Edited by Brenda HolmesMSN/EdAssociate Professor

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South Arkansas Community College

Chapter 8Joints of the Skeletal System

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• Are known as articulations• Functional junctions between bones• Bind parts of skeletal system together• Make bone growth possible• Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth• Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction• Three (3) classifications of joints will be considered

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• (1) Fibrous joints• Dense connective tissues connect bones• Between bones in close contact

• (2) Cartilaginous joints• Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones

• (3) Synovial joints• Most complex• Allow free movement

• These joints are also known as:• Synarthrotic joints

• Considered immovable• Amphiarthrotic joints

• Slightly movable• Diarthrotic joints

• Freely movable

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• There are three (3) types of fibrous joints (synarthroses):• Syndesmosis• Suture• Gomphosis

• Syndesmosis:• A sheet or bundle of fibrous tissue connecting bones• Lies between tibia and fibula (interosseous membrane)

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Fibula

Interosseusmembraneof leg

Tibia

Medialmalleolus

Anteriortibiofibularligament(interosseusligament)

Lateralmalleolus

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• Suture:• Between flat bones• See teeth-like projections• Thin layer of connective tissue connects bones• Skull

• Gomphosis:• Cone-shaped bony process in a socket• Tooth in jawbone

Margin ofsuture

Parietalbone

Suture

Suturalbones

Occipitalbone

(a) (b)

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Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr.

Periodontalligament

Alveolarprocess ofmandible

Root oftooth

Crown oftooth

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• There are two (2) types of cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses):• Synchondrosis• Symphysis

• Synchondrosis:• Bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones• Epiphyseal plate (temporary)• Between manubrium and the first rib (costal cartilages)

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Thoracicvertebra

Costal cartilage

Manubrium

First rib

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• Symphysis:• Pad of fibrocartilage between bones• Pubic symphysis• Joint between bodies of adjacent vertebrae

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Gelatinouscore

Spinous process

Band offibrocartilage

Pubis

Fibrocartilage disc of symphysis pubis

Intervertebraldiscs

(a) (b)

Body ofvertebra

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• Synovial joints are freely moveable (diarthroses)• There are three (3) types of diarthroses• There are specific parts of a diarthroses:

• Articular cartilage• Joint cavity• Joint capsule• Synovial membrane• Synovial fluid• Meniscus• Bursae

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Spongybone

Joint cavityfilled withsynovialfluid Synovial

membrane

Articularcartilage

Jointcapsule

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• Uni-axial• Hinge joint• Pivot or trochoid joint

• Bi-axial• Saddle or sellar joint• Condylar or ellipsoidal joint

• Multi-axial• Ball and socket joint• Gliding or plane joint

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• Pivot Joint• Between atlas (C1) and the dens of axis (C2)

• Hinge Joint• Elbow joint• Between phalanges

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(e) Pivot joint

Dens

Transverseligament

Atlas

Axis

(d) Hinge joint

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

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• Saddle Joint• Between carpal and 1st metacarpal (of thumb)

• Condylar Joint• Between metacarpals and phalanges• Between radius and carpals

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Metacarpal

Phalanx

(b) Condylar joint

(f) Saddle joint

Firstmetacarpal

Trapezium

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• Ball-and-Socket Joint• Hip joint• Shoulder joint

• Gliding Joint• Between carpals• Between tarsals• Between facets of adjacent vertebrae

Hip bone

(a) Ball-and-socket joint

Head of femurin acetabulum

Femur

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(c) Plane joint

Carpals

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• Movement at a joint occurs when a muscle contracts and its fibers pull its moveable end (insertion) towards its fixed end (origin).

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• Abduction/adduction• Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion• Flexion/extension/hyperextension• Lateral flexion

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Abduction

Adduction

Extension

Flexion

Dorsiflexion

Plantar flexion

Extension

Flexion

Hyperextension

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Circumduction

Medialrotation

Lateralrotation

Supination

Pronation

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• Rotation• Circumduction• Supination/pronation

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• Eversion/inversion• Protraction/retraction• Elevation/depression

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Inversion Eversion

Protraction Retraction

Elevation

Depression

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• The shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee are large, freely moveable joints.

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• Ball-and-socket• Head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula• Loose joint capsule• Bursae• Ligaments prevent displacement• Very wide range of movement (circumduction)

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Humerus

Articular cartilage

Scapula

ClavicleAcromion process Subdeltoid bursa

Synovial membrane

Joint capsule

Joint cavity

(a)

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© Paul Reimann

Head of humerus

Joint cavity

Joint capsule

Articular cartilage

Scapula

Humerus

(b)

Coracohumeralligament

Transversehumeralligament

Tendon ofbicepsbrachii(long head)

Acromion processClavicle

Coracoidprocess

Acromionprocess

Subscapularbursa

Jointcapsule

Coracoidprocess

Clavicle

Glenohumeralligaments

Glenoid cavity

Tricepsbrachii(long head)

Glenoidlabrum

Scapula

Humerus

Scapula

Articular capsule(glenohumeralligaments hidden)

(a) (b)

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• Hinge joint• Trochlea of humerus• Trochlear notch of ulna

• Gliding joint• Capitulum of humerus• Head of radius

• Flexion and extension• Many reinforcing ligaments• Stable joint

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Humerus

Joint capsule

Synovialmembrane

Joint cavity

Articular cartilage

Coronoid process

Anularligament

Radius

Ulna

Olecranonprocess

Trochlea

(a)

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Radius

Tendon of bicepsbrachii muscle

Anular ligament

Humerus

Medialepicondyle

Ulnar collateral ligamentCoronoid processUlna

Humerus

Lateral epicondyle

Anular ligament Radius

Olecranon process Radial collateral ligament Ulna

(b)(a)

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• Ball-and-socket joint• Head of femur and acetabulum of coxa• Heavy joint capsule• Many reinforcing ligaments• Less freedom of movement than shoulder joint• Circumduction

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Hip bone

Joint cavity

Articular cartilage

Synovial membrane

Joint capsule

Ligamentum capitis

Femur

(a)

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(b)

Joint cavity

Articularcartilage

Hip bone

Head of femur

Joint capsule

Femur

© Paul Reimann

Ilium

IliofemoralligamentGreatertrochanter

Femur

Lessertrochanter

Pubis

Pubofemoralligament

Ischium

IliofemoralligamentIschiofemoralligament

Femur

Ilium

(a) (b)

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• Largest joint• Most complex• Medial and lateral condyles of distal end of femur and• Medial and lateral condyles of proximal end of tibia and• Femur articulates anteriorly with patella• Strengthened by many ligaments and tendons• Menisci separate femur and tibia• Bursae

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Femur

Quadriceps femoris tendon(patellar tendon)

Synovial membraneSuprapatellar bursa

PatellaPrepatellar bursa

Joint cavity

Articular cartilage

Menisci

Patellar ligament

Infrapatellar bursa

Joint capsule

Tibia

(a)

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Anterior cruciateligament

Femur

(b)

Lateral condyle

Lateral meniscus

Articularcartilage

Lateralcondyle

Head of fibula

Tibia

Fibula

© Paul Reimann

Gastroc-nemiusmuscle(cut)

Popliteusmusclecut)

Obliquepoplitealligament

Arcuatepoplitealligament

Fibula Tibia

Femur

Jointcapsule

Fibularcollateralligament

Plantarismuscle(cut)

Tibialcollateralligament

Tendon ofsemimembranosus(cut)

(a) (b)

Femur

Lateralcondyle

Lateralmeniscus

Lateralcondyle

Fibularcollateralligament

Fibula

Tibia

Medialcondyle

Anteriorcruciateligament

Medialmeniscus

Medialcondyle

Tibialcollateralligament

Patellarligament(cut)

Posteriorcruciateligament

Tendon ofadductormagnus (cut)

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Replacing Joints

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Joint Disorders

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• Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging• Fibrous joints first to change; can strengthen however over a lifetime• Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column diminish flexibility and decrease height (remember water loss from the IVDs) • Synovial joints lose elasticity• Disuse hampers the blood supply• Activity and exercise can keep joints functional longer

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Important Points in Chapter 8:Outcomes to be Assessed

8.1: Introduction List the functions of joints.8.2: Classification of Joints Explain how joints can be classified according the type of tissue that binds the bones together. Describe how bones of fibrous joints are held together. Describe how bones of cartilaginous joints are held together.8.3: General Structure of a Synovial Joint Describe the general structure of a synovial joint.8.4: Types of Synovial Joints Distinguish among the six types of synovial joints and give an example of each type.8.5: Types of Joint Movements Explain how skeletal muscles produce movements at joints, and identify several types of joint movements.

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Important Points in Chapter 8:Outcomes to be Assessed

8.6: Examples of Synovial Joints Describe the shoulder joint and explain how its articulating parts are held together. Describe the elbow, hip, and knee joints and explain how their articulating parts are held together.8.7: Lifespan Changes Describe lifespan changes in joints.

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Quiz 8

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