Bone Health

Lydia DiSipioChristine Jackson

Janet SalgadoKait McComeskeyDean Scornaienchi

Andrew Press

CalciumVitamin DVitamin K

Phosphorous,Magnesium

Fluoride

What is Bone Health?

• Bone health is receiving the right amount of vitamins and minerals required in order to uphold strong and healthy bones

How they work together:

• These vitamins and minerals are all needed in order to prevent bone loss

• Phosphorous, magnesium, fluoride, and Vitamins D and K help to form and stabilize the structure of bones

• The crystal hydroxyapatite forms from calcium and phosphorous when teeth and bones become mineralized

Calcium• Main functions:

– To form and strengthen bones– To contract and relax muscles– Needed for blood clots and the immune system

• Food sources:– Milk– Cheese– Fish

• Excess amount of calcium:– Constipation, kidney stones, interferes with other minerals

• Deficiency of calcium:– Osteoporosis, weak bones, and bone loss

Vitamin D• Main functions:

– To maintain blood concentrations of calcium and phosphorous• Stimulates absorption from the GI tract • Mobilizes calcium and phosphorous from bones into the blood• Stimulates their retention by the kidneys

• Food sources:– Few animal foods, eggs, and liver– Fatty fish– Butter and fortified milk

• Excess amount of Vitamin D:– Enhances calcium absorption, produces high

blood calcium, and promotes return of bonecalcium into blood

• Deficiency of Vitamin D:– In adults: osteomalacia– In children: rickets– High blood pressure, inflamed bowel disease

Vitamin K• Main functions:

– Synthesizes several blood clotting proteins and bone proteins• Without Vitamin K, the bones produce an abnormal protein that

cannot bind to the minerals that normally form bones, so the bone density is low

• Food sources:– Green leafy vegetables– Cabbage– Liver

• Excess amount of Vitamin K:– Vitamin K toxicity is very rare and has not established any

known effects• Deficiency of Vitamin K:

– Deficiency of Vitamin K is also rare but may occur under two circumstances:

• From conditions of fat malabsorption • Some antibiotics interfere with Vitamin K’s synthesis in the body

– Short term Vitamin K deficiency increases the rate of bone turnover

Phosphorous• Main functions:

– Second most abundant mineral in the body– Many key roles in the transfer of energy that occurs during

cellular metabolism– A part of DNA and RNA in every cell, necessary for growth

• Food sources:– Animal protein, because of it’s so abundant in the cells of

animals (tissues)

• Excess amount of Phosphorous:– May cause calcium excretion

• Deficiency of Phosphorous:– Unknown

Magnesium• Main functions:

– Magnesium is critical to the operation of enzymes• It acts in all cells of the soft tissues where it forms part of the

protein-making machinery and is necessary for the release of energy

• Helps muscles relax after contraction

• Food sources:– Dark green, leafy vegetables– Whole grain breads and cereals– Seafood

• Excess amount of Magnesium:– Can cause lack of coordination, confusion, coma, and even

death• Deficiency of Magnesium:

– Causes tetany (an extreme and prolonged contraction of the muscles), weakness and confusion, hallucinations, and difficulty swallowing

– Cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and colon cancer may also be related to magnesium deficiency

• Main functions:– Magnesium is critical to the operation of enzymes

• It acts in all cells of the soft tissues where it forms part of the protein-making machinery and is necessary for the release of energy

• Helps muscles relax after contraction

• Food sources:– Soft drinks made with fluorinated water– Toothpastes, gels, and oral rinses– Fish and tea supply fluoride as well

• Excess amount of Fluoride:– Discoloration of teeth, nausea, diarrhea, chest pain, itching, and

vomiting• Deficiency of Fluoride:

– Susceptibility to tooth decay– Dental decay, which if not treated could lead to more serious

health problems affecting the entire body

Fluoride

Multiple Choice1. What happens when there is a calcium deficiency?

a. bone lossb. kidney stonesc. loss of appetited. all of the above

2. What is Vitamin D deficiency in children?a. osteoporosisb. ricketsc. anemiad. weakened immune response

3. Where in the body is Vitamin K produced?a. liverb. heartc. GI tractd. pancreas