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Chapter 9Lifespan Development
Sex and Biology
Period of Zygote
Sex and Biology
Sex and Biology
Female Reproductive Organs
Fertilization
Fertilization = sperm + ovum (the gametes) form a single new cell, a zygote.
The Start of LifeGenetics & Prenatal Development
Fertilization: The Moment of Conception
Famous picture from Life Magazine
The Start of Life The Onset of Development
Germinal Stage(first two weeks)
Germinal disc 0.8 hours post fertilization
Blastocyst
The Start of Life The Onset of Development
Germinal Stage(first two weeks)
Three days post fertilization. Artificially inseminated, 69 Chromosomes
This single cell is transformed into something resembling a person by the human genetic code.
Zygote
Some important facts:
• The 23rd chromosome determines the sex of the child.– Females are XX.– Males are XY.– The FATHER’s sperm determines the sex of the child.
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Turner’s Syndrome
The closer the genetic link between two individuals, the more similar their IQ scores are.
Nature or nurture?
The Start of Life The Onset of Development
Near end of embryonic stage
Embryonic Stage (two to eight weeks)
The Start of Life The Onset of Development
Fetal Stage (eight weeks until birth)
Labor
Cesarean Section
The Competent Newborn: Milestones
• Head up• Rolling over• Standing alone• Crawling• Cruising• Walking
• One word• Sentences
Infants understand a LOT without being able to produce language.
Psychosocial Development In Childhood
• Harlows: Attachment determined by contact comfort, rather than food.
• (Attachment to an inanimate object is not sufficient for normal social development.)
• [next]
Cognitive Development In Childhood
• Sensorimotor• Preoperational (near end of second year – ~7): Operation
= mental action– Symbolic functioning– Centration; egocentrism [next]
• Concrete Operations• Formal Operations
– Love, shades of gray, values
Adolescence
• Puberty– Development of primary and secondary sex characteristics. – “The adolescent growth spurt”– Girls begin their growth spurts earlier (approx. 2 years) and complete them
earlier.– By age 13, boys are taller on average.
• Androgens• Estrogens • Menarche• Cultural trends• Secular trends shows earlier maturation (next slide)
Young Adulthood
• Parenting– Authoritarian– Authoritative– Permissive– Negligent– Democratic
Middle Adulthood
• Physical changes > characterized by a gradual decline. • Visual and auditory sensitivity declines, muscle strength
decreases, and reaction time • Hormonal changes > menopause; marks the end of
childbearing. • Decrease in estrogen production can lead to osteoporosis.
Late Adulthood
• increase in susceptibility to disease.
• Dementia: degenerative, irreversable
• ~1/3 of 85+ may suffer from Alzheimer's disease
• Erikson: integrity versus despair– People who are unable to put their
life in perspective may experience anger, bitterness, and despair.
Death, Dying, and Bereavement
• Elisabeth Kubler-Ross– Denial– Anger– Bargaining – Depression– Acceptance