Anemia, or a low hemoglobin level in the blood, is often linked to heart disease because the heart has to work harderto pump more blood and oxygen through the body.

Heart failure is a very common disease, with severe morbidity and mortality, and a frequent reason of hospitalization.

Anemia and a concurrent renal impairment are two major risk factors contributing to the severity of the outcome and consist of the cardio-renal anemia syndrome.

Anemia in heart failure is complex and multifactorial. Hemodilution, absolute or functional iron deficiency, activation of the inflammatory cascade.

Impaired erythropoietin production and activity are some pathophysiological mechanisms involved in anemia of the heart failure.

Cardiovascular diseases are among the most frequent causes of death worldwide.

Heart failure is an enormous medical and societal burden and a leading cause of hospitalization.

It is estimated that 2.6 millions hospitalizations annually in the USA are due to heart failure as a primary or secondary diagnosis. © 2012 Michael G. Alexandrakis and George Tsirakis.

Anemia is common in patients with heart disease.

It is present in approximately one third of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and 10% to 20% of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD)

More than one-quarter of the world's population is anemic.

Approximately one-half of this burden is a result of iron deficiency anemia, being most prevalent among preschool children and women.

The diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of iron deficiency is obviously a major public health goal, especially in low- and middle-income countries.

Anemia of chronic inflammation is the most common cause of anemia and occurs in 58% of heart failure patients with anemia.

Anemia of inflammation and chronic disease is a type of anemia that commonly occurs with chronic, or long term, illnesses or infections.

Inflammatory diseases that can lead to AI/ACD (Anemia of inflammation and chronic disease) include

Rheumatoid arthritis, which causes pain, swelling, stiffness, and loss of function in the joints

Lupus, which causes damage to various body tissues, such as the joints, skin, kidneys, heart, lungs, blood vessels, and brain.

Diabetes, in which levels of blood glucose, also called blood sugar, are above normal heart failure, in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), diseases that cause inflammation and irritation in the intestines Source: National Hematologic DiseasesInformation Service (NHDIS)

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