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A search for
Antibiotics & Antimicrobials
Human well-being
Presented by Dr. Sudhakar KokateDirector PPRC, India
Bacteria
PPRC/INDIA 01
About bacterial diseases
Caused by bacteria
Range from minor skin infections to bubonic
plague and tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria,
meningitis and syphilis
Bacteria cause diseases by secreting / excreting
toxins by producing toxins internally
PPRC/INDIA 02
Bacterial diseases
Cutaneous anthrax
Pulmonary anthrax
Gastro-intestinal anthrax
Whooping cough
Bacterial pneumonia
Lyme disease
PPRC/INDIA 03
Bacterial diseases
Brucellosis
Acute enteritis
Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
Trachoma
Psiltacosis
PPRC/INDIA 04
Bacterial diseases
Conjunctivitis of newborn (ICN)
Botulism
Pseudomembranchus colitis
Gas gangrene
Anaerobic cellulitis
Tetanus
PPRC/INDIA 05
Bacterial diseases
Diphtheria
Nosocomial infections
Urinary tract infections (UTI)
Diarrhoea
Meningitis in children
PPRC/INDIA 06
Bacterial diseases
Haemorrhagic colitis
Haemolytic-uremic syndrome
Upper respiratory tract infections
Peptic ulcer
Gastric carcinoma
PPRC/INDIA 07
Bacterial diseases
Legionnaire’s disease
Pontiac fever
Leptospirosis
Lesteriosis
Leprosy
Tuberculosis
PPRC/INDIA 08
Bacterial diseases
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Gonorrhoea
Ophthalmia neonatorum
Septic arthritis
Typhoid fever
Salmonellosis
PPRC/INDIA 09
Fungus
PPRC/INDIA 10
About Fungal diseases
Caused by fungi in the environment
Most are not dangerous
Some types are harmful to health
These are > 1.5 mn different species
of fungi on earth
300 are known
PPRC/INDIA 11
Fungal diseases
Aspergillosis
Blastomycosis
Candidiasis
Coccidioidomycosis (valley fever)
C. neoformans cryptococcosis
PPRC/INDIA 12
Fungal diseases
C. gattii cryptococcosis
Dermatophytes
Fungal keratitis
Histoplasmosis
Ringworm
PPRC/INDIA 13
Fungal infections (Mycosis)
Estimated to occur in over a billion people / yr
Infects skin, nails, respiratory tract, alimentary canal
‘Candida albicans’ cause most fungal infections
Antibiotics & immuno-suppressive drugs e.g.
Corticosteroids are major factors contributing to
frequency of fungal infections
PPRC/INDIA 14
Dermatophyte infections
Athlete’s foot (Tinea pedis)
Nail infections (Tinea unguium)
Ringworm of the body (Tinea corporis)
Ringworm of the groin (Tinea cruris)
Ringworm of the scalp (Tinea capitis)
PPRC/INDIA 15
Yeast infections
Interigo
Pityriasis versicolor (Tinea versicolor)
Thrush (Candida albicans)
PPRC/INDIA 16
Some of the antibiotics
Amkin
Kantex
Neofradin
Netromycin
Neboin
Humatin
PPRC/INDIA 17
Trobicin
Xifaxan
Lorabid
Invanz
Doribax
Primaxin
Some of the antibiotics
Merrem
Ancef
Keffin
Mandol
Cefzil
Suprax
PPRC/INDIA 18
Keflex
Cefobid
Claforan
Vantin
Fortaz
Cedax
Some of the antibiotics
Maxiprime
Teflaro
Zeftera
Vancocin
Vibativ
Cleocin
PPRC/INDIA 19
Lencocin
Cubcin
Xithrone
Biaxin
Dynabac
Erythrocin
Some of the antibiotics
Erythroped
Ketek
Rovamycin
Azactam
Furoxone
Zyvox
PPRC/INDIA 20
Amoxil
Chloromycitin
Tetracyclin
Vibramycin
Teramycin
Acromycin
Side effects of antibiotics
Stomach upset
Bitter taste
Itchiness
Rash
Anaemia
Headache
PPRC/INDIA 21
Side effects of antibiotics
Discoloured urine
Nausea
Neurotoxicity
Ototoxicity
Sensitivity to sunlight
Enamel hypoplasia
PPRC/INDIA 22
Side effects of antibiotics
Transisent depression of bone growth
Pneumonia
Mycoplasmal infections
Gonorrhoea
Bacterial prostatitis
Urinary tract infections (UTI)
PPRC/INDIA 23
Phytoalexins
Plants are exposed in environment
They need defence mechanisms for
survival
The plants produce secondary
metabolites – “Phytoalexins”
Have broad range of activity
PPRC/INDIA 24
Phyto antimicrobials
in
Drug market
Styrax
PPRC/INDIA 26
Styrax
Anti-microbial compound: Benzoic
acid
Activity: Anti-bacterial
PPRC/INDIA 27
Cinchona & Remijima
PPRC/INDIA 28
Cinchona & Remijima
Anti-microbial compound: Quinine
hydrochloride
Activity: Anti-bacterial
PPRC/INDIA 29
Coptis japonica
PPRC/INDIA 30
Coptis japonica
Anti-microbial compound: Berberine
chloride
Activity: Anti-bacterial
PPRC/INDIA 31
Rhus japonica
PPRC/INDIA 32
Rhus japonica
Anti-microbial compound: Tannic acid,
berberine
Activity: Anti-bacterial
PPRC/INDIA 33
Salix sub fragilis
PPRC/INDIA 34
Salix sub fragilis
Anti-microbial compound: Salicylic
acid
Activity: Anti-bacterial
PPRC/INDIA 35
Cinnamomum camphora
PPRC/INDIA 36
Cinnamomum camphora
Anti-microbial compound: Camphor
Activity: Anti-bacterial
PPRC/INDIA 37
Antimicrobial compounds
in
Pharmaceuticals
Aloe vera
PPRC/INDIA 39
Aloe vera
Family: Xanthorrhoeaceae
Compound: Anthraquinones
Bioactivity: Burns, wound, infections
PPRC/INDIA 40
Arnica
PPRC/INDIA 41
Arnica
Family: Asteraceae
Compound: Sesquiterpene, lactones
Bioactivity: Burns, wound, infections
PPRC/INDIA 42
Tea tree oil
PPRC/INDIA 43
Tea tree oil
Leaves of: Melaleuca alternifolia
Compound: Terpene hydrocarbone
Bioactivity: Skin infections
PPRC/INDIA 44
Berberis
PPRC/INDIA 45
Berberis
Family: Berberidaceae
Compound: Phenol glycoside
Bioactivity: Urinary antiseptic
PPRC/INDIA 46
Cranberry
PPRC/INDIA 47
Cranberry
Family: Ericaceae
Compound: Plant acids
Bioactivity: Urinary antiseptic
PPRC/INDIA 48
Echinacea
PPRC/INDIA 49
Echinacea
Family: Asteraceae
Compound: Polysaccharide
Bioactivity: Stimulation of
immuno-stimulant
PPRC/INDIA 50
Cinchona
PPRC/INDIA 51
Cinchona
Family: Rubiaceae
Compound: Quinine
Bioactivity: Malaria remedy
PPRC/INDIA 52
Phyto anti-microbial compounds
for
antiseptics
Grape
PPRC/INDIA 54
Grape
Family: Vitaceae
Antimicrobial compounds: Pectin
PPRC/INDIA 55
Thuja
PPRC/INDIA 56
Thuja
Family: Cupressaceae
Antimicrobial compounds: Hinokitiol
PPRC/INDIA 57
Magnolia
PPRC/INDIA 58
Magnolia
Family: Magnoliaceae
Antimicrobial compounds: Magnolol
PPRC/INDIA 59
Euonymus
PPRC/INDIA 60
Euonymus
Family: Celastraceae
Antimicrobial compounds: Capillene
PPRC/INDIA 61
Forsythia
PPRC/INDIA 62
Forsythia
Family: Oleaceae
Antimicrobial compounds: Pillyrin
PPRC/INDIA 63
Swertia
PPRC/INDIA 64
Swertia
Family: Gentianaceae
Antimicrobial compounds: Benzoic acid
PPRC/INDIA 65
Phellodendron
PPRC/INDIA 66
Phellodendron
Family: Rutaceae
Antimicrobial compounds: Berberine
PPRC/INDIA 67
Tea tree oil
PPRC/INDIA 68
Tea tree oil
Family: Myrtaceae
Antimicrobial compounds: Essential
oil
PPRC/INDIA 69
Antifungal compounds
from
PLANTS
Grape
PPRC/INDIA 71
Grape
Family: Vitaceae
Compounds: Grape fruit seed extract
Ref: Jo. et. al. 1994
PPRC/INDIA 72
Mustard
PPRC/INDIA 73
Mustard
Family: Brassicaceae
Compounds: Allyl isolisothiocyanate
Ref: Zaika et. al. 1978
PPRC/INDIA 74
Clove, allspice, cinnamon
PPRC/INDIA 75
Clove, allspice, cinnamon
PPRC/INDIA 76
Clove, allspice, cinnamon
Family: Myrtaceae
Compound: Eugenol
Ref: Zaika et. al. 1978
PPRC/INDIA 77
Thuja
PPRC/INDIA 78
Thuja
Family: Cupressaceae
Compound: Thymol
Ref: Grayer & Harbone 1994
PPRC/INDIA 79
Thyme
PPRC/INDIA 80
Thyme
Family: Labiatae
Compound: Carvacrol
Ref: Dan Palevitch 1994
PPRC/INDIA 81
Origanum vulgare
PPRC/INDIA 82
Origanum vulgare
Family: Lamiaceae
Compound: Organic oil
Ref: Pasture et. al. 1990
PPRC/INDIA 83
Some more POTENT plants
as
Antibiotics
Antimicrobial agents
Tulas (Ocimum sanctum)
PPRC/INDIA 85
Bael (Aegle marmelos)
PPRC/INDIA 86
Neem (Azadirachta indica)
PPRC/INDIA 87
Schima wallichii sp. liukiuensis
PPRC/INDIA 88
Acacia nilotica
PPRC/INDIA 89
Bittergourd
PPRC/INDIA 90
Thank You !!
“BE WITH US”