Adherenceto complement

receptor

lysis by complement

intravascularhemolysis

spleenother RES

cell mediateddestruction

splenic entrapment

spherocytes

Page 45: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

AIHA แบ�งติามสิ่าเหติ�Pirojsky (USA) มงคำล เคำร่�อ

ตร่�ช่)199 ร่�ย 100ร่�ย

• Primary 44 31• Secondary 190 69 SLE 10 42 Lymphoma 25 4 Leukemia 77 3 Thalassemia - 6

Page 46: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

Clinical manifestationacute onset : prostration, pallor, jaundice pyrexia & hemoglobinuria

abdominal pain-less commonly

gradual onset-fatiques & pallorthe spleen is usually enlarged

Page 47: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

Lab investigation* Hb < 6 g/dl* spherocytosis, polychromasia, NRC, fragmented RC* reticulocytosis ( 10-20%)* leukocytosis - common* platelet count - normal* DCT strongly positive, ICT +ve

Page 48: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

TREATMENT1. Blood transfusion อ�จจ��เป,นในร่ะยะแร่กที่�ซี�ด้ม�ก ๆ

ป1ญหิ� incompatible crossmatch ต�องแยกร่ะหิว��ง auto antibody/alloantibody

2. Immunosuppressive drugs glucocorticoid : prednisolone 2 mg/kg/d non-steroidal drug : azathioprine,

cyclophosphamide

Page 49: Cp 50 10-18 1 congenital & acquired ha

3. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg)

4. Splenectomy

indication - ไม�ตอบสนองต�อ steroid

- steroid dependent- relapse

- ร่�กษ�หิล�ยว�ธี�แล�วไม�ได้�ผู้ล

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