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Chapter 7 Vitamins
Nutrition HO-15
Vitamins
.
Water Soluble – Vitamin C & B
Fat Soluble – Vitamin A, D, E & K
.
Vitamins
.
• Dissolve in water• Easily absorbed and transported• Not stored in significant quantities• Rarely toxic from food sources
Water Soluble – Vitamin C & B
• Do not dissolve in water• Need fat to be absorbed• Stored extensively• Can reach toxic levels
Fat Soluble – Vitamin A, D, E & K
.
Fat Soluble
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Vitamin A Functions
Vision
• body linings and skin• For growth of bones and teeth
Growth and maintenance
Immune defenses
Vitamin A Deficiency
Vision - > night blindness
Growth and maintenance -> keratinization
Immune defenses - > decreased immunity
Beta-carotene
Pigment in plants
Antioxidant
Precursor to Vitamin A
Converted to Vitamin A
Not absorbed at a high rate
Retinol Activity Equivalent
Accounts for retinol (better absorbed/more active)
Accounts for provitamin A carotenoids (less absorbed/less active)
Differs from International Units (IU)
Sources
• Animal foods: beef liver
Retinol: yellow fat soluble substance
• Plant sources: sweet potato, cantaloupe, red pepper
Provitamin A carotenoids
Vitamin E Antioxidant: quenches free radicals
protects cellular
structures from oxidative
damage
Role of Vitamin D in the body?
Regulation of blood calcium
Regulation of phosphorus
Raises blood calcium levels
Vitamin D Deficiency
Softening of Bones
Rickets
Vitamin D Deficiency
CVD CA Cognitive Asthma DM MS HTN
Vitamin D Sources
Sunshine!
Seafood
Fortified milk
Egg yolk
Mushrooms
Vitamin K
K1: Synthesis of blood clotting proteins
K2: Synthesis of bone proteins
Vitamin K
Vitamin K is synthesized by bacteria in the intestines
Vitamin K is given at birth because the intestines are sterile.
The goal is to prevent bleeding in Vitamin K deficient newborns
The Gatekeeper and the Traffic Cop
Vitamin D: Gatekeeper
Vitamin K: Traffic Cop
Vitamin C
Maintenance of connective tissues• Formation of collagen
Cofactor in the production of carnitine
Antioxidant
Restores Vitamin E to it’s active form
Supports the immune system
Boosts Iron absorption
Vitamin C Deficiency
Scurvy
Breakdown of connective tissue
Vitamin C
Does not prevent colds
Vitamin C reduces histamine
B-Vitamins
Work together
Part of coenzymes
Energy metabolism
New cell synthesis
Thiamin deficiency results in what condition?
Beriberi (affects nerves)
Loss of sensation in hands and feet
muscular weakness
advancing paralysis
What condition develops in Niacin deficiency?
Pellagra
Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death
Neural tube defects
Fortification of food is important - Most women don’t know they are pregnant for weeks
Folate Deficiency
B12 Deficiency
Pernicious anemia
Malabsorption
Elderly
Vegans
Who is at risk for Pernicious anemia?
Vitamin B12 is only found in animal sources
Elderly - most at risk
Strict Vegetarians
THE END