Chapter13 - Blood

Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company

Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach

Chapter 13

BloodBlood



Blood componentsBlood components

Plasma

Formed elements

Buffy coat



Formation of blood cellsFormation of blood cells Called hemopoiesishemopoiesis Red bone marrowRed bone marrow: Produces all types

of blood cells Lymphatic tissueLymphatic tissue: Produces

lymphocytes



Red blood cellsRed blood cells• Deliver oxygen to cells• Remove carbon dioxide



HemoglobinHemoglobin

Globins Heme



What is the extracellular matrix of blood?A.HemoglobinB.Red blood cellsC.PlasmaD.Serum



Correct answer: C

Rationale:Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying component of red blood cells (RBCs). RBCs are one of blood’s formed elements. Serum is plasma with clotting proteins removed.



Red blood cell (RBC) life cycleRed blood cell (RBC) life cycle

1. O2 levels ↓.2. Kidneys secrete erythropoietin (EPO).3. Bone marrow creates erythrocytes.4. Reticulocytes are released; they

mature into RBCs.5. O2 levels ↑; EPO and RBC production

↓.

View animation of life cycle of red blood cell



Breakdown of RBCsBreakdown of RBCs

Hemoglobin → globin and heme Globin → amino acids Heme → iron and bilirubin

View animation of breakdown of RBCs



White blood cellsWhite blood cells Called leukocytes Protect the body against pathogens GranulocytesGranulocytes: neutrophils,

eosinophils, and basophils AgranulocytesAgranulocytes: lymphocytes and

monocytes



PlateletsPlatelets

Platelet

Megakaryocyte



A move to high altitude would trigger which change in the blood?A.Increased reticulocytesB.Decreased reticulocytesC.Increased neutrophilsD.Decreased neutrophils



Correct answer: A

Rationale:Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells (RBCs). The body compensates for lower levels of atmospheric oxygen by increasing production of RBCs. As a result, the number of immature RBCs (reticulocytes) would increase rather than decrease. Neutrophils are white blood cells (WBCs), and a change in altitude alone would not affect their rate of production.



HemostasisHemostasisVascular spasmVascular spasm



HemostasisHemostasisFormation of a platelet plugFormation of a platelet plug



HemostasisHemostasis

Extrinsic pathwayExtrinsic pathway: Initiated by damage to areas outside the blood

Intrinsic pathwayIntrinsic pathway: Initiated by factors within the blood

Both pathways end with formation of factor X

Formation of a blood clotFormation of a blood clot



Common pathwayCommon pathway: Begins with production of prothrombin activator

Prothrombin activator → prothrombin → thrombin → fibrin

Fibrin forms a web at injury site

View animation of hemostasis

Formation of a blood clot (cont’d)Formation of a blood clot (cont’d)



Dissolution of blood clotsDissolution of blood clots1. Platelets contract 2. Fibrinolysis



Factors that discourage blood Factors that discourage blood clotsclots

Smooth endothelium Blood flow Anticoagulants



What is the first step in hemostasis?A.Formation of a platelet plugB.Formation of fibrinC.Formation of a thrombusD.Vascular spasm



Correct answer: D

Rationale:A platelet plug occurs after vascular spasm, and formation of fibrin occurs even later, during the formation of a blood clot. A thrombus is an unwanted blood clot inside a blood vessel.



Blood typesBlood types





View animation of blood types and transfusion reactions



Rh groupRh group



1. First pregnancy1. First pregnancy 2. Delivery: Blood mixes2. Delivery: Blood mixes



3. Antibody formation3. Antibody formation 4. Subsequent pregnancy4. Subsequent pregnancy

View animation of blood Rh group, Rh antibodies, and erythroblastosis fetalis



What substance, carried by each red blood cell, determines blood type?A.AntibodyB.AntigenC.HemoglobinD.Globin



Correct answer: B

Rationale: Blood plasma carries antibodies against the other blood types. Hemoglobin is the red pigment within blood cells. Globin is the ribbon-like protein chain that helps form hemoglobin.

Health & Medicine

Chapter13 - Blood