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basic information about neurological co-ordination.
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CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATION
Contents at a glance
1. Structure and function of brain and spinal cord2. PNS and ANS3. Transmission of nerve impulse4. Reflex action 5. Sensory receptors; Eye and ear6. Endocrine glands and their hormones7. Hypothalamus8. Hormones as messengers and regulators
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
• The brain and spinal cord constitute central nervous system CNS.
• CNS is derived form the embryonic ectoderm.• The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by
connective tissue membranes called meninges.• Its types are as follows
1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater3. Pia mater
Types of MENINGS
Archanoid materIt is middle, thin, vascular,
membrane.
Pia materIt is a inner, thin,
vascular membrane.
Dura materIt is a outer, thick,
fibrous membrane.
HUMAN BRAIN • Human brain is well protected in bony box called
cranium • Weight - 1300 -1400 gms • Volume - 1300 -1500 c.c.• Develops full-six years; contains about 30,000 million
neurons• Human brain is divided into following types:
1. Forebrain 2. Midbrain 3. Hindbrain
BRAIN
Forebrain
Olfactory lobe Cerebrum Diencephalon
Midbrain
Corpora Crura cerebri
Hind brain
Cerebellum Pons varolii Medulla oblongata
HYPOTHALAMUS
1) It is a part of fore brain 2) It is made up of grey matter3) It is connected to the pituitary gland by means of a
stalk known as INFUNDIBULUM STALK 4) Function:
1) It regulates body temprature 2) It controls the secretion of
anterior lobe of pituitary gland.
SPINAL CORD(1) Medulla oblongata leaves the brain almost at a right
angle and further continue as a structure known as SPINAL CORD
(2) It is a long ,whitish colour rod present on the dorsal side of the body
(3) Externally it is protected by vertebral column (4) Externally it is covered by meninges(5) In adult it's length is about 45cm (6) The terminal part of the spinal cord is called hilum-
terminale(7) Function: It acts as a pathway of nerve-impulses
between the brain and the parts
T.S. OF SPINAL CORD
(1) Ependyma is surrounded by one type of nervous tissue called as GREY MATER
(2) Grey mater is of ‘H-shaped’(3) Grey mater shows 2 dorso lateral and 2 ventro lateral
projection called as dorsal horns and ventral horns.(4) Grey mater is surrounded by another type of nervous tissue
known as white mater . (5) White mater produces 3 columns :
a) Dorsal column b) Ventral column c) Lateral column
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Peripheral nervous system
(PNS)
Sensory nerve Motor nerve Mixed nerve
Autonomic nerve system
Sympathetic nerve system
Parasympathetic nerve system
Synapse:(1) It is a gap between axon of one neuron and dendron of other
neuron.(2) Two synapse are present :one in the axon of sensory neuron
and dendron of adjuster neuron second synapse is present between axon of adjuster neuron and dendron of motor neuron.
TRANSMISSION OF IMPULSES THROUGH SYNAPSE
REFLEX ACTIONi. Definition: The automatic sudden and rapid respons to the stimulus is
called reflex action .ii. Eg: closing of eye at the approach of any object towards .iii. Significance: It give quick response, it protects the body from danger. iv. Mechamism of reflex action:
a) Receptor Organ: (1) It is part of the body which receives the stimulus and converts
is into the nerve impulse . (2) Sensory neuron: It is the neuron which carry the nerve impulse
from the receptor organ tothespin the receptor organ to the spinal cord .
(3) Adjustor neuron: lt connects sensory neuron to the motor neuron.
(4) Motor nerve: carries the nerve impulse from the spinal cord to the effector organ .
(5) Effector organ :It is a part of a body which receives the nerve impulse and show the response.
EYES
1. A pair of eyes are located in sockets.2. It is formed by three layers. A) Outer (sclera) B) Middle (cornea) C) Inner (choroid)Eyes consist following parts:-3. Retina4. Crystalline lens5. Optic nerve 6. Ciliary body (membrane)
EARS
1. The ear carry out two important sensory function2. Hearing and maintenance of body Equilibrium3. The ear is composed of three division a) Outer ear - Collects the sound. b) Middle ear - Transmission of
sound from external auditory
to internal ear. c) Internal ear - Hair cells act as auditory receptors .
PITUITARY GLAND
1. Pituitary gland are also known as master gland .2. It is under control of hypothalamus.3. They are mostly water soluble and some are fat
soluble .MORPHOLOGY OF PITUITARY GIAND4. Size – 1.5x10x6 mm5. Shape – Pea shape 6. Weight – 0.5 to 0.6 gm
Morphology of Pituitary Gland
Anterior lobe
Pars turberalis
Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
Posterior lobe
Median eminence Infundibulum Pars nervosa
1
•Pineal body
2
•Pituitary gland
3
•Thyroid gland
4
•Parathyroid gland
5
•Thymus gland
6
•Adrenal gland
7
•Pancreatic islet
8
•Ovaries in female
9
•Testis in male
Hormones of Pituitary Gland
Hormones of Pars Distalis
Somatotrophic Hormone
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Triiodothyronine Tetraiodothyronine
Adreno Cortico Tropic Hormone Prolactin Gonado Tropic
Hormones
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Luetinizing Hormone
Hormones of Neurohypophysis
Anti Diuretic Hormone Oxytocin Coherin
TSH
Adenohypophysis
TSH
Thyroid follicle
Thyroxine
Adenohypophysis
FSH
Follicle cell of ovary
Estrogen
FSH
ACTH
Adenohypophysis
ACTH
Cortex of adrenal gland
corticosteriods
Adenohypophysis
ICSH
Interstitial cell of testis
Testosteriods
ICSH
LTH
Adenohypophysis
LTH
Mammary gland
Milk