ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

• I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to our Dean Ag. Professor.

SAMSHER SINGH, H.O.D. Professor. S.K.

BHATNAGAR sir, Dr. PURUSHOTTAM sir,

and Dr. ARCHANA BHATNAGAR mam ,

OIC OF BASIC SCIENCE AND HUMANITY,

who gave me the golden opportunity to do

this wonderful project on the topic

(TRANSGENIC PLANTS), Secondly i would

also like to thank my instructor Ms. AASTHA

MAM and Ms. SWARNA MAM for their

support and guidance at the topic.

Presented by:

ADARSH PATHAK

SHAHBAZ HUSAIN

contents

Introduction

Transgenic plants are the results of modern

biotechnology.

An organism containing a transgene

introduced by technological (not breeding)

methods is called transgenic.

Transgenes are the genetically engineered

gene added to a species.

The process of producing transgenic

organism is called transgenesis.

PLANT TRANSFORMATION METHODS

Transfer of DNA via a vector:

»Agrobacterium

Direct transfer of DNA:

»gene guns

»electroporation

»microinjection

Agrobacterium mediated method

• Agrobacterium-mediated transformation

is most commonly used method for

transgenesis.

• A.tumefaciens is a rod shaped Gram

negative soil bacterium found in the

rhizosphere.

• It contains Ti plasmid(tumor-inducing)

which causes crown gall disease in dicot

plants.

• It mainly infect the wound site and

causes disease symptoms.

Gene gun method

The method was first used by Klein et

al.(1987) to transform epidermal cell of

Allium cepa.

This method is mainly used for cereals

transformation.

Good for plants that cannot be transformed

by Agrobacterium, e.g. most monocot

DNA is bound to tiny particles of gold or

tungsten which are subsequently shot into

plant tissue or single plant cells under high

pressure.The particles penetrate both

the cellwall and membranes.

Electroporation

• In this technique , short

pulses of high voltage are

applied to protoplasts

which make temporary

pores in the plasma

membrane to increase

their permeability and

facilitate the uptake of

foreign gene.

Microinjection method

Microinjection involves direct physical approach in

depositing DNA into specific target cells.

The protoplasts are immobilized in agarose or on

glass slides coated with poly-lysine or by holding

them under suction by a micropipette.

The exogenous DNA of interest is taken in

microinjector and then directly delivered inside the

cell.

Micromanipulator is used for microinjection of the

DNA.

A maximum of 40-50 protoplasts can be

microinjected in one hour.

Successful transformation by microinjection of

cells has been achieved in tobacco,alfalfa etc.

Applications

Insect resistant cotton – Bt toxin kills

the cotton boll worm

transgene = Bt gene from Bacillus thuringensis

Insect resistant corn – Bt toxin kills

the European corn borer.

transgene = Bt protein

Herbicide resistant crops -

soybean, corn, canola

•Transgene = EPSP synthase

Virus resistance papaya- resistant to

papaya ring spot virus

•Transgene = virus coat protein

Transgenic plants in India

India cultivated its first transgenic Bt cotton crop,

which was developed in the private sector, on 0.05

million hectares in the year 2002.

In 2009, transgenic Bt cotton was cultivated by 5.6

million farmers on 8.6 million hectares.

India now occupies second position in terms of

global cotton production by turning out 35 million

bales of cotton in 2010.

ADVANTAGES AND

DISADVANTAGES OF

G.M CROPS

DISADVANTAGES OF

G.M CROPS

1- Genetically Modified ingredients can cause cancer

• A consultant histopathologist

Doctor- Stanley Ewan, raised

the concern that food and

water contaminated with

genetically engineered

material could increase the

growth of malignant tumor's

upon contact with humans.

2. It could raise new allergy outbreaks in humans

• It was found that a

genetically engineered

soya bean containing

Brazilian nut protein was

allergenic to humans and

was withdrawn from

production

3. Adverse effects on the immune system

• A study in 2008 showed that

feeding mice engineered food for

30 days caused an immune

reaction and altered the number

of cells that regulated the immune

functions in the body

4.Pesticide resistant food can create super-creatures

• It’s not a joke, modified genes

in engineered crops that resist

pesticides can transfer to

insects and pests; making them

pesticide resistant. These

super-organisms cannot be

controlled easily which will

create problems in managing

their numbers and to crop

production in future

CONCLUSION

Transgenic plants have the potential to

solve many of the world's hunger and

malnutrition problems, and to help

protect and preserve the environment

by increasing yield and reducing

reliance upon chemical pesticides and

herbicides.