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STRESS
What is STRESS?
Stress is a state of bodily or mental tension resulting from factors that tend to alter an existent equilibrium. Stress is an unavoidable effect of living and is an especially complex phenomenon in modern technological society. It has been linked to coronary heart disease, psychosomatic disorders, and various other mental and physical problems.
Main Sources of Stress
ConflictFrustrationChangePressure
CHANGE
life changes are noticeable alterations in one's living circumstances that require adjustment.
Holmes & Rahe (1967) - developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure life changes. They found that, after interviewing thousands of people, while BIG changes like death of a loved one are very stressful, small life changes have tremendous effects.
EVENT SCALE OF IMPACT
Death of Spouse 100
Divorce 73
Marital Separation 65
Jail Term 63
Death of Close Family Member
63
Personal Injury/ Illness 53
Marriage 50
Fired at Work 47
Retirement 45
Change in Health of Family Member
44
Pregnancy 40
Sex Difficulties 39
EVENT SCALE OF IMPACT
Gain of New Family Member
39
Change in Financial State
38
Death of Close Friend 37
Change to different line of Work
36
Large Mortgage 31
Change in responsibilities at
work
29
Son/ Daughter leaving home
29
Trouble with in-laws 29
Outstanding Personal Achievement
28
Begin or End School 26
EVENT SCALE OF IMPACT
Change in living condition
25
Revision of Personal Habits
24
Trouble with Boss 23
Change in Residence 20
Change in Sleeping Habits
16
Vacation 13
Minor Violations of the Law
11
PRESSURE
Expectations or demands that one must behave in a certain way. For example, I am under pressure to perform in very specific ways when I am in front of a class as the "teacher".
Surprisingly, pressure has only recently been examined in terms of psychological and physical effects due to stress.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Anxiety
Depression
Panic Attacks
Feeling of Guilt
Angry Outburst
Increased Cynicism
Isolation/ Few Close Friends
Feeling Overwhelmed
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Unable to feel Happy
Feeling of Hopelessness
Mood Swings
Irritability
Resentment
Feeling of Powerlessness
Low Self-Esteem
Low Self- Worth
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Lack of Interest in Activities
Cognitive Effect of Stress
Effects of Stress in memory
PSYCHOSOMATIC ILLNESSES
It is now known that bottled up emotions can lead to bodily symptoms or bodily and mental symptoms that arise from mental conflict or inner stress.
Emotions such as anger, rage, grief, anxiety from unfulfilled deadlines, or fear of failure can manifest themselves in the form of a psychosomatic illness. For example, suppression of anger has been linked to breast cancer.
PSYCHOSOMATIC ILLNESSES
That is the mind/body involvement. Our minds influence our bodies and our bodies influence our minds.
It gets even more complex, because many psychological effects of stress became conditioned, deeply ingrained in our nervous systems.
SEVERITY OF STRESS FACTORS
Characteristics of the StressorPerson’s Perception of the Stressor
CHARACTERISTICS OF STRESSOR
Each event or situation has certain characteristics that determine the severity that the stressor may or may not have on us.
Severity was based on Holmes-Rahe Scale.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STRESSOR
Significance
How critical and important the event is to the individual (deaths, failing an exam, break-up with boy/girlfriend), and how much change will have to be dealt with. The greater the significance and change, the higher the impact of the stressor.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STRESSOR
Time length
If a stressor is continued over a long period of time, it will result in higher stress levels. For example, tiredness: insufficient sleep over an extended period of time will result in higher stress than that caused by just one night of bad sleep.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STRESSOR
Cumulative Effect
This is when stressors are built up over a period of time without appropriate mechanisms to reduce or release the build-up. For example, a long series of little irritations and annoyances could result in a massive blowout between two people.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STRESSOR
Multiplicity
A number of stressors at one time will result in higher stress levels. For example, a fight with one’s parents, final exams around the corner and loss of a loved one will be experienced as much more stressful than if each of these events happened separately.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STRESSOR
Approaching deadline
If a demand has been made a few weeks or months in advance of the deadline, the degree of stress will increase as the due date approaches.
PERCEPTION OF STRESSOR
Self-concept
This is based on various theories of personality. One is called the Theory of Interpersonal Needs. It states that each person has the following emotional needs:
THEORY OF INTERPESONAL NEED
The need to discover our unique identity as well as to be included because of this unique identity.
The need to have the power to control or influence what we do and what happens to us.
The need for connecting with others and feeling liked and lovable.
Thank You For Listening :]]
Happy Birthday Julie Ann De Guzman!